157 aniversario del triunfo de la República sobre el imperio de Maximiliano

0:01 Well, he was always talking. This space is on the lookout, because from these talks and everything came up with one and we already have four and, from what I see, we are going to continue and we are delighted to be here, apart from that we are neighbors of here, of this mayor' s office, we are neighbors, so for us it is a pleasure to be here with you and good, as well as remembering quickly forgiveness for what I am going to say to the best. Someone doesn' t like it, but I have to mention it. This I remember very much the campaign of José Basque Celos. I didn' t live it. Obviously, it was the 29th. I' m not that old. I didn ' t live it, but, well, history tells us that José Vans with Celos for his campaign giving away books. Yeah, so the meetings where he was always giving books away, while other candidates for giving away that if the beach good, there were no beach shirts, but they gave away cashews of corn, gave away beans, etcetera. But Vasconcelos gave books away.

1:08 Then some criticized him. They said why give books away. People are hungry, yes, and people don' t know how to read, so why give them books. Then. It was very criticized vasconcerlos at that time for it. But I don' t think there can be any better gift, best friend to us. I believe that each of these books becomes a friend to us. They' re not giving us any more books, but fellow friends, because every time we know it and there are titles there, but I' ve been returning them. Right now, the titles are excellent. The shadow of the warlord, for example, of Martín Luis Guzmán, who when film was made was banned in Mexico VI Octavio Paz, the labyrinth of Soledad, which makes a full description of the personality of Mexican VI. Several excellent books there. Then imagine what they' re giving us. Then it was us. We go to many places to give lectures, invite us not only here in the city, but in province, abroad, and always treat us kindly. The truth is that he has always treated us very well, but this is the only space where they give books. It' s the only space in any of them have ever done it and whenever we' ve come to the Manuel graduate, always along with his team, his collaborators give these friends, because they' re our friends, the books. So, Manuel, thank you very much, you see, thank you very much,

2:40 very good detail. Thank you And well, we will begin one hundred and fifty- seventh anniversary of the triumph of the Republic over the empire of Maximilian. It' s a little complicated. For this reason because to see at what point the tip triumphed, one could say it triumphs in May, on the fifteenth of May of the sixty- seven, when Maximilian delivers his sword, that there is a lot of divergence there, if it was given to Holder Rocha, it was given to Ramón Corona or it was given to Mariano Escobedo. But the point is that there, on the hill of the bells, Maximilian surrendered there and we could say it is triumph. Yes or we could say that the triumph is fair, the shooting of Maximilian, which is like where people go the most and that they commemorated well, was remembered yesterday.

3:38 Yesterday he was one hundred and fifty- seven years old when Maximilian Miramón was shot and mejía on the hill of the campaigns. But just now, right now, he was talking to us about the graduate and he' s absolutely right. A battle was missing. But since Queretaro has already won, Maximiliano has surrendered, we have already judged him, we have shot him, it is over. There was still a battle to fight. And that battle was the battle of Mexico City, which was a fast battle, like a war confrontation. It was a very fast battle, but it was a site to the city, Mexico City was besieged for two months, two months when Porfirio Díaz' s forces besieged Mexico City. Now, no one came in and no one came out, although some of that could have escaped We' re going to talk soon. But Mexico City was besieged. And what happens that Porfirio Díaz received the help notice is surrendering Maximilian and the few imperialists that were at a certain stage in May, then Querétaro is already won And who gets to reinforce Porfirio Díaz because it was expected, I mean, it was still worse than Querétaro was going to be Mexico City. Yes, does Vicente Riva Palacio arrive with all the Western Army? Vicente Riva Palacio arrives, Ramón

5:13 Corona arrives, Yes, with all his army from the whole area of Nayarit, Sinaloa, Jalisco, all are no longer in want. Now everyone is coming to Mexico City and when Porfirio Diaz, that' s what we' re going to talk about his barracks, etcetera, etcetera. When Porfirio Díaz says we started the battle, there were few cannons. Fortunately, when the empire surrenders, the last thing left with Maximilian dead. But what do you believe here in Mexico City? They didn' t know he was dead. They didn' t know Maximilian was dead. So that' s what we ' re going to talk about at the end of that day. Let' s talk about that part. But first, why did we come to that moment, that is, why yesterday was one hundred and fifty- seven years since they took three people to the wall there in Querétaro, on the hill of the bells, and there we had Tomás Mejía, and we had Miguel Miramón and we had Maximiliano, and we could say that it is one of the episodes of history that we know the most or perhaps the most unknown.

6:28 We know the final part. The whole tragedy is like soap opera. Better, it' s like soap opera all the final tragedy of Maximilian. Yes, everything that lived there in Capuchinas, everything that lived in the convent of the Cross, etcetera. Everything that lived there in Queretaro is soap opera. His whole life with Carlota, for example, is soap opera. Then there have been written books after books after books, although I recommend them of so many books that there are about Maximilian the Charlotte. The one I recommend the most is news from the Empire. Honestly, I highly recommend them, news from the Empire of Fernando del Paso, which focuses on doing tremendous research the master and focuses that part on the imperial couple. But there are other very good books and some that I also recommend to you, the books of Patria, that there speaks in general of all the intervention and the whole plan of help, etcetera. All that time are seventeen years that abbar every taibo also excellent research work and from there there are many books. So, maybe it ' s the most modeled part of history in Mexico' s history, that ' s it, the Mexican Revolution. It' s the most novel thing we have. Then it' s a subject that always draws attention. But to reach that final part, to reach that one hundred and fifty anniversary, we must quickly explain what happened, what happened. Then we' ll leave

8:05 this one or that with the first slide. Please, we' re going with the first slide to start explaining what' s really going on. The French intervention becomes the second time of the confrontation between liberals and conservatives. The first time was the Reformation War of fifty- seven to sixty, which we hardly remember. The country was bloodied out of that war. Tens of thousands were killed. In that war ends in the battle of Calpulalpan, where Miramon is defeated and one says it is over. It' s over, Juárez.

8:46 They take the Presidency, to be remembered, to be told that Juárez arrived at the Presidency by mere chance. If he took the Tiger' s raffle off, he didn' t have to go in. War breaks out. The war wins, but what' s going on? The second part is that conservatives start looking for yes, revenge for Juárez, revenge for liberals, and then go looking for support for the foreigner. And here we have to say things the way they are. I know and know several people who are pro- imperialist, that they say the best thing that could have happened to us is to have been an empire since Iturbide. I know people like that. It' s okay It' s your way of thinking It' s very respectable. How I know very Republican, exaggerated Republican people. We ' re gonna try and get a little bit out of the way. Yes, although I can tell you I am not particularly imperialist. I mean, I don' t like Maximilian so bad, but I had nothing to do here Maximilian, nothing Mexico. I think it' s for us to rule, not for them to come to govern us. Well, let' s start with Mexico. Yes, this is our country and we have Benito Juárez as President. Our country at that time is not as inhabited as it is

10:16 now. We are talking about about 11 million inhabitants. There are several data telling us of eight million, others of ten. We usually go to 11 million inhabitants, but our country is very big and we keep saying it. Even though they took half of the territory from us. Mexico is still a very large nation. Right now, you' re gonna see why I' m mentioning it And by that time, Mexico came out of the War of Independence one thousand eight hundred twenty- one. We have the first intervention in thirty- six, the first French intervention, and then we have the American intervention in forty- six, forty- eight And Mexico has a row after a row, problem after a problem More forgiveness is more Note me, Ahorita, look. We just had presidential elections. The first woman officially in government, because the first woman to rule Mexico was Carlota. But, well, this, Dr Sheyman, is going to be the first woman constitutionally who' s going to rule Mexico and it' s going to be if wrong.

