#433: Marsquakes Surge & Parker Probe's Record Speed

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Hi there, thanks for joining us
again. This is Space Nuts. My

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name is Andrew Dunkley. Thanks for
your company. Coming up, we will

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be looking at a couple of things. Mars quakes looks like they're happening at

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a faster and more furious pace than
ever thought, and that's because we can

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detect them now with much more accuracy. Also, the Parker solar probe has

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made the news again. It is
skimming around the Sun almost literally, but

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it's doing it at a thunderclap race
a pace. And we'll also be looking

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at a super nova first scene in
eleven eighty one, but now we know

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all about it, or at least
more than they did back then. That's

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all coming up on this edition of
Space Nuts fifteen second guidance in channel ten

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nine ignition sequence Space Nuts or three
two one Space Nuts. When I report

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it. Bill's good and here again
to furnish us with his knowledge, or

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at least help my son move furniture
because he's got a new apartment in Sydney.

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Is Professor Fred Watson, Astronoment at
large, high friend. Thanks Andre,

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just let me know, and yeah, we'll be there hoping. If

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we're planning the trip down he hasn't
quite got it yet all the legal stuff,

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you know, well, how to
deal with that? Whereabols is it?

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What suburb is in campsy more specifically
a place called Clempton Park, which

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is very pretty leafy little suburb.
And best of all, he's not on

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a main road whatsoever, so no
traffic. Very hard to do in Sydney,

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very hard to do. We're kind
of we're quite proud of him because

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he's managed to do this all by
himself in the second most difficult real estate

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market in the world, which I
think is really impressive. It is.

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So yes, ladies, he's a
catch. Okay, there you go.

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Well, lad your friends note yeah, yeah, Now before we get into

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our stories, you've just come back
from a little trip to South Australia where

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you took a tour group around and
show them rocks and things. It must

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have been exciting. It was.
It was a lot more exciting than you

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made it sound. So it was
a round trip really. We started off

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in Adelaide, headed up to a
Portagusta and then to Kuba Pede via Woomera,

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which is a name I've had in
my vocabulary since I was about six

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because the you know, it was
always in the news, was Woomera when

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I was growing up in the nineteen
fifties, that this was the spaceport for

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British rocket tests and all kinds of
other things, and it was all happening

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very much front of mine, very
prominent in the media. But I've never

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been, Andrew never visited now and
it's worth a look. Look you would

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enjoy it too. There's a lot
of vintage space stuff there, reminiscent of

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I guess the Kennedy Space Center,
but an earlier generation when rocketry was in

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its kind of the modern era of
rocketry was in its infancy in the post

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World War II period. Lots to
see some really interesting aircraft and missiles,

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rockets and all the rest of it. Is the Australia's first ever rocket still

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in that chuck shed. That's probably
I didn't see it there somewhere apparently yeah,

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it will be, yeah, but
of course it's still an active site.

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I think it's the OLAF that operates
now. There's the Woomor Prohibited Area.

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It's a huge area of South Australia. I don't know how many thousand

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squareculus as it is, but they
still do launches and people in the area,

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the station station dwellers, station halls, people have got sheep stations and

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things like that. They get to
all every so often we're going to evacuate

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you for a day. So well
they do. And it's very secret,

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so we'll just find out about any
of that. But we did talk about

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the history and it was great.
And then of course I should mention the

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reason it's called woomera is because that's
a an aboriginal device to launch a speed

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it is gives it gives a spear
a much greater and extra a great name,

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great name. They made some spaces
too, we did. Yes,

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we followed the paths around two places
like Williams Creek and Marie. Marie is

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interesting because it's got a it's got
a man, the mari Mon, which

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when you see it from the air, is an Aboriginal elder probably has got

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a long beard and he's four kilometers
long and nobody knows how he got there,

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but it looks as done by bulldozers
or something like that. And then

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and then down to our karula of
place where there's a dark SkyPark, and

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to a place called nil Pina,
and in fact the Nilpina Ediacara National Park.

