#410: Stellar Puzzles & Galactic Gold: Space Nuts Unpacks the Universe's Riddles

WEBVTT

1
00:00:00.160 --> 00:00:03.839
Hi there, Thanks for joining us
on another edition of Space Nuts our Q

2
00:00:04.000 --> 00:00:07.719
and a edition. I'm Andrew Dunkley, your host, Great Behavior Company,

3
00:00:08.279 --> 00:00:12.240
and on this particular episode, we're
going to be looking at black holes.

4
00:00:13.240 --> 00:00:17.920
Shocker. We never get black hole
questions, but this one's pretty involved and

5
00:00:18.239 --> 00:00:22.120
lots of sort of moving parts to
this question, so it might take a

6
00:00:22.120 --> 00:00:27.800
little bit of unraveling. We also
have a question about supernova and the elements

7
00:00:27.839 --> 00:00:31.879
they create. Why is it so? How is it so? The Fermi

8
00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:36.240
paradox has been brought up, and
we're going to talk time travel and make

9
00:00:36.359 --> 00:00:43.159
Nito spheres. All coming up on
this episode of Space Nuts fifteen in Channel

10
00:00:43.640 --> 00:00:54.759
ten nine ignition sequence Space Nuts or
three two more review on Space Nurse as

11
00:00:54.799 --> 00:01:00.759
when I reported Neil Goods and clearing
his voice to get things going. With

12
00:01:00.600 --> 00:01:04.040
this addition is Professor Fred Watson,
Astronomer at Large. Hello, Fred,

13
00:01:04.959 --> 00:01:07.799
I should learn whether the mute button
is shouldn't I for that sort of thing?

14
00:01:07.879 --> 00:01:11.480
You know? Even enough, if
I've got a mute button, hang

15
00:01:11.560 --> 00:01:15.280
on, I think I have no
I have to oppress it. We might

16
00:01:15.400 --> 00:01:18.519
not get your back. Yeah,
I'm not game. I'm not game.

17
00:01:19.359 --> 00:01:23.599
That's the problem with digital technology.
Hey, it's been since I saw you

18
00:01:23.760 --> 00:01:27.799
last five seconds ago. Your work
very well, thank you still still had

19
00:01:27.840 --> 00:01:33.200
in the clouds because of our North
American tour of all the spacy things you

20
00:01:33.239 --> 00:01:37.319
could think of in North America.
Yes, a lot of spacey things there,

21
00:01:38.280 --> 00:01:41.040
and now there's plenty of them all
over the world these days. It's

22
00:01:41.239 --> 00:01:45.560
yeah, that's true, this big
growth industry, we've got this, Yes,

23
00:01:45.799 --> 00:01:51.280
very true. Yeah, we've got
some questions to try and answer,

24
00:01:51.920 --> 00:01:56.040
and I use the word try loosely. Let's get stuck into the first one.

25
00:01:56.120 --> 00:01:57.719
Now, this is a pretty involved
question, so we'll be back in

26
00:01:57.799 --> 00:02:05.519
twenty minutes. But this comes from
Jose. Hello, fellow space nutters.

27
00:02:06.760 --> 00:02:13.520
Jose here from California in the United
States. I love your guys' podcast and

28
00:02:13.639 --> 00:02:16.520
listen to it every day at work. I know, I got to get

29
00:02:16.560 --> 00:02:22.400
a life, sorry, but I
was listening to an episode one day where

30
00:02:22.560 --> 00:02:27.639
you guys were talking about possibly or
a theory that you guys were talking about

31
00:02:27.719 --> 00:02:32.840
where possibly universes could exist inside black
holes, and it got me thinking that,

32
00:02:35.159 --> 00:02:38.680
you know, this would have explained
a lot of the mysteries of the

33
00:02:38.800 --> 00:02:45.199
universe, for example, the Big
Bang, The Big Bang could have just

34
00:02:45.360 --> 00:02:53.280
been in a supernova explosion from a
star in an alternate universe which gave existence

35
00:02:53.479 --> 00:02:59.479
to our universe. And I was
also thinking that as a black hole,

36
00:03:00.280 --> 00:03:07.560
I guess as the event horizon grows, that is actually our universe expanding.

