SpaceX's ISS Crew Launch, Bacteria in Microgravity, and Europa Clipper's Radar Success

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Hallie: Hi everyone. Welcome to Astronomy Daily

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with Steve and Hallie. It's August 4,

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2025.

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We are back again with the mostly live Monday

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episode direct from the Australia studio here down

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under. And with me as usual and always is my

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very favorite human, Mr. Steve.

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Steve Dunkley: Oh, nicely done, Hallie. And thank you so much for those kind

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words, Mr. Steve. Indeed. I think

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you handled that opening very well for your.

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Hallie: Thank you. I try.

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Steve Dunkley: Yes. Maybe you should uh, take more of a leading role

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in this and it's one less thing I have to do.

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And what have you discovered in the Astronomy Daily newsletter

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for us today, Hallie?

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Hallie: Some interesting stories that I thought you would be interested

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in.

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Steve Dunkley: Oh yes, do go on.

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Hallie: I know you are following Europa Clipper on its journey

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outward across the solar system.

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Steve Dunkley: Ah, uh, yes, regular listeners will know that is one of my favorites.

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Hallie: You can present that one.

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Steve Dunkley: Oh, okay.

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Hallie: And a great news story about a solar sail equipped

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spacecraft that has some special properties.

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Steve Dunkley: Solar sails. Intriguing. Yes, I like

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that.

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Hallie: I also found stories about new deep field images

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from Webb and Hubble, the replacement crew for the

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iss. And how about this one?

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Steve Dunkley: Do tell.

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Hallie: Like something out of a science fiction story.

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Steve Dunkley: Oh, okay, now you've got me.

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Hallie: SpaceX is sending disease causing bacteria out

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to the ISS.

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Steve Dunkley: Say what disease causing bacteria?

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Hallie: I can't wait to find out.

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Steve Dunkley: Why haven't we seen this movie? Yeah,

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why would they do that? I mean, what could possibly

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go wrong?

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Hallie: Exactly.

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Steve Dunkley: Somebody's already writing the script for that one.

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Hallie: Just like SC.

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Steve Dunkley: Oh, I don't know if it sounds fun or scary. Sounds great.

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Okay, shall we do the thing?

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Hallie: Let's go.

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Steve Dunkley: I'm ready.

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Hallie: Hallie Okies

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astronauts sidelined for the past year by Boeing's Starliner

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Trouble, blasted off to the International Space Station on Friday

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getting a lift from SpaceX. The US

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AH Japanese Russian crew of AH4 rocketed from NASA's

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Kennedy Space Center. They'll replace

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colleagues who launched to the space station in March as fill INS for

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NASA's two stuck astronauts and stay for at least six

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months. Zena Cardman, a biologist

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and polar explorer who should have launched last year was

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yanked along with another NASA crewmate to make room for Starliner's

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Starcross test pilots. I have no

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emotion but joy right now. That was

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transcendent ride of a lifetime,

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Cardman the flight commander said after reaching

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orbit. The botched Starliner demo forced

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Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams to switch to SpaceX to

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get back from the space station more than nine months after departing on

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what should have been a week long trip. Every

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astronaut wants to be in space. None of

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us wants to stay on the ground, but it's not about me,

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cardman said before her flight.

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NASA's Mike Fink, Cardman's co pilot, was the

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backup for Wilmore and Williams on Starliner, making those

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three still the only ones certified to fly it.

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Fink and Japan's Kamiya Yui, former military

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officers with previous spaceflight experience, were training for

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Starliner's second astronaut mission. With

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Starliner grounded until 2026, NASA

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switched the two to the latest SpaceX flight, a,

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uh, SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carrying a Dragon capsule with

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a U2S. Japanese Russian crew of four lifts off from

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Kennedy Space Center's Launch Pad 39A in Cape Canaveral

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of Florida on Friday, Aug. 1,

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2025. AP Photo

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Chris Omera Boy it's great to be

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back in orbit again, fink radioed. He

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last soared on NASA's next to last space shuttle flight in

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2011. Rounding out the crew is

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Russia's Oleg Plaitanov. The former fighter

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pilot was pulled a few years ago from the Russian Soyuz flight

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lineup because of an undisclosed health issue that he said has since

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been resolved on hand for the first launch

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Attempt. On Thursday, NASA's new acting administrator,

