SpaceX's Launch Delays, JUICE's Close Call, and the Brightest Cosmic Flash Yet

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Avery: Hello, space enthusiasts, and welcome back to

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Astronomy Daily. I'm Avery.

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Anna: And I'm Anna. We've got a packed show for you today,

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from lunch delays and spacecraft rescues to the

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brightest cosmic flash ever seen. And

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we'll finish by traveling back in time to the birth of

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Jupiter.

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Avery: It's a huge lineup. Let's get right into it,

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starting with the latest from SpaceX.

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Anna: That's right, it's been a classic hurry up and wait

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situation for SpaceX as they've had to

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postpone the 10th test flight of their massive

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Starship rocket again.

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Avery: Indeed. They first tried to launch from their

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Starbase site in South Texas on Sunday,

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but a ground systems issue got in the way. Then

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they tried again on Monday, but this time it

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was Mother Nature who said, not today.

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Anna: And it was a very specific kind of not

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today. Anvil shaped clouds were the culprit.

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Those pose a serious lightning risk and

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you do not want a lightning strike near a fully fueled

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rocket.

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Avery: SpaceX CEO Elon Musk, who was on site,

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confirmed the scrub on social media.

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Anna: The team is now looking for the next best launch

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opportunity. A, uh, SpaceX spokesperson mentioned

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that since they didn't fire the water deluge system,

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reloading propellant should be a relatively quick process.

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So hopefully we'll see flight 10 take the sky

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soon.

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Avery: And what a sight it'll be. For anyone new to the program,

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Starship is the biggest and most powerful

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rocket ever built. SpaceX's grand

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vision is to use it to help humanity settle the

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the moon and Mars.

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Anna: It's an incredible piece of engineering. The vehicle

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consists of two fully reusable stainless steel

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stages, a massive booster called Super

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Heavy, and the upper stage, which is also called

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Starship. The goal is rapid reusability,

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but getting.

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Avery: There has been a real process of trial and error.

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Starship has flown nine times so far, with

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the first flight back in April of 2023.

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The last three flights this year have all, been,

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well, learning experiences.

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Anna: That's a polite way of putting it. On Flight 7 and

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8, the upper stage exploded less than 10 minutes

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after launch. And on Flight 9, it lost attitude

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control during re entry and broke apart in the

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atmosphere. We even saw reports of debris spotted

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over the Bahamas.

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Avery: It's all part of the rapid iterative development process,

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I suppose. SpaceX traced the

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Flight 7 anomaly to a harmonic

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response that caused propellant leaks and fires.

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They've since made hardware changes and adjustments to prevent it

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from happening again.

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Anna: So the plan for Flight 10 whenever it launches,

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is ambitious. The super heavy boosters will

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perform some experiments before Attempting a

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controlled splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico,

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The Starship Upper Stage will aim to deploy eight

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dummy Starlink satellites, relight an engine

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in space, and then come down in the Indian Ocean

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about 66 minutes after launch.

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Avery: It's a huge step and it's clear they're looking to

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pick up the pace. Despite the setbacks, SpaceX

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has requested approval for an incredible 25

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Starship launches from Starbase in

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2025. They are not slowing

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down, Definitely not.

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Anna: We'll be watching closely and will bring you updates as uh,

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soon as Flight 10 gets off the ground.

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Now, from a mission waiting to start, let's turn to one

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that just survived a major scare

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millions of kilometers from home. This is a

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fantastic story of teamwork from the European Space

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Agency. Their Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer,

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or juice, is currently on its way to Venus for a

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gravity assist flyby. But for a little while, the team

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on the ground had no idea if it was okay.

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Avery: Talk about a nerve wracking situation. On July

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16, during a routine check in,

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JUICE just fell silent. The

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Deep Space Antenna in Spain couldn't establish contact.

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No signal, no telemetry about its health or stat,

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nothing.