37
00:03:07.560 --> 00:03:14.719
And the reason nothing can escape a
black hole is because you would have to

38
00:03:14.800 --> 00:03:21.560
be traveling faster than light, which
is not possible unless you're you know,

39
00:03:21.719 --> 00:03:25.960
the expansion of space. I guess
that travels faster than the speed of light,

40
00:03:27.560 --> 00:03:35.319
and the material that gets sucked into
a black hole, that all gets

41
00:03:35.400 --> 00:03:40.680
converted into dark energy, which is
the energy that we can't see, or

42
00:03:40.759 --> 00:03:47.719
I guess the expansion of the universe
that we could see. But you know,

43
00:03:47.840 --> 00:03:53.599
I just I was just thinking about
all this and I was completely sober,

44
00:03:53.800 --> 00:03:58.280
mind you connds and doing anything.
But you know, I know there's

45
00:03:58.280 --> 00:04:00.159
all speculative. I trying to get
your guys' point of view on this.

46
00:04:00.560 --> 00:04:09.159
Do you guys see this as possible, impossible, feasible, or you know,

47
00:04:09.240 --> 00:04:16.160
I'm just completely crazy, but also
wanted to get your guys's opinions on

48
00:04:17.439 --> 00:04:23.759
what you guys believe is beyond the
event horizon of a black hole. You

49
00:04:23.839 --> 00:04:29.759
know, just speaking without any proof
of anything, just ideas. What you

50
00:04:29.879 --> 00:04:32.720
guys believe. Do you guys believe
you know there's a white hole at the

51
00:04:32.800 --> 00:04:38.439
other side? Do you guys think
there's nothing? Maybe you just you know,

52
00:04:39.639 --> 00:04:41.839
you just die if you go inside
a black hole. I don't know,

53
00:04:42.439 --> 00:04:45.759
but let me know you guys think. I'd love to hear your guys

54
00:04:45.959 --> 00:04:49.120
answers. Keep up the great work
and I will be listening to you guys

55
00:04:49.639 --> 00:04:56.480
NonStop. Go spaceness. Oh that's
lovely. I can't help it. I've

56
00:04:56.480 --> 00:05:00.759
got to do it. The answer
is no, why howse I of course

57
00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:05.879
good? And help myself dreadful.
There were lots of bits and pieces in

58
00:05:06.000 --> 00:05:10.920
that one, Fred, I've sort
of written down some notes. Big Bang

59
00:05:11.920 --> 00:05:19.759
created by a supernova, which created
our universe. I venture to say that's

60
00:05:19.879 --> 00:05:25.120
probably yeah. I think that theory
has been put forward before. But it

61
00:05:25.240 --> 00:05:29.720
was the Big Bang caused by a
supernova, which means there had to be

62
00:05:29.800 --> 00:05:36.040
a preceding universe before ours. I
imagine, what do you think? I'm

63
00:05:36.439 --> 00:05:44.639
so I'm thinking that I can tell
I can tell you thinking what has described

64
00:05:46.600 --> 00:05:56.720
sounds a lot like some of Roger
Penrose's ideas. Nobel Laureates who got his

65
00:05:57.319 --> 00:06:02.360
basically got his Nobel Prize for proving
that black holes can exist. So he's,

66
00:06:02.600 --> 00:06:08.319
you know, he's well and truly
in tune with this, but also

67
00:06:08.920 --> 00:06:17.120
has a theory of a kind of
cyclic universe which does involve the Big Bang

68
00:06:17.800 --> 00:06:24.160
effectively coming from a black hole.
Now, I'm just looking online there to

69
00:06:24.160 --> 00:06:29.399
see if I could find some,
you know, pithy words from from Penrose

70
00:06:29.439 --> 00:06:34.800
that talk about this. I do
remember some years ago I ventured into his

71
00:06:34.920 --> 00:06:43.240
book on this topic, the kind
of multiple black hole universe theory, which

72
00:06:43.360 --> 00:06:47.399
is the same shape as a brick
andrew. It's very very thick book,

73
00:06:47.480 --> 00:06:54.600
indeed, and he's in two halves. The first half is all the mathematics

74
00:06:54.680 --> 00:06:59.079
you need to understand. The second
half. Yeah, so it left me

75
00:07:00.000 --> 00:07:06.240
not exactly really, but I you
know, I'm always confronted by hard mathematics.

