#408: Supernovae Secrets & 3D-Printed Telescopes

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Hello again, thanks for joining us
on Space Nuts Q and A Andrew Dunkley

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here your host. Going to have
your company and great to get a whole

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bunch of questions in from various members
of the audience who want to know about

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supernovae. It's a question that's come
in from David and Peter Is because Fred

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Fred's written books about telescopes or one
in particular, Peter is asking Fred's opinion

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of three D printed telescopes. That's
a new thing. James wants to know

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about the voyage of space probe missions, and Zay is he's come up with

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an interesting idea on how to do
particle collision. That's all coming up on

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space nuts Q and a fifteen second
is in channel ten nine ignition sequence space

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nuts or three two space nuts as
when I report it, Neil's goods and

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back again to answer all of those
questions and probably a lot more is Professor

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Fred. What's an astronomer at large? Hi? Fred, Hell there,

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Andrew, very good to see you, looking hale and hearty. Yes,

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I wish no, we're going all
right. We're going all right? Shall

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we get stuck straight into it?
I think that's a good idea. Yes,

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all right. Our first question comes
from David Hey, Brendan Andrew.

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This is David Fellows Flee in Texas. Question about supernovasplodes. Why doesn't it

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blow away the gravitational field? And
how does it stay intact to become a

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new front star? Why doesn't it? And it does? Thanks m.

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We've had questions about supernova before and
we did actually refer to them in the

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last episode the standard Candle. Why
do they not blow away the gravitational field?

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And how does a neutron star developed
as a consequence of a supernova?

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Yeah, it's a good question,
and you know, we think of an

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explosion as blowing stuff away and gravity
is a bit more robust than that.

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Though it's not something you can blow
away. It's always associated with mass and

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that's where really the answer to David's
question comes in, because what happens when

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a super and over explodes is it's
just the outer envelope of the star.

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So what you've got is a star
which has got a core where all the

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action is taking place, exactly as
our sun has. And then on top

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of that, you've got this mantle
or envelope of hot gas where lots of

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things happen. Magnetic fields do their
thing and convection does its thing. When

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a super and Over explode, basically
the energy of the explosion goes into that

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envelope of material, so it does
blow stuff away. And you know,

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David said, why doesn't he just
blow blow into dust? And in a

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sense it does. We find all
over the sky and there's a beautiful new

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picture of one at the moment called
the Villa Super and Over Remnant. We

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find these remnants of supern Ova,
which is the gas and dust that's been

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expelled by the explosion. There's a
new image from the Dark Energy Camera has

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been released to show what the Villa
Super and Over Eminent looks like. If

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if any of our listeners want to
check it out, I think you're doing.

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That's an amazing picture. Yeah,
just to add to that, one

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of the first pictures of that super
over eminence, certainly the first in color,

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was taken by my conic David Merlin
back in the probably early nineteen eighties,

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because he was the man who worked
out how you could take true color

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images of celestial objects, and that
was one of his first targets and it

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is very, very spectacular. The
new image taken with a one point three

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gig pixel camera I think shows a
lot more detail. It's taken on the

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telescope about the same size actually as
the Australian telescope that David used, but

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on a better site. So the
detailing very very spectacular. That's not part

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of the story, but that's just
to let you know and let David know

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that he can go off and find
pictures of exactly what he said. All

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the DU's being blown away. It's
gas as well, gas and other stuff.

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But the bottom line is that gravity
wins. Gravity overcomes the outward force

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of an explosion and pulls the core
of that star down to the size of

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a neutron star, so that gravity
is all concentrated, if I can put

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it that way at the middle,
and it wins out. That's basically what

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causes the explosion. The fact that
gravity wins out, the core collapses,

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and because of basically momentum considerations when
the course collapsing, all this other stuff

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is being blown out into space.
I used to do for schools Andrew a

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demonstration with a ping pong ball which
is very light and one of those really

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solid rubber bouncy balls that bouncees really
well. And if you hold the two

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together and then drop them, the
bouncing ball transfers some of its momentum to

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the ping pong ball. The ping
pong ball flies up, usually hits the

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ceiling quite often hit me in the
eye, which always went down well with

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schools. Occasionally hit the teacher at
the back of the hall. That went

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down well as well. But it's
just that transfer of the momentum, the

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energy from one to another. So
I used to say this is the heavy

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rubber ball is an iron atom,
the lightweight pink pong ball is a hydrogen.