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Eddie Kara is the name of the
hills in which some very interesting fossils

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were found some years ago, and
these are the fossils of the first animals,

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basically the first things that moved around
on beds of microbial mats in shallow

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seas. And we met the chief
ranger there, Kim Goyer I think is

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the way his name is pronounced,
who flashed his space Nuts t shirt as

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soon as as soon as we arrived, which was great. So it was

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good to see Kim and talk to
him. And then a bit further on

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we met another space nutcase down on
the Murray River. We were at a

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place called Manham at the time,
but we had a lovely dark sky vet.

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All the locals came out and we
did some talks and everybody dressed up

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in stars and spacey kind of stuff. One of our tour guests came fully

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cloud in an astronaut suit which she
apparently needed a pump to keep the air

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blowing through it so he didn't die. Fantastic stuff. But there we also

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met Tracy Hill. There's another space
nut and Tracy was very gracious in the

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fact that she took part in a
charity auction which was to buy a copy

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of a book called wis Uranus Upside
Down that had something to do with me.

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So she paid a handsome price for
that, and Tracy well done.

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There was a slight mix up with
Tracy's name when the winner was announced,

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so I had to rewrite the inscription
in the book. But it was great

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to meet Tracy with a nice chart. And we'll stay in touch with both

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Kim and Tracy because these are people
who are passionate about the district they live

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in, passionate about the things that
they can show people wonderful. All right,

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Hello Kim, Hello Tracy, and
thanks for being space Nuts followers.

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They're all over the world. I
think you know, it would be hard

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pressed not to run into one these
days, the way things are going.

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It fantastic to be like that,
wouldn't it. I didn't run into any

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in China though when I was there. Yes, we've never had a question

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from China. I don't think more
than welcome, more than welcome. Yeah.

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So you're back down to Earth now, so to speak, and back

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to normal for a little while.
But Space Nuts continues, and we're going

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to talk about Mars quakes. Now. And this is a really interesting story

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because we have talked about Mars quakes
before and they've been investigating them courtesy of

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the Insight mission. But now they're
starting to come up with numbers that are

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a little bit bigger than they expected. That's correct. The the the analysis

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of this, Andrew, comes from
a spacecraft that's no longer operational, our

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old friend Insight, which was fitted
with a seismograph seismometers to measure mass quakes.

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And the bottom line with this story
is that some of the mass quakes

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have been misinterpreted, which is easy
to do when you're looking at a record

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of I guess little tremors that you
know, you don't really have much of

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a clue with that tremor as to
where they come from. We did talk

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about this recently actually because some people
said, when you've only got one size

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bomby to how do you know where
these tremors are coming from? And there's

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various signatures in the tremors that you
can interpret as to what the what the

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path that these tremors have taken through
through the you know, through the Martian

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crust, what that path is.
So this is work that has been carried

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out by scientists at et h Jury, which you might know is the university

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that Einstein attended and Imperial College London, and I once did a course there,

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so it's a common ground for us
in the world of astronomy. So

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these scientists, what they've done is
they've essentially made a kind of estimate from

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the seismic data from Insight as to
the global meteorite impacts, and that gives

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them a number of somewhere in the
region quote between two hundred and eighty and

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three hundred and sixty meteorites striking the
planet each year, forming impact craters greater

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than eight meters, which is about
twenty six feet. So these are impact

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craters that you could detect from space, you know, with the various Mars

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orbiting spacecraft, and indeed they have
they've managed to link and I think this

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is the crux of the matter.
They've managed to link some of the seismic

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traces with what are obviously newly excavated
impact craters, so that you can tell

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by the color if you're looking down
from an orbiting spacecraft and you see something

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that has a particular color against the
red of the Martian dust, you can

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get a clue as to whether that
crater is a new one or not,

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whether that is the result of a
recent impact. And in fact, I

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think they've been able to tie down
some of the seismic traces with a particular

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new impact feature. And so basically
what it means is that I think it's

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something like five times the number of
impacts that we thought were hitting the surface

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is what is now estimated from this
new new research and what the conclusion they

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come to. Actually, let me
quote Geraldine zen Heisen from eh Turich who

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says the rate was about five times
higher than the number estimated from orbital imagery

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alone. Aligned with orbital imagery,
our findings demonstrate that seismology is an excellent

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tool for measuring impact rates. So
there's that link between what you can see

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from orbit and what the seismograph is
telling you. I'm fascinated by this because

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they're giving us numbers in the hundreds, but Earth gets hit to the tune

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of thousands a year and we don't
seem to see those sorts of cratering effects.