11:26 I don' t remember the President or the President number sixty- six. Yes, in the United States they will have presidential elections and will be their thirty- fiveth President. And they became independent fifty years before us and nothing more, they have had thirty- five presidents and we, in less time we will have sixty- six presidents. Imagine how there have been problems in Mexico. Well, for example, Yes, for example, Veracruz is the entrance to Mexico. We have three fundamental entrances to Mexico, which is tama Uglipa tampico, which is Veracruz and which is Yucatán. But Yucatan was a stopover because there were no roads here. This whole area of lism. It was really hard to get through. Moreover, when Carlota is in Mexico and decides to visit Yucatán they take to Veracruz and go by boat, because there are no roads, there are no roads. So, by that time, then you have to jump directly. They are the three ways to cross or enter Mexico, on the Atlantic side, on the Pacific side. We already have Mazatlan here, we have Acapulco, we have cool more this ah well, yes, there, Below Oaxaca, but we have more ports in the Pacific. I' m pointing them out, so I' m going to explain to you right now Baja California, because we have it almost unpopulated.

12:56 At that time. So we can' t talk about important ports until the only important port was the peace that' s here. Yeah, in this hole, here' s the peace, but it' s inside, it ' s not say out into the ocean. So what we have here is more cool, Mazatlan, Manzanillo, but I didn' t forget Manzanillo, Acapulco and that' s what we have. We are being pointed out because all these ports fell into the hands of the French. But right now, you' re gonna see why. Then it' s a huge territory. Remember, in forty- eight we lost half of the territory up there is California. So, what do Americans do to be able to populate California?

13:39 They were living there and to make people walk and advance in their famous caravans and reach the other side of the continent. They make a big scandal saying there' s gold and there' s the so- called gold rush. Then a lot of people start to travel from one side to the other and start to populate California. But obviously, obviously, yes, I say no, because there' s a line. There, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there. No, of course not. Then a huge myth is created that our Sonora territory is coined with gold and silver. Yeah, it' s curdled. Then that myth is created, which is supposedly the same gold from California. It' s Gine Sonora. In fact, before the second intervention, they attempt mercenaries to take away Sonora' s territory, try to independent Sonora and lower California and make a republic. Hey, then, that' s where the territory is defended. And that' s why Caborca is going to become heroic. Caborca, because in Kaborca you are going to fight with all these people who are trying to make us independent Sonora.

14:58 And there in your mouth you will be defeated. And it' s all a fabulous story, and all by an arrow, an arrow a native shot. Well, this is a fabulous story, because Caborca is heroic, but it' s not the point. Then they want Sonora. I' m telling you this because Maximilian offered Sonora and Baja California to Napoleon III. The payment of French aid to Maximiliano was the delivery of Sonora and Baja California. And why Sonoras was a desert, because it was supposedly full of gold and silver. It was part of the motives Napoleon III had to support Maximilian to keep those territories. But on this side, we have Tamaulipas, we have a new Lion here, problems on the border, but on the other hand we have the American Civil War one thousand eight hundred sixty- two, one thousand eight hundred sixty- five, fighting those of the North against those of the South. The southern slave states are totally and the northern states are headed by President Lincoln. Yes, they want to abolish slavery, but it is not only I release you and you are no longer a slave, but the economy was based on slavery. It was based on slavery. They produced all

16:30 these lands, produced a lot of cotton and all cotton went to Europe. Why is it so interested in cotton in Europe, why is it cold? Then there was a lot, a lot of these clothes, cambarras, coats, etcetera. They put layers of cotton on the walls to avoid the terrible cold in Europe. Then all this was harvested from cotton and had the slaves working themselves. Then the economy was based on that. Abolishing slavery would mean having to pay slaves, paying them a salary, and then they would stop earning. Slavesmen were against raand Lincoln for that. There' s a war going on It' s worth mentioning here. Many say it is the consequence of the war they had with Mexico, because there was already a balance between the States of the North and the States of the South. And when Texas, New Mexico, and California were taken from us, Arizona still didn' t exist. It belonged to California. The U S Congress is unbalanced and leads them to war. Yeah, so this part of here is going to be fundamental, too. And this fundamental war for what I' m going to talk to you about right now, because this is all going together.

18:00 The Americans are at war. And there' s a Monroe character that we know well by his doctrine, Dona Monroe, which says America for Americans. And one of the dots says look what a father. He' s saying America is for all of us Americans. No. He' s telling the North Americans not to mess around. Yeah, he' s saying America is for us, for Europeans. They have in Africa and they have in Asia, America is for us. And we will not allow any empire to come and enter the continent. And here we have two empires, the French and we have the Portuguese empire in Brazil, that is, we had two empires, the Brazilian and the Mexican. Then Americans are not at ease, because they want to be the hygegmonic country, as they are so far the hegemonic country on this continent, While Europeans took all of Africa and so on, we move on to the next. Please. Well, on the other hand, there in Europe we have Napoleon III, Napoleon III, who comes to be Napoleon Bonaparte' s grandson nephew, but what do you think Napoleon III ' s DNA studies have been done and it turns out, because he'

19:30 s not from Bonaparte' s family. There' s a snitch on him. Yeah, and with everyone who pretended. I' m a descendant Napoleon I' m Napoleon III Turns out he' s not a descendant. This was known until nine hundred and ninety, that is, he is thirty- four years old, that it was known that there were infidelities there and he is not a descendant of Napoleon. But, well, officially it' s one before. Please, thank you, and Napoleon III wants to revive the glories, he wants to revive the glories of his grandfather uncle or uncle grandfather Napoleon I, then we have France. We did talk about this the previous time about what was the Battle of Puebla and the importance of that battle and we have Portugal. They' re going in here to play a lot of things. Portugal, which, although small, has many possessions. They are imperialist countries that, by the way, women are really in love with.

20:33 Maximilian, was the princess daughter of the king of Portugal, He was the one who had really fallen in love with, in fact, asks her in marriage and she dies of tuberculosis. And it is to fall in love with this girl and was the heiress to the throne of Portugal, that is Machilean, if he had ruled as emperor if this girl had not died and then they get Charles. It was precisely in this week' s show that you told them that one kind of thinks that you have to ask for your hand and it is always the gentleman who goes and asks for the lady' s hand. In the case of Carlote and Maximilian it was the other way around.

21:18 Napoleon apologized Leopold, Leopold I of Bérica asks Maximilian' s hand for his daughter Carlota. Yeah, that' s right there, it was totally the other way around. It was marriage to fix the Eximillian and Carlota issue. And well, then we have the Austrian empire, the German empire is coming into being, more or less. How Europe is divided at that time. Italy is forming, it is hardly Garibaldi who will unify it. They ' re just unifying and Francis is quite a power. We move on to the next one. Well, this is what the Battle of Puebla is all about. It was the previous talk and we saw that this battle was tremendous.

22:04 Yes, we move on to the next one, one thousand eight hundred sixty- two, and we' re going to stop here for a moment to talk about the Battle of People last time. I told them how this was about the famous Jaker bond debt. Yeah, how Miramón had borrowed from this banker with maesques had borrowed some. The loan was for a million pesos, because Miramón had that money, because the Church no longer wanted to give money to Miramón to continue the war of reform. He didn' t want to give her money anymore. So what he does is he' s looking for this banker. The banker lends him a million pesos he didn' t give him a million pesos. So he came directly to give him, like, 100, 000 pesos. The rest, he praised a war material in rifles, uniforms, old, etcetera. Nine hundred thousand gave it to him in Manus and one hundred thousand in money one hundred fifty thousand and promised to pay fifteen million. Fifteen thousand. Imagine what business. You lend me a million and I pay you bread for millions. So what Jecker does, that big deal. Then he sells those bonds and sells them to Napoleon' s brother, Napoleon III, and Napoleon III buys half of them from his brother, which means he also had a lot of personal interest in Napoleon III coming from the French. Here is the site of Puebla. One thousand eight hundred

23:37 sixty- three is the site of Puebla, which, if we speak of the battle of May 5, was one day and the site of Puebla was sixty- two days. Then what was lived in one day, in the sixty- two, in the sixty- thirteen lived sixty- two times more, the site of Puebla was terrible. The site loses the siege of Puebla, leading the army Jesús González Ortega loses the siege of Pueblos after sixty- two days and was lost by hunger and set The truth is that that' s why González Ortega lost and decided to surrender the square. Yes, and that' s where the French are going to move here, towards Mexico City.