76
00:07:06.879 --> 00:07:15.560
It nearly cost me my degree back
all those decades ago university the So,

77
00:07:15.959 --> 00:07:19.319
I yes, I didn't plow into
it very deeply. But Penrose is

78
00:07:19.920 --> 00:07:25.519
I think what Jose is talking about
and very similar to some of Penrose's ideas.

79
00:07:26.680 --> 00:07:30.920
He is, it has to be
said, a maverick in his view

80
00:07:31.399 --> 00:07:41.680
of this kind of cosmology. His
his work is I would say, viewed

81
00:07:41.839 --> 00:07:46.480
with certainly his work on the multiple
universe and the idea that that you know,

82
00:07:46.920 --> 00:07:53.199
big bangs spawn universe, sorry,
black hole spawned big bangs. I

83
00:07:53.360 --> 00:07:58.720
have to say that that is at
the the sort of more speculous event of

84
00:07:58.920 --> 00:08:03.959
the way astronomers view our understanding of
the universe. We really don't have any

85
00:08:05.040 --> 00:08:09.720
direct evidence of there being any other
universes, and in the in the Penro

86
00:08:09.959 --> 00:08:13.600
theory, and I suspect in the
ideas that Jose is putting forward there what

87
00:08:13.720 --> 00:08:18.600
you end up with is multiple universes
because you're inside a black hole, and

88
00:08:18.879 --> 00:08:22.839
black holes are ten a penny,
you know, the commonplace, as we

89
00:08:22.000 --> 00:08:28.600
know. So he asked what our
view of this is, and mine is,

90
00:08:30.279 --> 00:08:33.440
uh, it's as I am on
many things, open minded, but

91
00:08:33.799 --> 00:08:43.799
with you know, recognizing that mainstream
cosmology does not see us as being within

92
00:08:43.879 --> 00:08:48.200
a black hole that was spawned in
some sort of higher dimensional space or in

93
00:08:48.320 --> 00:08:54.159
some kind of multiverse scenario. So
I, yeah, follow this with interest.

94
00:08:54.399 --> 00:08:58.200
I probably should have read up a
little bit more on Penro's theory than

95
00:08:58.240 --> 00:09:01.519
I did, but I, I, you know, encourage chose to go

96
00:09:01.759 --> 00:09:07.200
online and check out what Roger Penro's
model of the universes. There will be

97
00:09:07.960 --> 00:09:13.759
fairly easily digestible versions of it online. Don't go and buy the brick that.

98
00:09:13.919 --> 00:09:18.879
Yeah, you know it takes you
twelve years to read because you spend

99
00:09:18.919 --> 00:09:22.840
the first six trying to understand the
mathematics. I think that indeed much.

100
00:09:24.279 --> 00:09:28.080
What about the dark energy theory as
to where that comes from? You and

101
00:09:28.159 --> 00:09:31.440
black holes creating dark energy? Yeah, well, feeling I heard some theory

102
00:09:31.919 --> 00:09:37.320
or some study that came out that
said there's some relationship. Apparently we actually

103
00:09:37.399 --> 00:09:41.360
covered it on Space NOTTS. Yes, so, and once again, that

104
00:09:43.679 --> 00:09:48.639
is an interesting idea that I can't
remember the details. It's kind of about

105
00:09:48.679 --> 00:09:52.519
the equation of state and things of
that sort. But it was suggesting that

106
00:09:54.320 --> 00:10:01.120
black holes are the source of dark
energy and the mechanism don't remember. But

107
00:10:01.360 --> 00:10:07.279
let me just put one other issue
into into the you know, the conversation

108
00:10:07.360 --> 00:10:13.919
about this, because it looks as
though with really very recent studies of the