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What's the difference? Is it because
Mars atmosphere is so thin and yeah,

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chartistics, that's right. So you
know, if Mark if we had

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the same atmosphere density as Mars two
or three hundred, hate me to create

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us every year would be headline making
news. Yeah, because we just sort

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of you really want to go anywhere
without experiencing the risk of something hitting you

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all the head that could cause and
ape me to create it. And so

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that's you know, that's the crucial
part is the Mars's atmospheric pressure is point

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zero six sorry, it's point six
percent. Zero point six percent of Earth's

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atmospheric pressure is less than one percent, So there's much less of a breaking

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influence by the atmosphere on Mars than
there is on Earth. And by breaking

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that's br br a k i n
G, not br e a k i

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n g. So what it means
is that these meteorites always hit Mars's surface

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a very high velocity, what they
call hYP hyper hypervelocity impacts, and it's

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that that really betrays the to orbiting
spacecraft, that reveals that something's happened recently,

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because they they apparently cause a debris
zone around the crater which is more

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than one hundred times bigger than the
crater itself, so that they stand out

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from orbit. You've got to create
maybe eight meters across, that's pretty big,

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but with something eight hundred meters you
know, around it, that tells

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you that there's there's something's happened there. So actually the points made in the

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paper that they've written, knowing the
number of impacts is going to be really

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important for the safety of any explore
exploring spacecraft, whether they're robotic or whether

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they've got humans on board. And
I suppose there'd be no pattern to this,

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so I guess if you had the
time to analyze that, you might

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be able to figure out where and
when these things might happen. But you

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know, yeah, it increases the
risk. I mean, if this was

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Earth, our insurance policies just wouldn't
be we couldn't afford them. But that's

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right, when you're talking space usitions
in an environment that's hostile and we're not

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built to suit Mars's atmosphere, you'd
want to collide as much data as possible

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to try and avoid these situations.
I imagine, yes, So it's obviously

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something that will be taken into account
in future future mission planning. It's a

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bit of a warning really that Mars
is a rather more hostile environment than we

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expected at the same time, it's
not it's not going to rule out Mars

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exploration, you know, I don't
I think it's safe to say that we've

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had how many rovers on Mars?
You know, it's probably it's probably,

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it's probably ten if you include the
Chinese rovers, you include not just spirit

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an, opportunity, and curiosity and
perseverance. They're the big four, But

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there were rovers before that Pathfinder was
one of them. Maybe it's not ten,

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but perhaps six, seven or eight
something like that. Rovers on Mars.

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None of them, as far as
we know, have been zolked by

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incoming meteorite. So it's a risk, but it's a low risk, yes,

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yes, And I suppose we should
also say that not all these earth

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tremors that have been picked up over
the course of its mission are caused by

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meteorites, So yes, that's correct. There's been other factors as well,

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and some of them are still a
bit of a mystery. Yes, So

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that's really the I guess, the
pole point of their argument that they've been

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able to isolate the ones just by
the characteristic signature. They've been able to

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isolate the ones that are caused by
meteorites rather than by tectonic activity. There

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isn't much tectonic activity on Mars in
that regard. Its core is much cooler

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than the Earth and so it doesn't
drive the tectonic activity that we have.