24:22 After this battle, we move on to the next one. Please, well, when the French already take over Mexico City, El Maniscal Bazán is the one who will take over the beginning of the regency of Mexico City. But here we have to mention it and they' re going to say it again. The teacher is going to tell us the same thing and I' m going to keep repeating it. We will respect the religious faith of everyone. One thing is religious faith and another is clergy. It' s nothing to do with it. Let' s go the clergy. We' re talking about human beings, men like any of us who are also involved in politics, who are involved in everything. It' s very different from religious faith than everyone else has, and that' s super respectable. So we ' re talking about these two characters are gloomy. Pelagio Antonio, the strong bishop of Puebla. If he' s a character as gloomy as you can imagine, he' s one of the people who' s done Mexico the most harm. This man. In fact, when the French intervention ends, it has to be hidden and when the reform wars are over, it has to flee Mexico. He was the one who got the money to give to Miramón to continue the fight. Why, Because the laws of reform directly affected the clergy, not the religious faith, We returned to the same of all

25:55 liberals, of all liberals, all were Catholics. They were all Catholics. Benito Juárez married for the church yes. He baptized his daughters before he died. Margarita Masa told Juárez that she asked our daughters to marry them for the church and that Juárez married them for the church. I mean, they had religious faith, but they were anticlerical. It' s very different. Then these people got into all kinds of shady business and Pelagio Antonio Labastiz since the worst Mexico has ever given. Too bad. I can' t brag about him, because he' s from michoacán, he' s from my zamora states. I' m sorry to have to say it Caray' s a pumpkin and see nothing else. And this man did not, no, no, no, no, this man peon ninth pio, no, no, this dad He had direct contact with Pelagio de Antonio la Bastida and the main bishops in Mexico. He knew about the reform war. He was the one who ordered that all those who swore the Constitution of fifty- seven be excommunicated and one says to see, wait for me. He' s in Rome, he' s already at the Vatican. What he has to do with those who swear the Constitution in Mexico, because he did, he totally did,

27:30 and he was on the lookout for what was going on in Mexico. Moreover, indeed, He is one of those who condemned Juárez to Hell thus for having taken his goods from the clergy. Why we put it here, because Maximiliano and Carlota, when they are given the throne of Mexico, travel from Trieste, from Italy to Mexico. But first they go to him for his blessing. They spend with Pope Pius ixno for his blessing. And Pope Pius Xo tells Maximilian, I remember you, uh, you have to respect and restore the Church' s goods back in Mexico. Yeah, why, because it turns out Maximilian was liberal. This is amazing. He was liberal.

28:26 Then there was already a bad omen for Maximilian. Why, because I was going to be against the Pope. And we' ll see this later when Carlota goes to the Vatican, goes to Rome, knocks on the doors of the Pope, and the Pope tells them I don' t support you, uh, I don' t support you. The only thing that allowed him, pio no, not Carlota was to let her sleep that night inside the dormitory rooms. Papal is the only woman who' s slept there. They say, they say you and those who laughed are the wrong thoughts. Hey, I don' t think bad. You' re the heavy ones, but well, yes or no. No. It' s really more.

29:08 Just imagine the personality of this lord Yes, he was the one who decreed papal infallibility. He was the ninth Pius who said in a bull yes, the Pope is infallible. It means the Pope is perfect. The Pope cannot fail. He was the one who decreed it obvious speaking for himself. Yeah, I mean, I can' t fail. I' m infallible. That' s how flat this guy is, uh, 9th Pio. How good it' s been in the papacy. There is Pope Borgia, Alexander VI, and there have been popes who have really had as that communication or rapprochement with their flock yes and who have been good, good leaders, but there are others. What a name, what a barbarous. We move on to the next one. Please, well and suddenly we have Maximiliano and Carlota arriving and starting that romantic adventure, arriving in Mexico, to the city of Veracruz. This drawing was actually made by Europeans when Carlote Maximiliano arrived.

30:22 Let' s finish the ship in Novara, this ship that we see here, the Novara, which is the one that brings them, is the one that will take away the remains of Maximilian. The same boat that brings it, it' s the one that' s gonna take it later. But you' re dead and we see it, as well as full of people. That' s not true. There was no one in the port of Veracruz to receive it, only the imperialist people, because some military were the ones who were there. There were no people. Veracruz was a liberal city, completely liberal. That' s where Benito Juárez took refuge. Remember then they were not sympathetic to the idea of empire. There was no one to receive Maximilian. Maximilian, when he arrives in these lands on his journey from Europe to Mexico. He spent all his time preparing the entire Protocol of the Court here in Mexico. It' s just that ushers have to go like this, butlers have to dress in such a way they have to say that, that is, the whole Protocol. Maximiliano had fun in that all the time to come to Mexico. Of course they told Mexico, to Maximiliano yes, there is one that another problem and in Mexico, but something mild eh they will receive you super well. That' s not true. It is not true what Nepomonciano to the Mount and all the imperialists went to talk about the Machilean. It wasn' t lies. The country was on its head

31:52 and wars followed. Leonardo Marquez, although the Reformation war had ended. Leonardo marte. Don' t forget it was the one who killed Leandro Valle here, near Toluca, kept Melchor Campo, near Marabatío killed Santos de Goyado. Here he beat Huisquilucan, that is, Leonardo Márquez was still armed and stuck to Mexico City, that is. The war continued and this was not told to Maximilian. Maximilian, in order to come he had to renounce his rights to the throne of Austria and let his brother Francis Joseph rule indefinitely. Then he renounces the possibility of being emperor, but because they are offering him an empire here. And Carlota of Belgium, daughter of Leopoldo, yes, she knows that she will not rule Belgium, that at the death of her father she will rise to the throne. Leopold, second, her brother is the one who will rise to the throne. She' s not going to rule and she wanted to rule. And suddenly they come to him and tell him Mira we gave you an entire empire, because carlots said let' s go this Maximilian hesitated because he had to resign. I tell them their rights and he doubted it. But then Carlota convinces him and brings him to Mexico.

33:14 They get here, I tell you they don' t get them well, very cold all that stuff. They' re moving towards central Mexico. There is already a section of railway, they get on the railway, they arrive in Puebla and in Puebla like this, thanks to Don Pelagio la Bastida, they make the great reception. To Maximilian and Carlota they throw the bells in flight because the emperor had already arrived for this. Juárez has already advanced north. He goes to San Luis Potosí and there he goes to Saltillo and then to Monterrey, where they try to kill him. Santiago Bidaurre is trying to kill Juárez. In fact, the coach of Juárez was shot because they were able to shoot Juárez and everything by order of Santiago bideur governor again León.