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To put them together, because they
are together, drop them. What

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happens. The iron atom goes down, the pink pong ball goes up very

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quickly. Indeed, it's a good
demonstration to do, actually, And so

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that's what's happening. But the bottom
line is gravity always wins. And the

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only thing that stops the neutron star
crushing being crushed into a black hole is

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the outward pressure of the neutrons themselves, and that's the You know that that

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is enough to stop that gravitational pull. Okay, just as a bit of

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a side note, you mentioned one
point three gigapixel camera. If you were

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to lay out a photograph from a
one point three gigapixel camera, it would

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be eighty by thirty inches. Okay, yeah, I wanted to know how

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big a photo would be if it
was one point three gigapixel. That's big,

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that's too many. Yeah, it's
a pretty big photo. I've seen

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them, some of the big photographs
put to full size on a computer screen

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and you'll see like just a chunk
of it. Yes, I have to

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scroll, stroll and scroll is to
get the whole photo. But of course

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you can cram them into the screen
these days. But yeah, they're quite

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amazing. Thanks for your question,
David. We've got a text question now,

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Fred. This one comes from Peter. He said, I'm new to

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astronomy and just found a three D
printable telescope, the Hadley. I've not

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used a telescope before. What do
you think about this project? Is it

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a good place to start? Named
Peter from Peter, I had look quickly

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at the website he sent about printable
or printables dot com is the website,

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but it also shows this printable Hadley
telescope. Did you have a chance to

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have a look at that thread?
I did yes, it's really interesting.

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Actually so what you're fabricating other mechanical
parts, and it actually looks pretty well

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done. It's a modest sized telescope
one hundred fourteen millimeters that they're talking about

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for the aperture that's getting on for
five inches. That's a usable size and

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it's cheap. There will be a
lot of fiddling around with because you've got

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a three D print the components,
and there are a few components you've got

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to buy, and certainly the optical
components. You can't three D print the

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ips and the mirror of the mirrors, so you can buy your screw and

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mirror kits and you can then do
the three D printing of the mechanical bits.

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To be honest, I think as
a beginner that you might be better

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buying a cheap off the shelf telescope
such as adopsonian, which is the kind

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of telescope that sits, you know, on what we call an altatimuth mount.

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It's just basically a box with cutouts
in it so the telescope can sit

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in it and you can move it
up and down. The printable telescope is

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that kind of telescope, but you're
kind of starting from scratch, and you

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might not really know what all these
bits and pieces are for. So my

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estimate, if your a rank beginner, would be to save up a little

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bit more and buy a small Dopsonian
telescope, which are very readily available.

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Probably wouldn't cost you that much more
than the three D printed one either.

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Okay you are. I was going
to suggest that maybe a three D printable

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telescope would be a lot cheaper,
but maybe not. But five inch five

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inch mirrors pretty well, lens is
pretty Yeah, it's pretty decent in terms

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of starting point. It's bigger than
mine for four and a half inches.

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Yeah, I think this. You
know, tell uscope making is an art

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in itself, and you're still doing
that, but you're just, you know,

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rather than sawing bits of wood up
and things of that sort of drilling

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holes in metal, you're actually three
D printing. So yeah, if you

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if you're into three D printing,
give it a try. But yeah,

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my bat is you'll find it easier
to get into astronomy by buying one.

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I'm not I haven't tried any three
D printing. My son bought a three

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D printer and used it for a
while. And I think he built his

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his son, my grandson a racing
car with it or something. But it's

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it's extraordinary technology. But it shouldn't
surprise us that three D printed telescopes are

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a thing. Thanks Peter Lovely to
hear from you. This is space nuts.

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Andrew Duncley here with Professor Fred Watson. Okay, we tech vote space

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nuts. Next question comes from an
old friend, James, mister Duckley Prester

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Watson exchanged from Cincinnati, USA,
and I've got questions relating to the Voyager

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mission. I recently read where Alan
Cummings, who worked on the mission for

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five decades, said the spacecraft should
last one billion years. My questions what

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star systems are the spacecraft going to
encounter and how close Where might it end

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up after one billion years? Based
on the size, I imagine it will

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be incredibly unlikely any ets out there
would detect either craft. If an alien

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version of Voyager came as close to
our son as either spacecraft are predicted to

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encounter and other star systems we be
able to detect it. Good question.