109
00:10:13.960 --> 00:10:18.080
geometry of the universe, looking back
over millions of years as we can do,

110
00:10:18.000 --> 00:10:24.360
that maybe the dark energy is not
behaving in the way that we thought

111
00:10:24.440 --> 00:10:28.039
it was. In fact, we
covered this as well on space dots,

112
00:10:28.960 --> 00:10:31.519
and that is this is to do
with the equation of state that the number

113
00:10:31.720 --> 00:10:35.840
is not you know, it was
thought to be minus one, which means

114
00:10:35.879 --> 00:10:41.559
that the dark energy is what we
call the cosmological constant. It's constant throughout

115
00:10:41.600 --> 00:10:46.279
the history of the universe. So
every space gets bigger, so does the

116
00:10:46.360 --> 00:10:50.679
dark energy. But that relationship between
the volume of space and the amount of

117
00:10:50.759 --> 00:10:56.240
dark energy is constant throughout throughout the
history of the universe. It may well

118
00:10:56.279 --> 00:11:01.919
be that that's not true because the
new evidence point to it not me and

119
00:11:01.039 --> 00:11:07.720
that might once again feedback into theories
like the one that jose is talking about,

120
00:11:07.799 --> 00:11:11.039
where you where you postulate the idea
of a black hole being the or

121
00:11:11.080 --> 00:11:15.440
the universe being within a black hole. My issue with that is where does

122
00:11:15.480 --> 00:11:18.679
it all come from? You know? Yeah, if you've got stuff being

123
00:11:18.080 --> 00:11:22.559
sucked into a black hole from outside
the universe, where's it coming from?

124
00:11:22.039 --> 00:11:26.919
And that naturally leads you to ideas
of multiverses, which, as I said,

125
00:11:26.360 --> 00:11:31.360
are definitely not mainstream at the moment, although people are open to them,

126
00:11:31.519 --> 00:11:33.759
including indeed the astronomer Royal in the
UK, who I think kind the

127
00:11:33.879 --> 00:11:39.399
term multiverse quite some time. Yeah. Yeah, and his final point beyond

128
00:11:39.639 --> 00:11:50.639
what's beyond the event horizon could be
a white hole maybe. I mean,

129
00:11:50.759 --> 00:11:54.759
you know what, That's what I'm
just saying. In order to have something.

130
00:11:56.039 --> 00:11:58.840
If the whole universe is is within
an event horizon, you've gotta have

131
00:11:58.879 --> 00:12:03.919
some thing beyond it. Yeah,
And that leads you into multiverse theory.

132
00:12:03.200 --> 00:12:07.440
White tools might Yes, a gigantick
white tool might be another kind of universe

133
00:12:07.519 --> 00:12:13.399
that doesn't have dark energy in it. Great thinking, because Ela, you're

134
00:12:13.919 --> 00:12:18.919
thinking very nicely put in your in
your recording. Thank you, jose lovely

135
00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:22.519
to hear from you. We've got
a question from Alan. I've been reading

136
00:12:22.639 --> 00:12:28.399
about the gigantic super nova detected by
the James Webb Space Telescope and how it

137
00:12:28.480 --> 00:12:35.519
has cast doubt, amongst other things, as to whether supernovae are always or

138
00:12:35.840 --> 00:12:41.279
at all, the creators of heavy
metal elements like gold. This has revived

139
00:12:41.399 --> 00:12:45.960
a long standing question I've had in
relation to gold and other elements found in

140
00:12:46.320 --> 00:12:52.720
distinct, extracable concentrations on Earth.
How did such concentrations form out of the

141
00:12:52.919 --> 00:13:00.440
totally chaotic molecule soup of a supernova? Nice question, Yeah, it was

142
00:13:00.519 --> 00:13:05.600
beautifully written to be honest, just
covering the first bit of that. Yes,

143
00:13:07.159 --> 00:13:09.960
you know, we now think that
gold might be produced by neutron star

144
00:13:11.039 --> 00:13:16.399
collisions as well what are called killer
overs, things that are a bit less