34:02 But then we see that this drawing is false. Yes, because the reception of Maximilian Carlota was completely cold. We move on to the next one. Please, okay, okay, we' ve got the famous Swavos here. The Swavos talked about it the previous time, when the Swavos, the French army, lost the battle of Puebla. I was fifty years old that France did not lose a battle. The last he lost was that of Waterloo, where Napoleon lost was the last battle he lost and since that date, yes, since 1 815 he had not lost a single battle. France was an undefeated army. These people were completely professional soldiers who were engaged in war and charged for fact. Then they were in many wars and apart they had the French legion. You have to give this. We weren' t fighting anyone, we were fighting a whole power. When it is lost in Puebla there were six French zeros and then Napoleon III is going to send forty zero and they are the ones who will arrive here more apart the Mexican imperialists, then joins tomás mejía hace un Leonardo Márquez, but in several generals with thousands of Mexican soldiers who supported the Empire. We' re talking about the French having between sixty and seventy thousand men fighting Mexico. We didn' t have an

35:37 army, right now, I' ll explain that part. So they' re the famous French Swavos. We' re going to comment on this because there' s no image. There is no image. As he moves from Puebla to Mexico City, Carlota and Maximiliano are going to make their way into the city. In sixty- four they' re going to be your entrance to the city. They were the night before the entrance to Mexico City. They' re going to spend the night in a ranch that' s stuck here, in the farm of San Juan de Aragón. This is where they will spend the night, they are offered rooms, there they sleep and from there they go out in the morning directly Here to the Basilica of Guadalupe, Maximiliano Carlota arrives. Here to the Basilica of Guadalupe they offer a mass and from there they advance towards the center of the city. But it happens here.

36:43 We had them a few meters away and asleep back here, sutencin Juan de Aragón. Yes, that was the road the emperors went through, but well, supported by the bayonets of the French Swavos, the Belgian legion, the law that in Austrian and the foreign legion, which had Egyptian, Hindu, Somali soldiers, etcetera. I mean, it was an army We' re from many countries. Yeah, so Mexicans, Mexican soldiers fought with all kinds of soldiers, but it' s the professionals who our soldiers were.

37:23 We passed the patient, please, they were our soldiers, the Chinese. Yes, the Chinese who were peasants. It was country people that I' m plowing the earth today, and tomorrow I' ll grab a rifle and fight with the French. So what the Mexican Chinese did, the Mexican guerrilla, which was something that proposed melcho when the American intervention said let' s go to the guerrillas, they' re not going to power with us. But Manuel de la Peñipe' s government says no. We gave up and lost half the territory. We learned the choice in such a way that when we have the French take Mexico City, advance to Mexico City, Juarez withdraws to the north of the country. And the guerrilla war begins. That' s why I told you we didn' t have a vice army. Riva Palace, for example, in the West, he could gather. He could gather seven 8, 000 men, which is already an army, but they know when he gathered him only once to attack Querétaro and then, well, to come to Mexico City. Apart from that, Riva Palacio had three hundred in Uruapan, two hundred in Quiroga, three hundred fifty in Morelia. I don' t know in Citah when I was one hundred and fifty. That ' s how he had them. All irrigated were pure guerrillas. So that

38:58 ' s how Ramón fought either Mariano Escobedo or not. He did form an army there in the North. He did form an army, but it was hard for him to form that army, but the others were guerrillas, guerrillas, guerrillas, so that the French owned the main cities of Mexico, but pure capitals, nothing more. The capitals, that is, they owned the flat that they stepped on outside of that, they didn' t own Mexico. They never could. Never could the French. We move on to the next one, please, we move on to another one, please. Well, here we have precisely these men I was telling you about. We have Mariano Escobedo. Yeah, that' s a whole story, and Mariano Escobedes ' s is awesome. The story of Marriano tells them in a couple of minutes, which he deserves a whole lecture. Manuel Mariano Escobedo, he fights in Puebla. It' s at the site of Puebla. He gives up, along with the other generals, escapes. That' s where he' s gonna find Porfirio Diaz. Porfirio God begins to raise an army. But Mariano brooms says it' s not that I' m here what to do.

40:22 I mean, yeah, I' m fighting, but I kind of feel like I can give more, I' m going to find President Juárez, because where President Juárez is. We don' t know and who knows where President Juárez is, because the one to know is Don Matías Romero, who is our ambassador in Washington. Yeah, well, he says I' m going to Washington, to find Don Matías Romero, just to ask them where Juarez was. Well, there goes Mr Mariano Escobedo going to give Tabasco. In Tabasco he disguises himself as a sailor as a coal sailor. Remember that the ships were moving with steam, with coal of canrbonero. I know it' s all muddy, et cetera. It' s quite a feat he' s doing to get to Tampico. In Tampico disembarks, crosses to the United States, the barrumba Washington gets a horse and they are in full civil war and they are taking place with all northern and southerners, and Mr Escobedo, General Escobedo, crosses in the middle of the civil war, hiding in roads, in paths behind trees, because there are shootings everywhere, and crossing to get to Washington to tell Don mateo Romero, Don Matías, where President Juárez is, because notice that he is in a very small place called Paso del Norte, in Chihuahua, there he is, because I go to pass the whole civil war again, the whole civil war, crossing it to be able to reach Benito Juárez and tell him, Mr President, I am

41:55 here what I do, because where you are from Monterrey, so go to Monterrey and arm an army. You' re going to be a general. He says no, well, how am I going to be a general? I don' t have soldiers. Yeah, well, you' re gonna be a colonel, and then I' m gonna be a general again. There has never been your case in the history of a general degrades himself, but well, he arrives and begins to form an army, but they see all the journey Mariano Escobedo makes. Well, it' s the same thing to talk about Porfirio Díaz, that Porfirio Díaz is not the Porfirio Díaz before the revolution. Is that another Porfirio Diaz? Yes, why are we talking about the hero of the intervention, one of the great characters of the intervention, and the other Porfirio Day, being President, Well, that' s another story. But for the time being, Porfirio Diaz, where he rigged me. I think that image was erased, but Porfirio Diaz should be left here, ah when he still didn' t. Blanquito, Carmelita, right.

42:58 That' s why it looks dark. Well, we don' t have General Ramon Corona. Another story, another entire story of General Ramón Corona all over the Pacific coast. He' s the one who' s gonna throw the French out in Mazatlan, he' s the one who' s gonna fight. He, Ramon Corona and his people did come to fight in the ravines, friends, in the ravines, in the spine of the Devil. There, in durango, they made the French and the imperialists sneak in and let stones go. They did this what was called stone boats, so that the French would fall on them, that is, they came to use in combats that they had, protected themselves and put obstacles of nopals, cactus, etcetera, that is, with carama spines yes, to be able to fight against the French. They' re from the feats of General Ramón Corona.

43:55 We have Vicente Riva Palacio, Vicente Riva Palacio, writer, He was a journalist and suddenly he was already from General, he was already from General Vicente Riva Palacio, that a fabulous anecdote, fabulous from General Riva Palacio. When the war ends, when the intervention war ends, he goes with Benito Juárez, Yes, well, Benito Juevez calls him and tells General Riva Palacio, we are very grateful to you and we owe him three years' salary because we haven' t paid anyone. We haven' t paid anyone. Then look, even if it' s little by little, we' re going to pay you what we owe you. And with Testa Vicente Riva Palacio you know what. Mr President, don' t pay me anything. I wasn' t here to see how much I earned, but I do want to ask you a favor. Tell me, General, what can I do for you? Lend me the National Archives. That one you already see is a whole story. How the National Archive hid there, in the North, etcetera. Pres el tema el Archivo Nacional, since it was loaned to the archive by the history of Mexico. They lend it to Riba Palacio and Riva Palacio, along with other writers. That' s where he' s going to write several novels. He particularly writes several novels, especially from the time of the inquisition. But besides it will write and advise the work Summit of the nineteenth century. In the case of history, Mexico over the centuries,