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Thanks James Lovely to hear from you. You know James has been I was

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wondering that James the other day.
I haven't heard from him in a long

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time, but theory is, and
I've still got my Cincinnati Jersey. Thank

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you, James. I adore it. Voyages. Yeah, where will they

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be in a billion years if they
survive, and it's every probability they will.

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Yeah, that's right, it's you
know, i'd say probably longer than

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a billion years. So I don't
know the you know, the the exact

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number of objects or solar systems that
are on their current trajectories. There are

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two of them, of course,
the two voyages. Voyas are one of

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the most distant human made objects,
Voyager two not very far behind it,

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but in a different direction. I
don't think either of them are going to

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pass near any star systems, you
know, within any kind of human lifetimes.

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But because I think their veloses in
the region of twenty kilometers per second,

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and well you can divide a billion
years by twenty kilometers per second to

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get how far they'll go, it's
still within our galactic neighborhood. But I

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think the more interesting question that James
raises is could they be spotted by,

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you know, somebody on the planet
in extraterrestrial intelligence on a planet as these

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things drift by, and the answer
is yes, they could if they were

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near enough to the Earth. Both
the voyagers would be detectable from Earth.

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If they were whizzing through our solar
system, it would depend on the trajectory.

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If they were on the other side
of the Sun, we'd never see

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them. They'd be too small,
you know, they're just a few meters

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in size. But they will shine
by reflected sunlight or in the case of

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the Earlien version, reflected starlight.
And if you've got big enough telescopes and

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you're sufficiently adept at scrutinizing the sky, you might well see them. And

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then you might do what we'd love
to have done with the interstellar asteroid chase

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after it, with rockets or laser
propelled sales with cameras on board, just

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to find out what it was.
So that's I guess the old thing at

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fate of the voyage of spacecraft is
maybe to be captured into orbit around another

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star, maybe to collide, although
collision, because space is so big,

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a collision is actually a lot less
likely. It's more likely that they might

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be captured and maybe even spiral in
towards something down the track, which I

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guess will be a collision, but
we don't know. And that's what makes

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them. I find them completely intriguing, these voyagers, and in fact the

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other three space that are leaving the
Solar System, because they'll probably outlast our

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species. Uh and yes, effectively
go on forever they've you know, they

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will they will keep going. They
won't keep operating. The nuclear batteries will

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die, but they will be still
artifacts on a trajectory away from the Solar

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System. Yes, And of course
one of them is carrying that recording of

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the sounds of Earth. So the
two voyages, yeah, they both got

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that. Yeah, all right,
I didn't read one interesting Oh that's right.

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Yeah, I did read one interesting
theory is that they could reach a

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star that doesn't exist yet in one
or two billion years, So you go,

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yeah, that's food for thought.
Yes, indeed, so there's there's

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all sorts of possibilities. Could they
you know, is it possible that one

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or both of them could be captured
into a planetary orbit. Yes, and

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when we've captured a couple of pseudo
moons, haven't we. That's right.

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That was one of the outcomes that
I mentioned that I probably didn't say it

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was being captured into an orbit.
But that will be what would happen,

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and it's captured by the gravity,
and it would remain in orbit, maybe,

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as you say, forming an artificial
moon of a of a distant world

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around a distant planet. Wouldn't it
be amazing if it just happened to stumble

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across an occupying planet? Yes,
yeah, yeah, And they eventually achieved

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space travel and went up there and
went, hang on a minute, what's

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this? What is the first?
Yeah? Yeah, I never say never.

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Thank you, James. And our
final question today comes from Zaane.

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Hey, space nuts, this is
a name from Moment, Australia. I

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hope everyone is doing good. I've
been listening for ages. I love the

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show. Now I've had this idea
of the years and it's on the topic

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of particle gliders, like a large
hadron glider, which, don't get me

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wrong, is an awesome piece of
engineering. Also hop it we build these

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things in space and from what I
understand, the particles are guided along their

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journey by electromagnets and I'm guessing the
bulk of what makes up these machines are

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those super conducting electromagnets and that would
cost a lot to send up to orbit

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even once starship is up and running. But would we even need them?