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Anna: The control team at ESOC in Germany immediately

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began troubleshooting. The biggest fear was that JUICE

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had entered survival mode, a last resort

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state triggered by multiple system failures. But

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they weren't detecting the intermittent signal you'd expect

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in that scenario.

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Avery: So with no data coming in, they had to start

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making some educated guesses. The

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team suspected an issue with the communication

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subsystem. They faced a tough

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wait, 14 days for an automatic

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spacecraft reset or send

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commands blind into space and hope

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the spacecraft heard them.

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Anna: Waiting wasn't really an option, as uh, spacecraft

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Operations Manager Angela Dietz explained,

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that would have delayed crucial preparations for the Venus

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flyby. So they went with the blind

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commanding option.

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Avery: Um, and that is not easy. Juice was

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200 million kilometers away on

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the other side of the sun. Each command

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took 11 minutes to get there, and then they had to wait

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another 11 minutes to see if it worked.

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After nearly 20 hours of troubleshooting, a

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command finally got through.

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Anna: The successful command manually activated the

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signal amplifier, which boosts the strength of

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the signal Juice sends to Earth. Suddenly, they

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had contact again, and the spacecraft was in perfect

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health. It turns out the culprit was a

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very subtle software bug, A, uh,

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timing.

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Avery: Bug of all things. The software

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function that controls the amplifier uses an internal

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timer that resets every 16

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months. It just so happened that the function was

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running at the exact moment the timer

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restarted, which left the Amplifier switched

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off. What are the odds?

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Anna: Incredibly small. But as we know, in

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space, you have to plan for everything.

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The team has already identified ways to prevent this from

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happening again. It's a textbook example of

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calm, methodical problem solving under

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extreme pressure.

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Avery: Absolutely. A huge congratulations to

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the ESA mission operations team. With

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that drama behind them, JUICE is now back on track for

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its Venus flyby at the end of August.

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From a close call to a cosmic bullseye,

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our next story is about a truly record

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breaking discovery. This one is genuinely

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exciting. Astronomers have just detected the

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brightest fast radio burst ever recorded.

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It's so powerful, they've nicknamed it

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RB Float, which stands for radio

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brightest flash of all time.

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Anna: A very fitting name. The burst, officially

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cataloged as FRB2025

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0316A, was spotted spotted

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back in March by the CHIME telescope in British

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Columbia. CHIME has found thousands

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of these fast radio bursts, or FRBs, but

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this one is special.

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Avery: It's not just about the brightness. Right. It's about

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where they found it. Usually tracing

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an FRB is like trying to find which tree a

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firefly is in from a mile away. But

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this time they pinpointed its origin to a

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region just 45 light years across.

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Anna: Exactly that incredible precision is

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thanks to a new upgrade to the CHIME system. They've added

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three smaller outrigger stations across

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North America, which effectively turns them

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into a single continent wide telescope.

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This allows them to trace these millisecond long

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flashes back to their home galaxies with

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stunning accuracy.

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Avery: And the home galaxy in this case NGC

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4141, is practically in

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our backyard. Cosmically speaking, it's about

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130 million light years away, which is

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incredibly close for an frb. Most of

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them come from billions of light years away.

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Anna: That proximity, combined with its brightness

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gives scientists a, uh, unique chance to study the

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source in detail. The team found the burst

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originated near the edge of a star forming region in the

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galaxy. This hints that the source could be a

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magnetar, an ultra magnetized neutron

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star that's perhaps a bit older than the

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very youngest stars at the galaxy's core.

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Avery: And the story gets even better. Because they located

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it so quickly, they were able to point the James

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Webb Telescope at the location. Webb's

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infrared cameras spotted a faint point of light

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nearby, which they've dubbed Nir1.

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Anna: The nature of Nir1 is still a

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mystery. It could be a red giant star or

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maybe a massive star in its midlife. It

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Neither of these are typically associated with FRBs,

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which has led to a fascinating theory.