45:27 yes, he is the one who is going to take charge and is based on the archive of the Nation that asked Juárez to pay for his services during the intervention war. He took out the data he needed and returned it to Benito Juárez. Yeah, which is the one we currently have in the general file. That' s the file that Don Vicente Riva Palacio consulted. The lyrics were his, he loved the lyrics then, for many years, Mexico through the centuries was the official gift of the Government of Mexico to which any distinguished foreign visitor was given is Encilopeti. Mexico through the very precious circuits that I know already has very obsolete data, especially taking one from pre- Hispanic Mexico. Obviously, there was no archaeology at that time. Yes, it ' s very absolute data, but anyway, if you can really make those books friends, it' s worth it if you have them, you keep them. But the volume three part, I take four, which is independence and reform. What an impressive amount of data. The data yes, well, we have the general hold Rocha, that many are said to be the one who received Maximilian' s sword and that he will also be fighting in the north. And we have more. We don' t have Lucas Patonia Jesús González Ortega. We have a lot of generals in Zaragoza, not because he was already dead, but they' re the ones who are going to be fighting. Yes, let' s move on to the following dors, please. And on the other hand, not man, what a gallery we

47:00 have. And we started with Leonardo Marquez, who I, well, you already heard me and you know me. I hate this guy. I hate Leonardo Marquez and I always say the same thing. It was the last m that was needed there on the hill of the bells, Miramón Mejía Maximiliano and we lacked only Marquez that this guy escaped. His remains are currently in Cuba. Yes, this was the one who killed the doctors here in Tacubaya. That' s why the Tacubaya tiger was the one who shot doctors and nurses and medical students. He was the one who killed Melchor Campo, Aleandro Valle and Santos de Goyado. It was the worst, this guy, the worst.

47:43 And when Porfirio Díaz forgave him and returned to Mexico because he was exiled and returned to Mexico, he was identified here in good sight by young medical students and they knew that this guy had come back and came and broke into his house and every day they passed by, stoned his house and shouted such a thing. So he had to go back and get out of Mexico, because the Mexican doctors happened, because he was a murderer directly Leonardo Marquez. But how ugly when they call you a traitor on one side and call you a traitor on the other, because apart from him, he abandoned Maximilian and took away all the cavalry, Ahorita, I' m going to tell them that. The whole cavalry arrived and never returned and left Maximilian to his fate.

48:29 So this fierce traitor. Traitor Yes, unlike this one, Mr Tomás Mejía, to my respects. For Don Tomás Mejía, pity he was wearing the wrong shirt, because for me he was wearing the wrong shirt. But it must be admitted that he was a great general, Don Tomás Mejía, who even Juárez himself admired Tomás Mejía, and that in the end Tomás Mejía, as his wife was shot when he was swallowed, has no money to bury him and has him mammified in his house, sitting in a chair. There she has her husband' s body of Tomás Mejía, when Juárez, Juárez, finds out about his bag, paid for the burial of Tomás Mejía.

49:12 A tragic death and, as we have already discussed, he was offered freedom and he did not accept it. He was loyal to his principles. Yes, he knew he watered it, but he was loyal and loyal to the Maximilian until the last moment of respect for Mr Mejía and this other character, Blimey Pity, he is also a survivor of Chapultepec. It' s part of the hero kids. A great general, great great general, Michael Miramon, was wounded at the Battle of forty- seven. I tell you that he was conservative and well he ended up supporting the Empire, although at first he did not like Maximilian, because he has not been a cadet of the military school. He had fought the Americans. He loved Mexico, but Ay had to ally himself with Maximilian in the end and no way, because he had to be on the wall. But it is truly admirable without the ability of Miguel Miramón and I have told you that anecdote. He had a lot of friendship with Leandro Valle, who was also a military school cadet and how the reform war faced them several times with Miramón and Leandro Valle faced them in the middle of combat. His best friend And what Miramón did and Leandro Valle grabbed Miramón wrote a letter and he knew that Leandro Valle, with a catalejo, was seeing him. He would grab, go out, get where

50:45 they had maguey or a tree and let go of the letter and return and then reach Leandro Valle he would grab the letter, yes, he would open it where Miramón told them. Leandro take care of yourself I hope you' ll be very lucky in this battle If anything happens to me, I' ll take care of my family, I' ll take care of you, I don' t know what. So much so, yes, he entrusted his family, Leandro Valle, almost Lelandro Valle read the letter and wrote to another one he went and left it there in a small tree. Yes, and he came to Miramon and read it and told them the same thing. Leandro Valle, if I ever die in this battle, I' m going to fight you. Yeah, I mean, if you ever kill me, I' ll take care of my family. See how Leandro Valle, Miguel Miramón and the war had to divide them. How sad? How sad?

51:32 Well, it' s history, and then it dies too. Die there in wantetare. We move on to the next one. Please, and well, so you can get to the moment, how good that for what we were invited, all this is just the background to explain this part of the map. You know what Doris is about. You can' t see the map. If you can raise it a little bit, you can or you can' t, we go back to the previous one. Okay, there ' s victo. It turns out that the French came all the way here, as far as Chihuahua, Chihuahua capital and Juárez was in step from the north, up there where this city, Juárez, up there was Jua, Juárez, wanted to catch him to meet places. They wanted to catch him The French I tell them came to Techihuahua, but suddenly there in Europe, Napoleon III, who saw all this as a big deal. Suddenly Napoleon III knows that Prussia, his great enemy, is arming themselves and is preparing to fight France, and he needs his people, his army, who here in Mexico are doing nothing. They don' t move forward, they can' t grab Juárez, they can' t defeat the guerrillas. They know what the French were complaining about with Bashan They said that Mexicans are cowards. They

53:08 don' t give us any more face, they come and attack us when we' re asleep and they kill several of us and they leave the very cowards and they arrive and in the rear they attack our people from the rear and they kill her and then they go to the hill and we no longer catch them. See what cowards are cowards. Name' s pretty smart. I' m not going to confront you that you have better artillery, that you have more cannons than you have powerful soldiers. I' m not gonna fight you for you. This is called guerrilla complaints, and if the French couldn' t do that, they couldn' t until they knew who they liked. The first time Mariano Escobedo in Santa GeV Rudis, he' s bound here, you' ll jump there to see not what the French are talking about, because now let' s go to you for you. And there for the first time years, in two years you face a Mexican army.

54:06 Everyone would say that I do not want the Mary of the Escobedo to be refreshed and from this made morale grow in everyone, because yes, it is true. We weren' t going to stand up against someone who was superior. But when Mariano Escobedos proved that he could. With this battle of Certa Gertrudis, I set it as an example. So we go on the wheel of Fortune and at that time Mexico was down here and France was up here. At that time the general wheel and Mexico began to climb and France began to come down. With that battle of Santa Gentudes opened the man panorama. Now we have seen that we can form armies. And the one that followed was Porfirio Díaz and Porfirio Días armed an army and confronts the Austrians in the coal pit, in Oaxaca. He confronts them in Miahuatlán and begins to defeat them one after the other and the triumphs begin and Ramón Corona also confronts them in Mazatlán the French and the Mexican triumphs begin to arrive. Why, because Napoleon takes his people, then those who stay are the Mexican imperialists and advance so far that only this is left, Friends, Veracruz, Yes, Puebla, Mexico City, Querétaro and Morelia. If you notice, it' s a yes. It' s an almost direct line. Well, here ' s Morelli, Morelia, Querétaro, Mexico City, Puebla, Veracruz,

55:37 that' s all the imperialists have left. But there is another route, the route that offers tomas mejía and tomas mejía says We have another route from Querétaro, instead of Mexico City. We' re moving along the Sierra Gorda and we' re going to Tampico and that' s where we can go out the South. You can' t. We' ve seen that not at three innings. There' s only one free and the other one you have to fight for. Because now, after Maximilian cannot sustain himself before Napoleon III abandons him, he abandons his fate, Carlota leaves for Europe. Napoleon takes two days to receive it and when he receives it, he tells him I will no longer support Maximilian And there he goes with Francis Joseph, who will not support him either and from there he goes with the Pope and the Father says I can do nothing. And Carlota' s going crazy. That ' s real. Carlota went crazy, yes, and she' s not going back to Mexico anymore. Then what remains of Maximilian to abdicate the throne, that is, to renounce the throne. Then he decides to resign and leaves with the French troops. He reaches Urisa and in Orizaba he received a letter from his mother and had received a letter from Carlota where they tell him

57:07 a Hasburg does not surrender, that is to say cowardly and Carlota is very hard the letter that Carlota sends to Maximiliano where he says you will not surrender, but for nothing you will surrender. And being in orizaba, Machimiliano already without the French, already with two ships here waiting for him in Veracruz to take him to Europe. Yes, he suddenly decides to stay that the clergy had already turned their backs on him. The clergy turned their backs on Maximilian, but who decides to support him. Miramón Márquez and mejía and tells them we put together an army and support the empire. So Maximiliano returns to Mexico City, knows that here, in Mexico City, they will not be able to hold a place and decides to move to Quereta. It reaches Queretaro, which is a conservative city. It locks itself in Queretaro because it says here how they are all mountains all around. It' s easy to shoot them.