145
00:13:16.440 --> 00:13:20.240
than super and overs. So gold. So, but the bottom line either

146
00:13:20.279 --> 00:13:24.919
way, whether it's super and ova
or neutron star collisions, you've still got

147
00:13:26.519 --> 00:13:33.519
exactly as Alan says, this chaotic
distribution of these elements throughout space. When

148
00:13:33.840 --> 00:13:37.759
when a super and over explodes,
you've got them being created in a mishmash

149
00:13:39.360 --> 00:13:43.600
with lots of other elements. And
so the way we find them in concentrations

150
00:13:45.960 --> 00:13:50.159
is as we do on Earth.
We find gold in you know, not

151
00:13:50.360 --> 00:13:54.039
just at one atism at a time, but we find it nuggets at the

152
00:13:54.120 --> 00:14:00.600
time sometimes or in other forms.
The way the mechanism to create that really

153
00:14:00.720 --> 00:14:05.240
involves planet formation. So you've got
this cloud of dust and gas, which

154
00:14:05.360 --> 00:14:11.559
is much of which is enriched by
elements like gold. In the cloud of

155
00:14:11.679 --> 00:14:18.600
gas that condenses to form a star
and its planets. So the important thing

156
00:14:18.759 --> 00:14:22.919
is here is that gravity now plays
a part in it, because gravity is

157
00:14:24.039 --> 00:14:33.960
pulling the heavier elements together. If
you've got what we call protoplanets and planet

158
00:14:33.000 --> 00:14:39.840
isimals, which are their precursors.
Planet isimals are basically baby planets in a

159
00:14:39.960 --> 00:14:43.440
swirling disc of dust around a star, which we call the protoplanetary disc.

160
00:14:45.320 --> 00:14:50.399
So those planet isimals are pulled together
by gravity. And so if you've got

161
00:14:50.519 --> 00:14:56.120
gold that tends to concentrate as it's
pulled towards the middle, all the heavy

162
00:14:56.120 --> 00:15:00.679
elements are pulled to the middle.
And this is a process we call differentiation.

163
00:15:01.320 --> 00:15:05.159
And then what happens is another planet
sysemal bashes into this one and it's

164
00:15:05.200 --> 00:15:11.720
smashed into smither Eaves and then goes
to form another, you know, slightly

165
00:15:11.759 --> 00:15:15.559
bigger body, and eventually you've got
a planet. And eventually you've got a

166
00:15:15.639 --> 00:15:20.799
planet with stuff in its crust that
has come from these concentrations within planetism.

167
00:15:20.279 --> 00:15:24.360
So I think that's the process that
Alan is looking for. Why we get

168
00:15:24.440 --> 00:15:30.240
concentrations of these materials in them in
the crust of a worldlike planet Earth.

169
00:15:31.000 --> 00:15:35.559
There you go, Thank you,
Alan, and a fantastic question, thanks

170
00:15:35.600 --> 00:15:45.399
for sending it in. This is
space Nuts Andrew Antley with Professor Fred space

171
00:15:45.600 --> 00:15:50.320
Nuts. Now we'll go to our
next question, and this one comes from

172
00:15:52.000 --> 00:15:58.600
justin. Hey God, I'll listen
to your show, and I think it's

173
00:15:58.679 --> 00:16:06.840
do a great job. My questions
about Fermi paradox and from what we can

174
00:16:06.960 --> 00:16:12.279
see, every planet that we every
new discovery of every planet that we find,

175
00:16:12.799 --> 00:16:17.480
every planet seems to be so much
different from the last one, and

176
00:16:17.639 --> 00:16:22.039
the next one is different. Then
we're finding things that we've never seen before

177
00:16:22.240 --> 00:16:26.759
all the time. So isn't it
becoming more and more rockly the more planets

178
00:16:26.840 --> 00:16:33.639
we find that aren't like Earth,
that Earth is taping unique in the universe?

179
00:16:34.759 --> 00:16:38.279
Is that becoming more and more of
a possibility the more we look.