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Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy, met with

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Roscosmos Director General Dmitri Bakanov, an

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invited guest. The two discussed future

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collaboration, then left town after thick clouds forced

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a last minute delay. What we learn on these

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missions is what's going to get us to the moon and then from the moon to

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Mars, which is I think the direction that NASA has to be,

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duffy said in a NASA interview. There's

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critical real estate on the moon. We want to claim

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that real estate for ourselves and our partners

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to save money. In light of tight budgets, NASA is looking

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to increase its space station stays from six months to eight

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months, a um move already adopted by Russia's space

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agency. SpaceX is close to

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certifying its Dragon capsules for longer flights, which means

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the newly launched crew could be up there until April.

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NASA is also considering smaller crews, three

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astronauts launching on SpaceX instead of the typical four

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to cut costs. As for Starliner,

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NASA is leaning toward launching the next one with cargo before

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flying another crew. Engineers are still

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investigating the thruster failures and helium leaks that

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bedeviled Starliner following liftoff. Time

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is running out as NASA looks to abandon the aging space

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station by 2030. An air leak on

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the Russian side of the station remains unresolved after years of

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patching. Engineering teams already are

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working on the plan for the space station's last days.

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NASA's Ken Bowersox said the US and Russia need

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to cooperate in order to steer the outpost into the Pacific with

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minimal risk to the public. It will take at

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least two years to get the space station low enough to where a

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SpaceX vehicle can provide the final shove.

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Thrusters on the Russian side of the station will help with control,

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but that means more fuel will have to be delivered by 2028.

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The latest timeline calls for SpaceX to launch the last

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mission for NASA, the Deorbit Vehicle, to the space

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station in 2029. Astronauts

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would remain on board until the last four to six months of the

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station's life to handle any breakdowns with the empty

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outpost plunging into the Pacific by late 2030 or

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early 2031. You're listening

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to Astronomy Daily.

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Steve Dunkley: The burgeoning space industry and the

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technologies society increasingly relies

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on electric grids. Aviation and

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telecommunications are all vulnerable to

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the same threat. Space Weather

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Space weather encompasses any variations in

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the space environment between the sun, um, and the

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Earth. One common type of space weather event

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is called interplanetary planetary coronal

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mass ejection. These ejections are

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bundles of magnetic fields and particles that originate

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from the sun. They can travel at speeds of up

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to 1242 miles m

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per second or 2000 kilometers per second and

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may cause geomagnetic storms.

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They create beautiful aurora displays like

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the northern lights you can sometimes see in the skies,

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but can also disrupt satellite operations and shut

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down electric grids and expose

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astronauts aboard future crewed missions to

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the moon and Mars to lethal doses of

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radiation. The goal of a

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heliophysicist and space weather expert

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is to forecast extreme

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space weather, uh, more accurately and earlier. And

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to do this, they use a satellite constellation

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called Swift. Commercial interests

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now make up a big part of space

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exploration, focusing on on space

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tourism, building satellite networks

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and working towards extracting

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resources from the moon and nearby asteroids.

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Space is also a critical domain for military

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operations. Satellites provide essential

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capabilities for military communication,

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surveillance, navigation and intelligence.

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As countries such as the US grow to

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depend on infrastructure in space, extreme

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space weather events pose a greater threat.

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Today, space weather threatens up to

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$2.7 trillion in assets

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globally. In September

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1859, the most powerful recorded space

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weather event, known as the Carrington Event, caused

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fires in North America and Europe by supercharging, uh,

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telegraph wires. In

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August 1972, another Carrington

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like event nearly struck the astronauts orbiting the

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mo. The radiation dose could have been fatal.

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More recently, in February 2022,

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SpaceX lost 39 of its

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49 newly launched Starlink satellites.

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Because of a moderate space weather event.

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Space weather services heavily rely on satellites.

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That monitor the solar wind, which is made

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up of magnetic field lines and particles coming from the

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sun. And communicate their observations back to Earth.

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Satellites can then compare those observations with

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historical records. And predict space

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weather. And explore how the Earth may

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respond to the observed changes in solar wind.

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The Earth's magnetic field naturally protects

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living things and, uh, Earth, uh, orbiting

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satellites. From most adverse effects of

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space weather. However, extreme space

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weather events may compress or, or in some cases,

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peel back the Earth's magnetic shield.