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Perhaps NIR1 is part of a

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binary system with its gravitational partner

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being the compact objects like a neutron star

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that produce the burst.

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Avery: It's a fantastic cosmic puzzle. Another idea is

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that NIR1 isn't a star at all, but the fading

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afterglow of the burst itself, whatever it is.

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As Ito Berger from the Harvard Smithsonian center for

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Astrophysics said the this could be the first step on a

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new path to solving the FRB mystery.

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Anna: It also adds to the debate over whether FRBs

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are one time events or repeaters. So

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far, RB float seems to be a one

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off. Being able to study the environment of

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a non repeating FRB this closely is a huge

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deal. And it shows just how diverse their

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origins might be.

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Avery: Absolutely. It's a perfect illustration of how

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collaboration between different observatories can unlock new

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discoveries.

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Now for our final story, we're coming a bit closer to home

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to look at ancient raindrops from the formation of our own

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solar system.

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Anna: That's right. Avery researchers

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have for the first time managed to determine the

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date and origin of tiny ancient

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molten droplets that came from the neighborhood of

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a young Jupiter. These droplets

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were found inside meteorites here on Earth.

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Avery: Molten rock raindrops from Jupiter?

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That sounds incredible. How does that even happen?

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Anna: Well, about 4.5 billion years

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ago, as Jupiter was forming, its

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immense gravitational pull started flinging

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nearby small rocky and icy

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bodies called planetesimals into

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each other at incredibly high speeds.

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Avery: So these were seriously high energy collisions.

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What happened to the rock?

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Anna: The impacts were so forceful that the rock

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and dust on these planetesimals melted

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instantly, creating tiny molten

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rock droplets known as chondrules.

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These spheres, only about a millimeter wide,

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eventually got incorporated into asteroids,

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some of which later fell to Earth as meteorites.

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Avery: So scientists have had these chondrules for a while, but they

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weren't sure exactly how they formed. What's the

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new theory?

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Anna: A team from Nagoya University in Japan

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and the INAF Turin Astrophysical

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Observatory in Italy developed a new

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model. They realized that when these water

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rich planetesimals collided, the water would

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have instantly vaporized into steam.

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This expanding steam acted like a series

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of tiny explosions, breaking apart the

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molten rock into the exact kind of droplets

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we see in meteorites.

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Avery: That makes so much sense. So they tested this with a

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computer simulation.

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Anna: They did. They programmed a simulation of

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Jupiter's formation, tracking how its gravity

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would cause these collisions. Co lead

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author Dr. Diego Turini said the

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model spontaneously generated realistic

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looking chondrules. And importantly, it

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showed that the peak of this chondrule production

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happened right as Jupiter was accumulating gas

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to become the giant it is today.

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Avery: And, um, the evidence from actual meteorites backs this up

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perfectly.

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Anna: The meteorite data shows that peak chondrul

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Production occurred about 1.8 million years

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after the solar system began, which is

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exactly when they believed Jupiter was going through

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its main growth spurt.

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Avery: Wow. So these tiny droplets are like

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fossilized evidence of Jupiter's birth. That's

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amazing. Does this solve all the mysteries?

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Anna: Not quite. The model doesn't fully

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explain why we find chondrules of different ages

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in meteorites. The researchers suggest that the

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formation of other gas giants like Saturn

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could have triggered similar events later on,

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creating more chondrules.

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Avery: It's a fantastic piece of detective work. It m

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gives us a clearer picture of how our solar system formed

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and provides insights that could apply to other systems as well.

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A huge story contained in a tiny, ancient

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raindrop.

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And that's all the time we have for this episode of Astronomy Daily.

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From cosmic flashes to planetary raindrops, it's

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been another incredible week in space.

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Anna: It certainly has. Thank you so much for

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joining us. If you enjoyed the show, please

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subscribe wherever you get your podcasts, and you can

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follow us on social media for daily updates.

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Avery: Until next time, keep looking up.

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Anna: Goodbye, everyone.