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Okay, if you want to follow
up on that story, it's been published

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in the journal Nature Astronomy. This
is Space. That's Andrew Ankley here with

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Profess Fred what's an the piece MUDs. This next story is interesting too,

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fredd In that we've been hearing about, well, we've heard about this once

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before, but it's happened again.
The Parker Solar Probe, which is orbiting

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the Sun and has been since oh
gosh was it. It's been up there

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for five or six years, I
think something like that. It's just achieved

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or equalled a speed record during one
of its recent orbits. And we're talking

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numbers that are just mind blowing.
I mean, tens of hundreds of thousands

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of kilometer, isn't it. It's
amazing, it is. So. The

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Parker solo probe is interesting. It's
one we've talked about much, but it's

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been it has been active, as
you've said, for some years. It's

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just deleted its twentieth close approach to
the Sun, and that's telling you that

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this is the the spacecraft that comes
closest to the Sun. Of all the

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solar orbiting spacecraft that we have launched, this one is the closest, and

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in fact, its twentieth close approach
was on the thirtieth of June twenty twenty

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four, not very long ago.
Its distance was seven point twenty six million

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kilometers from the solar surface, and
by that we mean the photosphere, the

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bit beyond which you can't see.
The Sun doesn't have a surface because it's

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a ball of gas. That's about
four point five one million miles, so

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it's you know, in terms of
cosmic distances, that is grazing the surface

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of the Sun. It's very very
close. And Kepler's laws tell us that

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the closer you get to the body
that you are orbiting around, the faster

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your velocity is. Is how it
works, and that's why we've got this

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record speed. In miles an hour, it's three hundred and ninety four thousand,

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seven hundred and thirty six kilometers per
hour. It's six hundred and thirty

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five, two hundred and sixty six
kilometers per hour, which, let me

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do it in my head, is
somewhere under two hundred kilometers per second.

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I've got a calculator handed, but
it's in that region. You divide it

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by three thousand, six hundred to
get kilometers per hour into kilometers per second,

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So it seems in the region of
two hundred. It's Yeah, that's

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a phenomenal velocity. And but that
speed, you've really got to take relativity

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into account, not just because of
the speed, but because of the gravitational

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potential that you're in. You know, you're in a strong gravitational field,

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and both of those things mean that
Einstein's two theories of relativity, the special

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theory which is about speed, and
the general theory, which is about gravity,

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those two absolutely start dominating your calculations. So really interesting stuff for all

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kinds of reasons. The park Asolo
probe is fitted with heat shields that seem

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to bewithstanding the stresses and strains on
the spacecraft that come from being so close

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to the Sun. And we look
forward to hearing what data have been collected

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during that twentieth close approach to the
Sun. Yeah, it seems to operate

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in a very complex orbittle pattern because
it uses gravity assists from Venus in some

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situations. Just depends on what's available
at the time, I think, but

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it would all be mapped out.
But it will be doing its next pass

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on the twenty fourth of December,
and they expect it will probably crack near

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seven hundred thousand kilometers an hour in
that pass. And that's just unthinkable,

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isn't it That this has got to
be the fastest thing ever? Yeah,

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that's well, that's right. It's
you know, it's not the fastest that

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was launched, but because it's been
wound up by all these gravity assists to

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push it so near the Sun.
Yes, it probably is the fastest spacecraft

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ever. I wonder how to survive
so the environment that it's exposed to,

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I mean just the radio radiation it's
bombarying it for one. But it would

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be exposed to tremendous heat, wouldn't
it. Yes, that's right. So

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it's got a pretty substantial heat heat
shield, which if I'm remembering correctly,

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I think it the spacecraft is turned
so that when it's closest to the Sun,

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the heats the heat shield is doing
all the work, and you know,

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well the spacecraft kind of behind the
heat shield is faking the measurements so

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yeah, very intriguing and very very
successful mission. Actually, so I think

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it's got is it four more or
three more close passes to the Sun?

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I think it's three more, and
actually I know it's four more. It's

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got four more close passes. So
the mission is sort of coming to its

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closing phases. But we will,
no doubt here more about it. We

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probably should do a nice story on
the parkasolo probo sometimes down the track when

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we see some of these results.
Yeah, I just found that the final

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pass will be next year, the
twenty fourth fly by the Sun. So

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it's mission comes to an end in
twenty twenty five. And that's how long

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it takes to sort of work its
way into position to do a pass.