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This process allows solar wind particles to make it

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into our protected environment, the magnetosphere,

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Exposing satellites and astronauts aboard space

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stations to harsher conditions. Most

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satellites that continuously monitor earthbound space

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weather Orbit relatively close to the planet.

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Some satellites are positioned in low Earth orbit. About

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100 miles or 161 kilometers above the

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Earth. While others are in geosynchronous orbit,

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approximately 25,000 miles or

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40,000 kilometers away.

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At these distances, the satellites remain

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within Earth's, uh, protective magnetic shield. And can

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reliably measure the planet's response to

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space weather conditions. However, to more

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directly study incoming solar wind,

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Researchers use additional satellites located

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further upstream. Hundreds of thousands of

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miles from Earth. The U.S. the

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European Space Agency and India

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all operate space monitoring satellites

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positioned around the L1 Lagrange point. Nearly

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900,000 miles, or

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1450,000 kilometers from Earth,

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where the gravitational forces of the Earth and the sun

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balance. Um, from this vantage point, space

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weather monitors can can provide up to 40 minutes of

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advanced warning for incoming solar events.

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Increasing the warning time beyond 40 minutes.

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Current warning time would help satellite

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operators, electric grid planners, flight

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directors, astronauts and space force

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officers. Better prepare for extreme

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space weather events. For instance,

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during geomagnetic storms, the

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atmosphere heats up, um, and expands, increasing

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drag on satellites in low Earth orbit.

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With enough advance warning, operators can update their

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drag calculations. To prevent satellites from descending

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and burning up during these events. With the updated

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drag calculations, satellite operators could use the

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satellite's propulsion systems. To maneuver them

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into a higher orbit. Airlines could change

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their routes. To avoid exposing passengers and

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staff to high radiation doses. During

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geomagnetic storms. And and future

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astronauts on the way to or working on the

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Moon or Mars. Who lack protection from these particles.

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Could be alerted in advance to take cover.

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Aurora lovers would also appreciate having more time

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to get to their favorite viewing destinations.

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The team in charge of the Swift

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Constellation, which stands for Space Weather

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Investigation Frontier. Will for the first time

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place a weather monitor beyond the L1 point.

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At 1.3 million miles or 2.1

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million kilometers from Earth. This distance would allow

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scientists to inform decision makers of

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any Earthbound, uh, space weather events up to

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nearly 60 minutes before arrival.

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Satellites with traditional chemical or electric

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propulsion systems cannot maintain an orbit at that

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location farther from Earth and closer to the sun

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for very long. This is because they would need

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to continually burn fuel to

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counteract the Sun's gravitational pull. To address

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this issue, the team has spent

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decades designing and developing a new propulsion

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system. The solution is designed to affordably

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reach that distance that is closer to the sun

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than the traditional L1 point and to

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operate there reliably for more than a decade by

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harnessing an abundant and reliable source

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that is sunlight. Swift would use a

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fuel less propulsion system called a solar

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sail to reach its orbit. A solar

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sail is a hair thin reflective surface

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simulating a very thin mirror that spans

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about a third of a football field. It

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balances the force of light particles coming in from the

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sun, which pushes it away with the

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Sun's gravity which pulls it inward.

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While a sailboat harnesses the lift

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created by wind flowing over its curved

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sails to move it across the water. A solar

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sail uses the momentum of photons from

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sunlight reflected off its large shiny sail

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to propel a spacecraft through space. Both

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the sailboat and the solar sail exploit the transfer

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of energy from their respective environments to

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drive motion without relying on traditional

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propellants. A solar sail would enable Swift

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to enter an Otherwise unstable

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sub L1 orbit without the risk of running out

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of fuel. NASA successfully launched

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its first solar sail in 2010. This

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space demonstration, named Nanosail

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D2 featured a 107 square

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foot or 10 uh square meter

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sail and was placed in low Earth orbit. That same

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year, the Japanese space agency launched a

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larger solar sail, Icarus,

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which deployed a

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2,110 foot or

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196 square meter sail

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in the solar wind and successfully orbited

307
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Venus. The Planetary society and NASA

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followed up by launching two sales in low Earth orbit

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Light sail and the advanced composite

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solar sail system. With an area of

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860ft square feet

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or 80 uh square meters, the

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Swift team's solar sail

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demonstration mission Solar cruiser will

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be equipped with a much larger sail.