58:14 Yes to enemies. Then we can hold on to this. But no. What happens that Mariano has run when he receives the order to besiege that Rétaro will not expose his people and his people have him there ribita waiting for them to run out. They wanted to fight, the imperialists wanted to fight. And Mariano chosen holding and holding and holding. But well, that' s why Querétaro becomes the seat of the Empire, the last city. What happens while Morelia riva is lost Palace Toma Morelia, then it is no longer a conservative city, it is a liberal city. And the order now gives Benito Juárez, who is in in San ud Luis Potosí, already went down from Chihuahua to San Luis Potosí. It is to hand over the command to Mariano Escobedo, the command of the entire Republican army and tell him about Maximiliano where he is in Querétaro, because let' s go to Querétaro, and that' s what all the Mexican guerrillas said to Querétaro, and there they keep walking him, walking on horseback on all the true roads everyone to Querétaro and they come to gather more than sixty zero, more than sixty thousand guerrillas around Querétaro. Then there was no chance of going out and wanting a casserole.

59:39 It was a saucepan and all surrounded absolutely all surrounded. So we have Ramon Corona here, we have Riva Palacio, we have to hold Rocha. All the generals are here except one Porfirio Díaz, Porfirio Díaz, who is in or Oaxaca, yes and who says here is a route where they can escape. How I cut the escape route by taking Puebla. Here it is I' ll take Puebla. And that' s when Porfirio Díaz besieged the city of Puebla through a hunger site and he' s going to try to defeat the French, who are. Well, the imperialists, who are in there because they did stay the Belgian legion. He stayed, for example, to support Carlota and Maximiliano, that what was in Europe, but they want to support the Maximilian. The Austrian legion also stayed. Yes, the French are the ones who left, but the regions remain on their own. Then this Porfirio Diaz is going to advance and he' s going to take the city of Puebla with blood and fire. Why. Because being here in Queretaro, being in Queretaro, Marquez, Miramón, mejía suddenly. Marquez tells Maximilian we' re locked up. Let me go to Mexico City, which is

1:01:12 still conservative to bring reinforcements and maximized. He says yes, go and take all the cavalry. Four thousand horsemen take Leonardo Márquez, well, he brings them to Mexico City. When you' re in Mexico City, when you ' re here, do you know Porfirio Diaz is sitting? He' s besieging Puebla and they need that escape route. Then they decide Leonardo Márquez to attack Porfirio Díaz in Puebla, Puebla, this is April 2. That' s why on the porphyry day he was called the hero of April 2nd, they take the city of Puebla. It was blood and fire, by the way, where he lost his arm to his compadre Manuel González, who would then be President. Well, he went to Hasaño and fire, as Diaz took, Puebla, why, because he knew Leonardo Marquez was coming. So, if he' s here in Puebla and there' s an imperialist army there, yeah, and he gets to Marquez between the two and beat Porfirio, then Porfirio has to make the decision. I have to face one and then I have to face the other and then Porfirio Díaz decides blood and fire we take Puebla as place is taken by the city of Puebla. Leonardo Márquez is approaching Puebla and now turns Porfirio Díaz and throws himself against Leonardo Martiz and defeats him ahead of Cisco defeats and smashes Leonardo Márquez. And Leonardo Márquez has

1:02:45 no other choice but to flee to Mexico City, with what he has left of the army of that famous cavalry, he locks himself here in Mexico City. What Porfirio Díaz does, after winning the GS bino April, after defeating Leonardo Márquez, advances towards Mexico City and besieged the city. At that time, the cities were besieging as Puebla was, as was Querétaro, as was Mexico City. Mexico City, which is going to last for several days, is besieged twice the site of the city. Now remember what Mexico City was like. Then much of it was still surrounded by the lake, Lake Texcoco, and we had the garages and we had the roads, for example, from here, from the Villa de Guadalupe, hidalgo to the city. All this was the lake here ahead, the lake almost started to peralbillo was lake.

1:03:45 Then there was only Guadalupe' s driveway, well that originally of the tired of the Mysteries was what united Mexico City with the Villa of Guadalupe, and we had the road of Tacuba and we had the driveway of Ermita, they were roads, there was still too much water. So what Porfirio Díaz does is to advance via Tlaxcala and then go down Apan and arrive here at the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo. Here is the Army of Porfirio Díaz, the Army of the East and he will put his headquarters here in front of the side of the Basilica. There he will put his headquarters Porfirio Díaz and here is the Army of the East and what he will do is to give orders to the whole army, to cover all the garages and bridges, cover them and close Mexico City. Yeah, he' s not going to attack her, he' s going to shut down the city by checking in and who ' s going out, and start defeating the city by hunger. Yeah, we move on to the next one. Please, okay good. What' s going to happen while you' re with Maximilian. Maximilian will surrender 15 May, yes, and a trial will begin against Maximilian. Maximilian will return

1:05:17 him first. He was in the convent of the Cross yesterday to his headquarters, the convent of the Cross that State or what is next, not the convent of the East Cross that we can visit, which is very famous. Here' s the convent. It is very famous because in this part there is a tree that gives thorns in the form of the Christian Cross, and it is very famous. That' s why then people kind of buy that little pickle of those thorns. But really here was the barracks, here was Maximiliano' s barracks and here, aside we have this that they say is a recreation. Perhaps it could be a recreation, but a recreation really based on one side of the convent of the Cross. There' s still this hole. If you like, you can visit him. There are several friends of Ruz Radio who have gone to take the picture there, because this is the gap through which the Republican army entered to take the convent of the Cross where Maximiliano was and they warn him the Republicans are entering. He half- dresses, goes out, gets on the horse in case he was too tall.

1:06:30 Yes, he gets on his horse and they advance towards the hill of the bells and that' s where they make him a prisoner. And this space is still preserved, which was for the Republican army. Here' s the badge that mentions that in that place. That' s where he came in. That there' s a whole story, uh, there' s a whole story where Colonel Miguel López, who was Maximiliano' s friend, spoke to Mariano Escobedo. Notice this was revealed many years later, where Colonel López tells Mariano Escobedo that by order that he is there by order of Maximiliano, and that Maximiliano is asking him for the opportunity to surrender, but to pardon him and that he leaves Mexico and promises never again to return. If that' s true, Friends, the traitor was Maximilian Mejía. He died for him. Miramón died for him and he was negotiating with Mariano Escobedo through Colonel López. What happens that Mariano Escobedo, in his memoirs, wrote that talk and says that he told Lopez he knows what with you or without you, we will take yes Queretaro as a place. So there are no deals.