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Because it's going so fast, it
just can't just sort of stop and go

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back. It's got to go out
and do another lap around whatever it can

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do. A lap around Mercury would
be involved, I imagined it. Yeah,

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it's quite extraordinary, what a fascinating
mission, And yes, we should

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talk more about it when they start
releasing some of the data. I guess

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who knows what they could learn.
There's so much we don't know about the

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Sun, which makes it such an
interesting thing, and it is the nearest

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star to our planet, so we
can learn a lot about things that are

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so far away and untouchable just by
observing what's right next door. Fred,

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Let's get onto our final story.
This one I also find intriguing, and

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this one dates back to the year
eleven eighty one when there was a super

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nova recorded, but we're only now
starting to learn more about it. Yeah,

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that's right, eleven eighty one.
It's a time. We often associate

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these super and over ancient super and
ova explosions or observations with Chinese scientists,

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and in fact, probably the best
known is the super and over of ten

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fifty four, which was observed by
Chinese scientists, if I can call them

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that, there were certainly a US
observers of the sky. That ten point

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00:24:02.559 --> 00:24:06.319
fifty four super and over is what
produced the crab Nebula, one of the

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most famous super and ova remnants in
the sky in the northern constellation of tourists,

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00:24:11.039 --> 00:24:14.759
the Bull. The crab Nebula is
well studied, and in fact we've

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00:24:15.400 --> 00:24:19.799
in the last few months seen some
extraordinary images of it from the web Space

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00:24:19.839 --> 00:24:25.160
Telescope Gene web Space Telescope. But
this one is different. The super and

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00:24:25.200 --> 00:24:30.200
Ova of eleven eighty one was recorded. It was recorded throughout Asia, but

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mostly in Japan. Japan was,
you know, again the home of people

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00:24:37.920 --> 00:24:47.440
who were very, very clever and
careful skywatchers. And it's a time actually

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00:24:47.480 --> 00:24:56.400
when Japan was at war with you
know, as often was the case in

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00:24:56.480 --> 00:25:00.240
past history. It seems to be
still the case today, but Japan was

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at war and there were records kept
of that time which were put in a

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kind of it's what's described by our
old friend fizz dot org, which is

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00:25:17.279 --> 00:25:23.240
the website that's carrying this story,
described as in diary format, so you

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know, it's like a journal I
guess called the Azuma Kagami, I hope

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00:25:29.559 --> 00:25:34.839
pronouncing that correctly, which chronicled what
was going on, the events taking place,

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mostly to do with the war.
This was all not very far from

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00:25:37.960 --> 00:25:44.920
modern day Tokyo. But other things, including this appearance of the new star.

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They they they are called a guest
stars in those ancient texts because they

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are just a guest in the sky
that then goes away. And indeed there

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00:25:57.680 --> 00:26:03.799
is a note here that they weren't
that. This one was also observed in

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00:26:03.880 --> 00:26:08.720
China and Korea as well, and
was bright enough to be quite noticeable.

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00:26:08.759 --> 00:26:12.440
It wasn't a daylight supernova, which
we think the ten fifty four one was,

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but was bright. It's comparable in
brightness to the planet Saturn, which

290
00:26:19.559 --> 00:26:23.359
is certainly noticeable. It's not the
rightest of the planets, but it's up

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there with the with the ones that
you really do notice in the in the

292
00:26:29.440 --> 00:26:33.640
night sky. Apparently it was visible
for about one hundred and eighty one hundred

293
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and eighty days and then dimmed away
and was lost, and it took a

294
00:26:41.319 --> 00:26:51.279
long time for modern day scientists to
find it. They what's happened is that

295
00:26:52.519 --> 00:27:00.759
basically using the the the you know, the text of this die record of

296
00:27:00.319 --> 00:27:08.440
the supernova, the Azuma Kagami people
have narrowed things down to the constellation of

297
00:27:08.480 --> 00:27:12.559
Kassiopeir, which is another It's a
far northern constellation in the northern sky.