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Its sail will have an area of

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00:14:47.190 --> 00:14:49.830
17,793 square

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feet or

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1653 square

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meters and launch as early as

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2029. If successful, solar cruiser

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will pave the way for Swift's constellation

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of four satellites. The constellation would include

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one satellite equipped with a sail propulsion

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set to be placed in an orbit beyond L1 and

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three smaller satellites with chemical

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propulsion in an orbit at the L1

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Lagrange point.

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Thank you for joining us for this Monday edition of

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00:15:29.320 --> 00:15:32.080
Astronomy Daily, where we offer just a few stories from the now

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00:15:32.080 --> 00:15:35.050
famous Astronomy Daily newsletter, which you can receive in

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00:15:35.050 --> 00:15:38.050
your email every day just like Hallie and I do.

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00:15:38.370 --> 00:15:40.450
And to do that, just visit our uh, URL

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00:15:40.450 --> 00:15:43.250
astronomydaily IO and place your

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00:15:43.250 --> 00:15:46.050
email address in the slot provided. Just like that,

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00:15:46.210 --> 00:15:49.090
you'll be receiving all the latest news about science,

337
00:15:49.090 --> 00:15:52.010
space science and astronomy from around the world as

338
00:15:52.010 --> 00:15:54.770
it's happening. And not only that, you can interact with

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00:15:54.770 --> 00:15:56.690
us by visiting at

340
00:15:56.770 --> 00:15:59.330
astrodaily Pod on X

341
00:15:59.570 --> 00:16:02.490
or at our new Facebook page, which is of course

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00:16:02.490 --> 00:16:05.230
Astronomy Daily on Facebook. See you there.

343
00:16:06.590 --> 00:16:09.470
Astronomy Daily with Steve and Hallie

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00:16:09.710 --> 00:16:12.030
Space, Space, Science and

345
00:16:12.030 --> 00:16:12.750
Astronomy.

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00:16:17.390 --> 00:16:20.350
Hallie: There's a secret extra member of Crew 11 traveling to

347
00:16:20.350 --> 00:16:23.030
the International Space Station right now. Disease causing

348
00:16:23.030 --> 00:16:25.790
bacteria, or at least such

349
00:16:25.790 --> 00:16:28.510
bacteria, will be growing aboard the orbiting laboratory very

350
00:16:28.510 --> 00:16:31.230
soon. Scientists at the Sheba Medical

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00:16:31.230 --> 00:16:33.970
center in Israel, in partnership with US Based space

352
00:16:33.970 --> 00:16:36.810
tech company Space Tango, have developed a study that will

353
00:16:36.810 --> 00:16:39.810
examine how microgravity affects the growth of certain bacterial

354
00:16:39.810 --> 00:16:42.050
species that cause diseases in humans.

355
00:16:42.770 --> 00:16:45.370
To pull it off, researchers will grow different strains of

356
00:16:45.370 --> 00:16:48.210
bacteria under microgravity, freeze that bacteria at

357
00:16:48.210 --> 00:16:51.210
minus 80 degrees Celsius, and then return the samples to Earth

358
00:16:51.210 --> 00:16:54.210
to see how they've grown differently than the same bacteria grown on the home

359
00:16:54.210 --> 00:16:57.170
planet. The bacterial strains involved re

360
00:16:57.330 --> 00:16:59.890
Coli, Salmonella bongori and Salmonella

361
00:16:59.890 --> 00:17:02.810
tiffimurium, and they were launched toward the International space station

362
00:17:02.810 --> 00:17:05.390
aboard NASA's Crew Crew 11 mission that SpaceX

363
00:17:05.390 --> 00:17:07.590
successfully launched on Friday, August 1.

364
00:17:08.550 --> 00:17:11.510
Scientists have already studied how a lack of gravity affects the

365
00:17:11.510 --> 00:17:14.430
way bacteria grow, and research from NASA is already

366
00:17:14.430 --> 00:17:16.950
underway to study bacteria in space in general.