180
00:16:40.879 --> 00:16:45.159
Thanks guys, Like I said,
great job, love your shirt. Thank

181
00:16:45.200 --> 00:16:49.039
you. Justin I love this question
because it does throw up that possibility that

182
00:16:49.360 --> 00:16:59.200
every planet could be unique. And
you know, and the more exoplanets we

183
00:16:59.279 --> 00:17:03.679
find, the more weirdness we seem
to witness as a consequence of that.

184
00:17:03.000 --> 00:17:07.480
However, then you look at some
of the moons that are within our Solar

185
00:17:07.519 --> 00:17:11.599
system and the similarities between some of
them are quite stark, like Europa and

186
00:17:11.759 --> 00:17:18.039
Enceladus. So it stands to reason
from my perspective that there probably are other

187
00:17:18.160 --> 00:17:25.599
planets in the universe that are maybe
not identical, but quite strikingly similar to

188
00:17:26.200 --> 00:17:30.839
Earth or Mars or Venus or Jupiter
or you name it. It. Just

189
00:17:30.559 --> 00:17:34.839
I think there'd just be too many
for them to all be absolutely and utterly

190
00:17:36.400 --> 00:17:40.759
different from one another. What do
you think, Fred, Yeah, yes,

191
00:17:41.160 --> 00:17:44.680
so we we we've just we have
discovered sorry I just out of coffee

192
00:17:44.680 --> 00:17:52.400
delivery that, yeah, I saw. We have discovered planets that are earth

193
00:17:52.599 --> 00:18:00.440
like in the in the you know, in the sense that the size of

194
00:18:00.519 --> 00:18:06.599
the planet, it's mass, its
diameter, is similar to Earth, and

195
00:18:06.720 --> 00:18:12.079
we might well discover more because Earth
like planets are not that easy to find.

196
00:18:12.880 --> 00:18:18.119
They're the smaller end of the planet
range. So it was when we

197
00:18:18.200 --> 00:18:22.079
started discovering extra planets. At first
there were all the big ones because they're

198
00:18:22.519 --> 00:18:26.680
easy to find, So we may
be missing a lot of Earth like planets.

199
00:18:27.079 --> 00:18:34.200
But I basically do agree with Justin
because we think earth like planets are

200
00:18:34.240 --> 00:18:38.160
relatively rare. But then when we
look at our own planet, we see

201
00:18:38.880 --> 00:18:44.599
not just that it's an earth like
planet, which really is, but it's

202
00:18:44.640 --> 00:18:49.680
got other really interesting quirks about it, like a massive moon that may well

203
00:18:49.720 --> 00:18:56.240
have stabilized its rotation over very very
long periods of time, and so all

204
00:18:56.319 --> 00:19:03.440
of that comes in to sort of
direct your thinking to the idea that maybe

205
00:19:06.240 --> 00:19:11.039
the sort of environment that we've had
that has allowed life to flourish, and

206
00:19:11.160 --> 00:19:15.559
in particular to take that step from
single cell to multicelled organisms, which we

207
00:19:15.640 --> 00:19:21.799
think could be a very energy hungry
process and therefore very air. When you

208
00:19:21.880 --> 00:19:26.119
look at that, you begin to
wonder just how unique we are, And

209
00:19:26.720 --> 00:19:30.480
well, you can't really qualify uniqueness, can you, But you know what

210
00:19:30.519 --> 00:19:33.960
I mean, we are probably unique, and it may well be that that's

211
00:19:34.079 --> 00:19:42.119
one of the reasons why we're not
seeing alien life everywhere. Astrobiologists are fairly

212
00:19:42.920 --> 00:19:52.079
convinced I think today that yes,
you can probably get single celled organisms forming

213
00:19:52.200 --> 00:19:56.799
relatively easily if you've got the right
conditions, but it's much more difficult to

214
00:19:56.839 --> 00:20:00.519
produce multicelled organisms, and to go
on from there to vertebrates and all you

215
00:20:00.559 --> 00:20:04.240
know, primates and all the rest
of it. Giant they are all giant

216
00:20:04.319 --> 00:20:10.480
leaps. But I think that itself
is the answer to the Fermi paradox that