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Couldn't we just shoot these particles off
in opposite directions in the same orbit and

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wait for them to meet up.
And I guess the speeds with forests like

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far exceed the scapebod see if anything
else all system. So I suppose we'd

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need to do it around something really
big, black, hot, or something

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might of the wait a long time
idea. It's an idea, and I'd

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love to hear what friend Andrew you
boys have to say that. So have

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a good one. Thank you,
Zay, and thanks for being a long

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term listener. By the way,
particle colliders, okay, we've got Yeah,

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we've got the large hadron collider on
Earth, and I think they're building

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a bigger one. They've fred but
taking it off shore, you know,

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maybe using the planet as a particle
collider, using the natural gravity effect.

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I don't know how you would target
something so minute in opposite directions to meet

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on the other side with precision.
That's the that's the quandary I find in

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this question. Yeah, there's a
number of issues. Zam's right though,

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that a large children collider is it's
us quite modest in its size. The

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tube is about a meter across,
which is what is it twenty seven kilometers

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if I remember rightly, around the
perimeter of the of the large Adrin collider,

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So it's a meter that that contains
the electromagnetics and cryogenic cooling liquid even

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liquid helium. I can't remember what
the coolant is, but all that those

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magnets are exactly as Zaine said about
precisely guiding particles along around the accelerator.

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So that guiding has to be very, very precise. And you're right in

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what you said, Andrew, in
that you know, the precision that you

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need to get too protons to collide
is pretty high considering how small they are,

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But the problems bigger than that.
And Zen's actually hit on it the

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figure quite a lot of times.
It's been at the large Hundrd collider,

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but I've been there several times and
in fact went down into the bowels of

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it to one of the detectors,
the compact new on solaroid, where you

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see the ends of these tubes that
do the acceleration. The velocity is if

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I remember rightly, they're accelerated to
ninety nine point nine nine eight percent of

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the speed of light, So they're
traveling at the speed of light, so

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they're above the escape velocity of anything
that you could think of putting at the

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middle, with the exception of a
black hole. As Zain said, we

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know that black holes do focus the
light around them. They actually, you

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know, the light travels around a
black hole because of the gravitational distortion of

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space. But you're not trying to
make particles collide around a black hole.

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So maybe with a black hole it
could be done. You've still got the

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difficulty of getting one particle to hit
another by the end of it, by

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the end of its orbits around the
black hole. I think it's going to

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be much easier and much more cost
effective and much more realistic to keep doing

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things here on Earth with our standard
particle colliders guided by electromagnetism. Indeed,

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yeah, I like his idea,
and maybe one day they'll find a way

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of doing it off the planet.
At this point in time here probably beyond

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our capabilities and certainly beyond our bank
balance twenty six point seven kilometers the larch

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hedron collide said twenty seven. So
not that rounding up is always a good

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thing. In astronomy unless it's the
hubble tension. Andrew, if you're around

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those numbers, they both come out
to seventy and the hubble tension disappears.

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So wheneber you hit you fit on
the answer. That what we were talking

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about last time with the tension.
Yes, thanks to your question, Zaan.

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Always good to hear from you,
and a reminder, if you do

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have questions for us, please send
them through via the website. We always

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love to hear from you. It's
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Nuts podcast dot com or spacenuts dot
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where you'll be able to send us
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can click on that funny little tab
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questions. If you've got a smart
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need and the only other thing we
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and if you want to tell us
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well. We do love to know
where you're from. So yeah, send

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us your questions. We will try
and answer them in our Q and A

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episodes every week. Fred, we're
done for another another day. Thank you

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so much, it's a pleasure on
you and I look forward to talking to

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you next time. Indeed, Professor
Fred Watson, astronomer at large part of

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the team here at Space Nuts.
And thanks to all those people back in

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the studio a number one named Hugh
for helping out as always, And from

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me Andrew Dunkley, thanks for your
company on this edition of Space Nuts.

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We'll catch again on the next episode. Until then, bye bye. You'll

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be listening to the Space Nuts podcast
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