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00:27:12.680 --> 00:27:19.400
We see it from certainly from the
latitude where I am in Sydney. But

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it so that gave me scientists enough
of a clue to look for a remnant

300
00:27:27.000 --> 00:27:33.359
from this explosion, and it's quite
different from the remnant from the crab nebula,

301
00:27:33.400 --> 00:27:42.000
which is just like a tangle of
material dust gas that's that's obviously got

302
00:27:42.079 --> 00:27:47.960
shock waves propelling through it in all
different kinds of directions. This is something

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00:27:48.039 --> 00:27:52.559
quite different. First of all,
it's visible in X rays, and what

304
00:27:52.599 --> 00:28:02.839
we have is an X ray image
from the XMM satellite with some infrared components

305
00:28:02.880 --> 00:28:07.160
as well from an infrared spacecraft called
WISE, so we're looking at this in

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00:28:07.240 --> 00:28:14.720
two different wavebands. And what we
can see in the structure is it's,

307
00:28:14.720 --> 00:28:23.400
first of all, it's a spherical
object which has some really detailed what we

308
00:28:23.480 --> 00:28:27.920
might call contours in it, where
you've got things like, first of all,

309
00:28:29.759 --> 00:28:32.359
in the middle, we've got the
wind bubble. This is coming from

310
00:28:32.359 --> 00:28:37.599
the paper about this. Then there's
going outwards a wind termination shock, and

311
00:28:37.640 --> 00:28:42.359
then a region of unshocked ejector that's
material that's come from the explosion but hasn't

312
00:28:42.400 --> 00:28:45.880
had a shock wave going through it. And then there's something called a reverse

313
00:28:45.920 --> 00:28:52.519
shock and then a forward shock,
and all this complexity can be sort of

314
00:28:52.799 --> 00:29:00.680
seen in the X ray image and
it sounds like my Golove game got forward

315
00:29:00.720 --> 00:29:08.079
sharks in it. I can just
see you doing a reverse shop with your

316
00:29:08.359 --> 00:29:15.160
number five iron or whatever. Anyway, but that study has given enough detail

317
00:29:15.680 --> 00:29:21.680
that scientists can now work out what
this super and ova was, and it's

318
00:29:21.720 --> 00:29:27.200
a very rare one, something that
does not normally happen. Two white dwarf

319
00:29:27.200 --> 00:29:33.119
stars, now white dwarf stars are
what our Sun will end up as it's

320
00:29:33.240 --> 00:29:37.680
basically a thing the size of the
Earth with the density with the mass of

321
00:29:37.680 --> 00:29:42.039
the star, so very very dense
and very hot. That's how the Sun

322
00:29:42.039 --> 00:29:45.839
will end its days in a few
billion years time. But two of these

323
00:29:45.880 --> 00:29:52.240
objects apparently have collided, and that's
what has caused this very unusual type of

324
00:29:52.359 --> 00:29:56.200
super and over. A lot of
the work has done has been done with

325
00:29:56.279 --> 00:30:04.279
computer modeling, of course, and
analyzing the observations and the rarity is this

326
00:30:04.359 --> 00:30:08.200
double shock formation that we've just spoken
about, the forward shot and the reverse

327
00:30:08.240 --> 00:30:17.680
shock and then the inner shock.
And so there is a sort of footnote

328
00:30:17.720 --> 00:30:22.839
to the story though that comes from
these observations. The sort of winds that

329
00:30:23.039 --> 00:30:27.920
blow from this event, what we
call stellar winds. They are thought to

330
00:30:29.039 --> 00:30:34.400
be relatively recent in their formation,
so that they say, perhaps only with

331
00:30:34.599 --> 00:30:38.480
the past twenty or thirty years,
these high speed stellar winds have been blowing