217
00:20:11.160 --> 00:20:15.759
if there are species like us elsewhere, they are so far away that you

218
00:20:15.880 --> 00:20:18.519
might as well forget them. We
might be alone, you know, galaxy,

219
00:20:18.599 --> 00:20:23.359
for example, Although I've been watching
the Three Body Problem series on TV

220
00:20:23.559 --> 00:20:30.920
and those aliens are way too close. So in fact, it's prompted me

221
00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:33.599
to buy the book because I know
it's a Chinese book that's translated to English

222
00:20:33.680 --> 00:20:38.160
but makes it a bit difficult to
read, but well, not difficult to

223
00:20:38.240 --> 00:20:44.039
read, but totally different setup because
it's been americanized for television, so you've

224
00:20:44.079 --> 00:20:47.640
got to get your head around that. But I'm really enjoying it. I

225
00:20:47.720 --> 00:20:51.920
don't know why I mentioned that,
but thank you justin and because it involved

226
00:20:51.960 --> 00:20:55.160
aliens, obviously, let's go to
our final question. Will be real quick

227
00:20:55.200 --> 00:20:59.119
on this one. Hello again from
James. I've got a couple of hypotheticals

228
00:20:59.200 --> 00:21:03.880
for Fred, thank goodness. If
we could travel in time in reverse in

229
00:21:03.960 --> 00:21:07.759
the same fashion as going forwards,
would gravity behave in the reverse like you

230
00:21:07.880 --> 00:21:11.720
can mathematically reverse a black hole in
it or white hole? Uh huh?

231
00:21:12.039 --> 00:21:17.359
And question two, if in the
future we have a strong enough power source,

232
00:21:17.440 --> 00:21:22.279
could we travel to a metallic body
such as Psyche and put some form

233
00:21:22.319 --> 00:21:27.559
of electro magnetic generator at opposite ends
of the body and generate an electro magnetic

234
00:21:27.680 --> 00:21:36.400
current through the asteroid or even a
planet to generate an asteroid planetoid planetoid magnetosphere.

235
00:21:37.079 --> 00:21:42.119
Thanks for entertaining my nonsense, James. Yeah, actually, Psyche might

236
00:21:42.160 --> 00:21:48.720
already have a magnetosphere because it is
miscellic. You know, there may be

237
00:21:48.839 --> 00:21:55.759
residual magnetism in there. So the
answer to to Germs's second question is probably

238
00:21:55.839 --> 00:21:59.119
yes that you know, if you
were not enough to think about doing that,

239
00:22:00.079 --> 00:22:03.119
it may already have a magnetisphere.
We'll find that out when Psyche and

240
00:22:03.160 --> 00:22:06.759
the spacecraft gets to Psyche. The
asteroid, I can't remember when it is.

241
00:22:06.799 --> 00:22:08.559
I think it's a couple of years
time. I remember writing something like

242
00:22:08.640 --> 00:22:14.000
that. It's on its way now, so you're going to look it up

243
00:22:14.039 --> 00:22:18.319
for me, I hope. And
the first question, that's an interesting one.

244
00:22:18.480 --> 00:22:23.920
If if if you Rea July twenty
twenty nine, there you go,

245
00:22:25.279 --> 00:22:30.200
thank you, so five years time. Yeah, when to talk about reversing

246
00:22:30.480 --> 00:22:34.359
time? Yeah, we time,
the arrow of time goes forward for us.

247
00:22:36.480 --> 00:22:41.359
If and we know that the physics
are symmetrical so that you could reverse

248
00:22:41.400 --> 00:22:44.279
the arrow of time. And if
you do that you get white holes rather

249
00:22:44.319 --> 00:22:47.759
than black holes and things of that
sort. But I don't know that you

250
00:22:47.799 --> 00:22:52.960
get negative gravity. That's a really
interesting one. I'd have to think about

251
00:22:52.079 --> 00:22:59.000
that, and yeah, we look
up some of the equations negative. I

252
00:22:59.119 --> 00:23:03.319
can't imagine you could you could reverse
gravity like that. It's such a dominant

253
00:23:03.480 --> 00:23:10.319
force and it seems to kind of
be like we still we know what it

254
00:23:10.519 --> 00:23:15.279
is, we know what it does
and bend things like the light, but

255
00:23:15.839 --> 00:23:22.000
it just I can't imagine that you
could equivocally flip it on its head.