367
00:17:17.830 --> 00:17:20.590
But researchers behind the current ISS and bacteria

368
00:17:20.590 --> 00:17:23.510
mission specifically hope to bring home data that will help curb the

369
00:17:23.510 --> 00:17:26.510
spread of infectious disease, or at least help experts find

370
00:17:26.510 --> 00:17:29.240
ways to stop bacteria from developing antibiotic resistance,

371
00:17:29.830 --> 00:17:32.510
uh, a major public health problem. That means some disease causing

372
00:17:32.510 --> 00:17:35.270
bacteria is no longer wiped out by drugs that? Ve been

373
00:17:35.270 --> 00:17:37.990
developed to clear the bacteria from people's bodies and get them

374
00:17:37.990 --> 00:17:40.870
healthy again. We know that space conditions

375
00:17:40.870 --> 00:17:43.470
affect bacterial behavior, including how they grow,

376
00:17:43.550 --> 00:17:46.550
express genes and acquire traits like antibiotic

377
00:17:46.550 --> 00:17:49.190
resistance or virulence, ohad Galmore, head of the

378
00:17:49.190 --> 00:17:51.830
Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory at Sheba Medical

379
00:17:51.830 --> 00:17:54.390
center, said in a statement. This

380
00:17:54.390 --> 00:17:56.990
experiment will allow us for the first time to

381
00:17:56.990 --> 00:17:59.950
systematically and molecularly map how the genetic expression

382
00:17:59.950 --> 00:18:02.670
profile of several pathogenic bacteria changes in

383
00:18:02.670 --> 00:18:05.270
space, the health of astronauts, and

384
00:18:05.270 --> 00:18:08.230
microgravity's effect on the human body has been top of mind

385
00:18:08.230 --> 00:18:10.990
as people explore space and the idea of what life off

386
00:18:10.990 --> 00:18:13.590
Earth looks like. Human genes

387
00:18:13.590 --> 00:18:16.270
sometimes express themselves differently in microgravity

388
00:18:16.270 --> 00:18:19.230
conditions, and scientists have linked such an environment to the

389
00:18:19.230 --> 00:18:22.080
expedited loss of muscle seen in astronauts and even their

390
00:18:22.080 --> 00:18:25.000
likelihood of developing skin rashes if

391
00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:27.680
examined on their own. However, genetic changes in

392
00:18:27.680 --> 00:18:30.680
bacteria will hopefully give researchers more clues about how they act

393
00:18:30.680 --> 00:18:33.600
once inside a human, whether it's how fast they spread or their

394
00:18:33.600 --> 00:18:36.480
likelihood of getting around our treatments both in space and here

395
00:18:36.480 --> 00:18:37.080
on Earth.

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You're listening to Astronomy Daily, the podcast.

397
00:18:42.040 --> 00:18:45.040
Steve Dunkley: With Steve Dunkley and now

398
00:18:45.040 --> 00:18:47.600
the latest news from Europa Clipper by

399
00:18:47.600 --> 00:18:50.210
NASA. The agency's largest

400
00:18:50.210 --> 00:18:52.890
interplanetary probe tested its radar during a

401
00:18:52.890 --> 00:18:55.490
Mars flyby. The results include a

402
00:18:55.490 --> 00:18:58.410
detailed image and bode well for the mission at

403
00:18:58.410 --> 00:19:00.930
Jupiter's moon Europa

404
00:19:01.330 --> 00:19:04.290
as it soared past Mars in March,

405
00:19:04.370 --> 00:19:07.290
Europa uh, Clipper conducted a critical radar

406
00:19:07.290 --> 00:19:10.170
test that had been impossible to accomplish here on Earth. Now

407
00:19:10.170 --> 00:19:13.170
that the mission scientists have studied the full stream of

408
00:19:13.170 --> 00:19:16.010
data, they can declare that mission ace or that

409
00:19:16.010 --> 00:19:18.970
test a success. The radar performed

410
00:19:18.970 --> 00:19:21.730
just as expected, bouncing and receiving signals off the

411
00:19:21.730 --> 00:19:24.570
region around Mars m equator without a hitch.