1:07:55 And that same night through this hole is where they can enter the republi and take prisoner Miramon, take prisoner Mejía and take prisoner Maximiliano. But I have to tell you this. But Miguel López, to see him was a colonel, who they think since Queretaro' s place ended, is the only one that allows him to leave. From Queretaro came a safe conduct signed by Mariano Escobedo and presented it and let it out as why it is understood that Mariano Escobedo told them no, I make no deals with you, why the colonel came out. Yeah, why he got out. He arrives in Mexico City and in a bank here, in Mexico City he changes a check for five thousand pesos. Five thousand pesos of those years and that' s where he goes to Puebla. He arrives at his home in Puebla and this one and his wife, who already appears or time have already shot Maximiliano. Everyone says Lopez was the one who handed him over. He' s the one who turned him in. He' s a traitor. When he arrives in Puebla and arrives with five thousand pesos, his wife tells them here in this house you can not enter or you bring me my compadre back. You' re not going in barcylene. I was dead and he won' t let him into his house, that is, he runs out of his house, he can' t see his children or his wife anymore, and then he

1:09:29 goes back to Mexico City. In Mexico City, both liberals and conservatives see him badly for being a traitor, he ends up going to Tacubaya. In Tacubaya, buy some baths and hide that were thermal baths. And all that, he buys some bathrooms and he starts to manage them with such bad luck that he went home and runs out of any money and stays living on the street there, in Tacubaya. To top it off, the only thing Colonel Miguel López had was a dog. And the dog gives rage and bites and bites and spreads anger to Colonel Lopez and dies of rage. So, for conservatives they say that' s God' s punishment for betraying the emperor.

1:10:23 Yeah, he dies of rage, there' s nowhere to bury him. Yes, and with money that' s right there. I don' t know it' s gonna hit the tepeyaje pantheon here It' s good, but not to go with the story. If you go to the tepeyaje pantheon, Miguel López' s grave is the only one that is blank. There ' s nothing written to the grave, yeah, that' s all. The tombstone is there, because it has nothing to let anyone know, because it was so treacherous that it didn' t even tell me its grave to have its name. Obviously we know that his grave is not because it is the only one that has no name, because we know that it is his.

1:11:06 But for the time being, even that didn' t deserve Colonel Lopez. Even that didn' t deserve a grave with his name on it. Imagine all the misfortunes this guy had, because that' s what I' m telling you, you have to tell them. That' s a great story, his story. Well, it was all about this, but don ' t broom. He says no, it wasn' t Lopez, it was actually sent by Maximiliano. Maximilian was the one who betrayed them all. We move on to the next one. Please, well, here we are on what would already be the last reducer. Yes, the convent of Capuchinas, which would be the last stronghold, where he would be prisoner, Miramón Mejía and Maximiliano who when they moved them to Capuchins, was not prepared, for it was a convent and took the nuns out so they could get them in. Then, when they' re taken, there are no cells, that is, where we put them, because put them down there in the basement. There was already in the royal basement I swear they were the crypts and they put them down there to the catacombs of the convent, to spend one night the first night they spent it down there and no one was missing to say. Don' t smudge them into the crypts to spend the night.

1:12:27 But Mexicans are a soldier. So he answered, that they might get used to it. No. Yeah, that' s where they were put that night, they spent it in the middle of pure graves, and they already gave each of them their own room. And that' s where they were imprisoned in what' s done in their trial, yes, until they reached the day of the shooting. This good one, here it is. This is the convent. It says this house was the last prison where the Archduke of Austria was going Maximilian Joseph and the generals said Miramón and Tomás Mejía went out to the gallows on the morning of June 19th, one thousand eight hundred and sixty- seven, that is yesterday one hundred and fifty- seven years ago, precisely to tell them what we passed on to the next two.

1:13:16 Talk to them about this. The shooting has been discussed in many ways. The shooting of Varximiliano was a tragedy. What this is from novel novels entirely starting didn' t have this position. This is a game of Manet that he hated this Napoleon Third and draws Napoleon III here as a soldier more like insinuating he had to do with the death of Maximianuel provoked death and draws in Napoleon III. There are others who say, other people who say it ' s not Napoleon Third, but it' s porphyry days. We don ' t really know who Manet wanted to draw. Second, the Republican army didn' t have uniforms. See here how elegant they are, they didn ' t have uniforms. Moreover, when Maximiliano is shot the other day he is already allowed to take photographs, they say we want to take pictures of the firing squad that shoots him. Eximillian, Mariano Escobedo authorized and then asked them to wear new uniforms. I don' t have the picture, but you can find it where you look in uniforms. Well, big boys were new uniforms. Nothing more for the pure photo, because they were really uprooted.

1:14:44 They were uprooted people, because that was the Republican army. But here Manet makes them very, very elegant, very elegant to all that was not so. And in addition, each one had his own firing squad and Maximilian, who dies watching him face to face, dies on the right side and in the center puts Miramon. We move on to the next one. Please, and well, this picture is real. That picture is completely real. It' s Maximiliano' s body, since he' s shot. I tell you there' s a whole story about Maximilian' s death. How did you get what this one said, how do you give him the shot of grace. First a bullet in his heart, he gets his clothes lit and then, then, he supposedly arrives at Aureliano Blanquette, who was a soldier at that time who would later be the traitor against Francisco I Madero.

1:15:36 Well, he was talking about him being the one who gave him the shot of grace. Maximilian is carried in the body that the body does not occupy in the drawer. That' s true. I didn' t take it in the drawer was bigger than they thought. They' re taking him to Dr Licea' s making arrangements for the body. But aside, it' s true, Dr Licea cut off his beard and started selling pieces of his beard. Then, rich ladies, they carried their handkerchiefs so that he would dip them in the Emperor' s blood and keep it as a relic. And some also say that it' s true, coughing not that Dr Licea said an occasion when he was doing body preparation, that he had never imagined washing his hands in imperial blood. Yeah, because, well, I was pulling out his viscera to fix the body. They had to remove his viscera, but he did very bad conservation work on Maximilian' s body. But aside, this is the second drawer. The first canjon had a little window, as Ahorita gets used to. Then many people wanted to meet him and say that a soldier, as he approached, took over the little window and crashed it in such a way that air began to enter the body. The body is brought to Mexico City and on the way twice they dropped their coffin and rolled the coffin over a ravine and fell into rivers and soaked the body

1:17:12 completely. Then came wet the obvious body that began to break down. Then they bring him and put him in the chapel of San Andrés, which is in front of the Mining Palace. It was a hospital where right now the horse is and all that. It was a hospital and there was a chapel St Andrew. That' s where Baximiliano' s body takes him and that ' s where they make him the second embalming. But to do the embalming, they had to hang him from his feet to drain the liquids and then pump new liquids into him. Yeah, then those eyes they have aren' t his. What they' re saying is that the eyes just like Dr Licea sold them and ran out of eyes. Then they got the eyes of a virgin yes, and it is the eyes that put him, that is, two marbles. That' s what they put on his beard They had already sold him, and his mustache and that beard that has a false beard.

1:18:16 The truth is that poor quat good there you have it. That' s when Juárez meets him. Juárez returns to Mexico City Porfirio Díaz returns to Mexico City, and that' s when he is in Maximiliano' s body. But what do you think everyone told you to send them the body, don' t send them the Dominican body, not until they ask me. They' re not a son of a bitch like you' re a Sangron. They don' t know what Benito Juárez was waiting for, recognition as President and recognition as a nation. That' s what Juárez was waiting for.