256
00:23:22.160 --> 00:23:27.680
It just doesn't seem Yeah, I
mean, just thinking along further along from

257
00:23:27.720 --> 00:23:38.279
that. So we we imagine that
there are particles called gravitons that carry gravity.

258
00:23:38.400 --> 00:23:42.640
This is quantum theory that is not
yet proved, but yeah, hypothetical

259
00:23:42.759 --> 00:23:52.720
particles, but they are probably what's
the name for them is a unipolar It's

260
00:23:52.759 --> 00:23:56.960
something like that, they've only got
one sign. They're only positive. It's

261
00:23:57.039 --> 00:24:03.160
like it's so electrical charge. You
can have positive negative make this ism.

262
00:24:03.240 --> 00:24:07.839
You can't, which is odd.
You can have north and south pools,

263
00:24:07.960 --> 00:24:15.039
but that's slightly different. The graviton
is probably something that you can't have a

264
00:24:15.079 --> 00:24:18.519
negative version of. So I'm sticking
my neck out here and saying that the

265
00:24:18.599 --> 00:24:25.319
answer to James's question is probably no, probably not moron. Thank you,

266
00:24:25.440 --> 00:24:27.480
James, Thank you to everyone who's
sending questions. Don't forget to keep them

267
00:24:27.519 --> 00:24:30.839
coming. You can do that via
our website, space nuts podcast dot com

268
00:24:30.960 --> 00:24:37.519
or space nuts dot I and just
hit the Send us your Questions tab on

269
00:24:37.599 --> 00:24:41.559
the right or the AMA tab up
the top where you can send us text

270
00:24:41.599 --> 00:24:45.799
and audio questions. Please don't forget
to tell us who you are and where

271
00:24:45.799 --> 00:24:48.240
you're from. We just like to
know. And I hate to do it.

272
00:24:48.440 --> 00:24:52.880
I hate to do it. But
we've got a dad joke from Misty

273
00:24:53.240 --> 00:25:00.880
who's listening in Live today. There
she is. Now, how did you

274
00:25:00.960 --> 00:25:03.839
get your number? Fred? What
did the black holes say when they collided?

275
00:25:07.759 --> 00:25:14.920
Gone? Nothing? They just waved
nice one. I like that.

276
00:25:15.400 --> 00:25:21.480
Yeah, very good. Yes,
all right, Thank you Fred, as

277
00:25:21.480 --> 00:25:25.400
always great to catch up again,
and we will talk to you again real

278
00:25:25.480 --> 00:25:29.160
soon. Sounds good. Thank you
very much, Andrew. I think I'm

279
00:25:29.160 --> 00:25:32.720
probably missing another meeting, so I
should skip off now. I'm okay,

280
00:25:32.839 --> 00:25:37.119
I'm going on next door. We'll
talk next week. We'll force all it.

281
00:25:37.480 --> 00:25:41.680
Yeah. Fred Watson, Astronomer at
Large. And thanks to Hu in

282
00:25:41.759 --> 00:25:45.160
the studio for being here in the
studio, because he's the best person in

283
00:25:45.240 --> 00:25:48.319
the world at being here in the
studio and from me Andrew Dunkley. Thanks

284
00:25:48.359 --> 00:25:52.480
to your company on this episode.
We'll see you next time on another edition

285
00:25:52.599 --> 00:26:02.240
of Space Nuts. Bye Bye,
You Nuts. Podcast available at Apple Podcasts,

286
00:26:02.519 --> 00:26:07.640
Spotify, iHeartRadio, or your favorite
podcast player. You can also stream

287
00:26:07.720 --> 00:26:11.839
on demand at fights dot com.
This has been another quality podcast production from

288
00:26:11.960 --> 00:26:12.920
fights dot com.