332
00:30:38.480 --> 00:30:42.559
from the surface of the star,
which is quite extraordinary really just you know,

333
00:30:42.680 --> 00:30:47.720
we happen to be looking at it
at the right time to see some

334
00:30:47.759 --> 00:30:52.160
of the action. Yeah, indeed, And it's you know, we get

335
00:30:52.279 --> 00:30:56.839
very lucky sometimes with observations. But
I suppose we could also suggest that these

336
00:30:56.880 --> 00:31:02.839
things are happening so regularly. Maybe
it's not luck. We're just picking them

337
00:31:02.920 --> 00:31:06.720
up because they're happening and at a
rate of a dime. A dozen't But

338
00:31:06.799 --> 00:31:11.279
this one, this one's different.
This one's been quite unusual and a very

339
00:31:11.400 --> 00:31:15.279
lucky discovery. Indeed, my hope
Fred one day is we do get to

340
00:31:15.279 --> 00:31:21.720
see one for real in our lifetime, Beetle juice being the optimum candidate.

341
00:31:21.759 --> 00:31:26.839
I suppose, Yeah, that's correct. It's it's we don't want want too

342
00:31:26.839 --> 00:31:32.319
close, Andrew, But yeah,
Beatle, this is about battle Jos,

343
00:31:32.440 --> 00:31:37.440
however you pronounce it. It's about
seven hundred light years away, I think,

344
00:31:37.480 --> 00:31:44.240
which is it's far enough away that
we would certainly see something visible in

345
00:31:44.279 --> 00:31:48.279
the daylight sky. It will be
very bright, but it's not going to

346
00:31:48.319 --> 00:31:55.200
be lethal to life on Earth,
which a nearer one might be. Yeah.

347
00:31:53.759 --> 00:32:00.279
Yeah, And in recent discussions we've
talked about things that have happen been

348
00:32:00.359 --> 00:32:02.799
so far away from us that have
actually affected our atmosphere. So yes,

349
00:32:02.880 --> 00:32:09.240
that's right. It is really mind
boggling to consider that there's so much influence

350
00:32:09.279 --> 00:32:13.960
out there that is so far away
and we think we're all safe and well,

351
00:32:14.000 --> 00:32:17.680
and we are, but you've just
always got to consider the possibilities,

352
00:32:17.680 --> 00:32:22.759
I guess. But yeah, that
story was published in the Astrophysical Journal,

353
00:32:22.799 --> 00:32:30.319
if you're interested in finding out about
the SN eleven eighty one supernova. Fred,

354
00:32:30.359 --> 00:32:34.759
we've reached the end of the program. Thank you so much. Well,

355
00:32:34.799 --> 00:32:37.960
it's a great pleasure, and it's
not a pleasure to have reached the

356
00:32:37.039 --> 00:32:42.200
end, but it's always a pleasure
to talk about these things. The end

357
00:32:42.240 --> 00:32:47.960
is nigh. Yes'm we'll see you
on the next episode. Sounds good.

358
00:32:47.960 --> 00:32:52.839
Thanks very much, and we take
care and we'll speak to Fred Watson,

359
00:32:52.960 --> 00:32:55.559
Astronomer at Large, and thanks for
listening. Don't forget to follow us on

360
00:32:55.640 --> 00:33:00.039
social media or if you're on YouTube, hit the subscribe button, and don't

361
00:33:00.039 --> 00:33:05.200
forget to visit our web website,
Space Nuts podcast dot com. Oh,

362
00:33:05.279 --> 00:33:08.279
and thanks to here in the studio
who couldn't be with us today, but

363
00:33:08.839 --> 00:33:14.359
all the best to his wife who's
dealing with some medical issues. As we

364
00:33:14.400 --> 00:33:16.880
all are when we reach this age
and from me Andrew Dunkley, thanks for

365
00:33:16.920 --> 00:33:21.519
your company. See you on the
next episode of Space Nuts. Bye bye

366
00:33:21.839 --> 00:33:29.079
Spacenuts. You'll be listening to the
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367
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