1:18:59 As long as they don' t ask me, recognizing Mexico as a nation and I, as President, don' t give them anything. It took five months for the Government of Austria, France and Austria to formally request this from the Government of Mexico. This was a recognition of our State. That' s why Benito Juárez took hold and that' s when he enters Mexico City, it' s the triumph of the Republics in July of one thousand eight hundred and fifty- seven, it' s the triumph of the Republic. We spent the next few hours and, well, this is what they made progress, well a little further to Chihuahua. But let' s say it' s the strongest thing we' ve ever had on the part of the imperialists, the one that stigulators a. And finally, Juárez takes Porfirio Díaz. Take Mexico City, Porfirio Díaz. This one I tell you already has the support him. From before, he had offered support for Queretaro and Juarez tells him not to expect you in Mexico City and I am going to send support to you to take Mexico City and tell them it arrived riba to Palacio, Ramón Corona arrived and then the Porfirio Day delivery of Mexico City to Benito Juárez and triumphs the Republic. I wanted to save this photo for the last one. Yeah, this picture. Let me tell you that it

1:20:30 was my partner Manuel, I tell you our Secretary of Education, who did me a favor to get the photographs. Then we, well which we already located. The place and all this, this place you bring back loris. This place is here, behind the New Basilica, here it is behind the road of mysteries and has here this is the headquarters of Porfirio Díaz. When they take Mexico City, their barracks were here a few meters away. We ' re back, Poquito dores. Up here, as you can see, all this archery is blocked, yes, and there is a plaque where it says that this place says In this house was the headquarters of the Army of the Orient under the command of general citizen Porfirio Díaz, during the siege of Mexico of one thousand eight hundred and sixty- seven, Guadalupe Hidalgo, twenty - first of June of one thousand nine hundred and eight. There' s the badge. It' s back here. We' re using dollars again.

1:21:30 Please. This is the sad thing, Friends, this is the sad thing. It' s no idea to polemicize. But though Porphyry Days later, for yes, he would stain his own name, because he did, he stained his name. Yeah, but it' s still a national monument. It doesn' t stop. That' s where the Army of the East stood. This was the headquarters of Porfirio Diaz. He' s a monkey of our history. I can talk to you like this. I quickly had the opportunity to meet my great- grandmother. I come from a very long- lived family and my grandmothers died one hundred and four years old.

1:22:12 My grandmother was born in one thousand eight hundred and ninety. Yeah, my great- grandmother was born out there from one thousand eight hundred sixty- five. So, my great- grandmother is from that time and I at that time, when I remember, I say I met my great- grandmother and she was from that time a child. But it' s that time then I met someone who lived that time. Yes, but very little. Joseph ' s word with her. She died when I was very young, but I got to talk to her. We never talked about history, or anything like that, but I got to talk to her. So this is part of my own story. This is my story and this is the story of all of you, friends, friends, this is part of you, that is, the story, is all of us. The story isn' t someone' s in particular, that' s all of us. So, this is for me like having those old photo albums. It' s my photos, yes, but that I can' t have a photo album.

1:23:13 I' ve got it on the streets. So, when we see this a national monument, all plotted, all grated up, they' ll even have an idea of what this place means to our history. You have no idea. But if we tell them don' t do it anymore, they ' re gonna do it. Even more are they going to do it? Why? Because, unfortunately, we have people who are antisocial, yes, and who all see it as a provocation. So if we say to see, keep this which is a historical monument, it' s part of our history. It' s like seeing a picture of the memory album. Yeah, and suddenly we see this vandalism. How sad, how sad to see this situation. When the first fors was sent to me, Manuel gave me great pleasure because I placed the house later and he says I no longer found it and that he sends me the photographs and everything, and when we saw how everything was graphed from that son, how sad that how we graphed our story, what a pity all the stories that are locked in there. Our story is very big, very big. We have eleven years on radio talking every eight days. Yeah, we' re not done and we' re not gonna end up and we' re finding more and more things to talk about than to tell. Our story is very big and it' s what gives us identity. In the end, we are here from the State of Mexico, others from Hidalgo, others from Michoacán, what do I know,

1:24:45 but in the end we are all Mexicans and this story is that of all of us. Yes, then I like the mayor Gustavo to Madero, who used to be the village of Guadalupe Hidalgo. A friend like that once told me," Hey, I loved Gustavo Madrio' s lecture, because we didn' t know who Gustavo was to Madero. It' s good that many people realized who Francisco' s brother was and how he died and all this, but the mayor' s office has a lot of history, a lot of history. That' s why I emphasized that Maximilian passed through here. Here was the headquarters of Porfirio Diaz. To what have happened so many facts in this place, in this space, beginning because it was the temple of Tonazi and that pilgrimages from long before the conquest, were already made at this point. The last time he could, as a good thing, not commune but pray José María Morelos was here at the deposit when they took him out of the center of what is this, the Biblioteca México. Ibalders got him out of there and he asked permission to pray to the Virgin and they didn' t leave him. He was not allowed to enter the Basilica.

1:25:59 He had to pray in the well and from there he went to give Ecatepec, where he was shot so many stories that there are here in the village Gustavo to Madero, so many stories, yes, it is more some even fearful. I don' t give you an example. If anyone here from the industrialist, please let that quiet man not say, but half the industrial colony was a pantheon and the houses are on a royal pantheon. Yeah, it was a pantheon. Then, when people have burrowed from the sea, they find bones and then, just as they discreetly do, they cover the ground because it was a pantheon. I mean, there are so many stories here, in this mayor' s office, yes, that I tell you, but they' re not my stories, it' s the story of all of us and they deserve to be told. Then the invitation and I speak in the sense Manuel is that in following practices we have, because telling them many of these stories, of this mayor' s office or what this mayor' s office has seen, that I tell them is a lot.

1:27:02 It' s a lot. We would not talk exclusively about the mayor' s office of everything, but about the whole context. Why he passed by to kill them. It' s tragic. His shooting was a terrible thing. Yes, the sadness of his shooting. Why here to see you come up to see is that it is to join the new Basilica to the old Basilica and here is the collegiate one. Yeah, if you guys turn behind the schoolgirl there' s a whole big door. That' s where half of the national territory was handed over. There was a badge there I saw it I saw it. I swear to you, I saw the badge where it said. In this place the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaties were signed, on February 2, 1, 848, which incriminated the clergy. How is it possible that in the middle of Guadalupe Village, Yes, because the American soldiers who were camping in the mall killed the people. Then they no longer knew what to do and the clergy told them not to worry. I brought them here and nobody does anything to them and brought them here to the American army.

1:28:20 Here we had the invading army here a few meters away and that badge framed them and removed it. Yeah, so, how much story. And here, this railway station that we have here and what happened has no history? Yes, here I was at the tip of Matana, Venuscene carranza, here, a few meters away about to kill a carranza. He had to get off on a locomotive. Now you' ve done the mochacha. He had to get off on a locomotive and they started following him with bullets. Yeah, here, at this three- station. So I was talking to the lucus. Manuel told them, and he liked the idea that we should talk about so many stories that he has is mayor. Yeah, so, that ' ll be for the next time. We' ll agree to the date with Manuel and we' ll let you know Thank you very much for joining us. It' s my pleasure to be with you and to talk to you. I' m telling you your sad story, that we end up with this sad picture pity, but well, it' s up to us to keep our story and move on to the last one, and no more than two this one and then it' s good that they' re going to put it on and nothing else is goodbye. Thank you, Manuel, thank you for Veras' invitation and thank you all for being here, for holding us now. Yeah, we' re out of time. I think it was very pleasant and, for my part, it was all. Thank you very much. On the way up, my partner, Manuel, comes

1:30:09 up, let me make you a commercial. We' ve told them that we' re theater people. Well, it turns out right now. We ' re presenting with the theater company, which I' d like to direct Visler' s vagina monologues. We' re presenting them in our space, but we' re talking to Manuel' s degree and we' re going to give a totally free feature here. Hey, it' s totally ratty. Here. It' s going to happen here, it' s going to play. All right. Oh yeah, right, right, right, hard or free entry can bring all the guests you like here we' re gonna be