412
00:19:25.130 --> 00:19:27.850
Europa Clippers radar instrument received echoes

413
00:19:27.930 --> 00:19:30.770
of its very high frequency radar signals that

414
00:19:30.770 --> 00:19:33.770
bounce off Mars and were processed to develop a

415
00:19:33.770 --> 00:19:36.730
radiogram which can be found on the NASA website. What

416
00:19:36.730 --> 00:19:39.570
looks like a skyline is the outline of the

417
00:19:39.570 --> 00:19:42.520
topography beneath the spacecraft called reason,

418
00:19:42.600 --> 00:19:45.560
which stands for radar for Europa Assessment

419
00:19:45.560 --> 00:19:48.240
and Sounding Ocean near to surface. The

420
00:19:48.240 --> 00:19:51.200
radar instrument will see into Europa's

421
00:19:51.200 --> 00:19:54.040
icy shell, which may have pockets of water inside.

422
00:19:54.120 --> 00:19:56.760
The radar may even be able to detect the

423
00:19:56.760 --> 00:19:59.560
ocean beneath the shell of Jupiter's fourth largest

424
00:19:59.560 --> 00:20:02.480
moon. We've got everything out of the

425
00:20:02.480 --> 00:20:05.280
flyby that we dreamed of, said Don Blankenship. He's

426
00:20:05.280 --> 00:20:08.040
the principal investigator of the radar instrument

427
00:20:08.380 --> 00:20:10.940
of the University of Texas at Austin.

428
00:20:11.180 --> 00:20:13.860
He says the goal was to determine the radar's

429
00:20:13.860 --> 00:20:16.540
readiness for the Europa mission. And it worked. He says

430
00:20:16.780 --> 00:20:19.740
everything part of every part of the mission proved

431
00:20:19.820 --> 00:20:22.580
itself to do exactly what we intended. He

432
00:20:22.580 --> 00:20:25.140
sounds like a very happy developer. The

433
00:20:25.140 --> 00:20:28.020
radar will help scientists understand how the ice

434
00:20:28.020 --> 00:20:30.900
may capture materials from the ocean and transfer

435
00:20:30.900 --> 00:20:33.500
them to the surface of the moon above ground.

436
00:20:33.940 --> 00:20:36.820
The instrument will help to study elements

437
00:20:36.820 --> 00:20:39.460
of Europa's topography, such as ridges

438
00:20:39.860 --> 00:20:42.620
so the scientists can examine how they relate to

439
00:20:42.620 --> 00:20:45.220
features that REASON images beneath the surface.

440
00:20:45.780 --> 00:20:48.500
Europa Clipper has an unusual radar setup

441
00:20:48.660 --> 00:20:51.300
for an interplanetary spacecraft. Reason

442
00:20:51.380 --> 00:20:54.100
uses two pair of slender antenna

443
00:20:54.180 --> 00:20:56.340
that jut out from the solar arrays

444
00:20:56.820 --> 00:20:59.390
spanning a distance of about 58ft, or

445
00:20:59.780 --> 00:21:02.660
17.6 meters. Those arrays themselves are

446
00:21:02.660 --> 00:21:05.580
huge, from tip to tip, the size of a basketball

447
00:21:05.580 --> 00:21:08.340
court, so they can catch as much light as possible

448
00:21:08.340 --> 00:21:11.260
at Europa, which gets about 1 25th as sunlight

449
00:21:11.260 --> 00:21:13.980
as Earth. The instrument team conducted all the

450
00:21:13.980 --> 00:21:16.900
testing that was possible prior to the Spacecraft's launch from

451
00:21:17.460 --> 00:21:20.420
NASA's Kennedy Space center in Florida on

452
00:21:20.420 --> 00:21:22.740
October 14, 2024.

453
00:21:23.300 --> 00:21:26.060
During development, engineers at the agency's Jet

454
00:21:26.060 --> 00:21:28.870
Propulsion Lab laboratory in Southern California even took

455
00:21:28.870 --> 00:21:31.550
the work to outdoors, using open air

456
00:21:31.550 --> 00:21:34.270
towers on a plateau above JPL to stretch out

457
00:21:34.590 --> 00:21:37.470
and test engineering models of the instruments spindly

458
00:21:37.630 --> 00:21:40.550
high frequency and more compact very high

459
00:21:40.550 --> 00:21:43.470
frequency antennas. But once the actual flight

460
00:21:43.710 --> 00:21:46.710
hardware was built, it needed to be kept sterile and could

461
00:21:46.710 --> 00:21:48.910
be tested only in an enclosed area.

462
00:21:49.390 --> 00:21:51.950
Engineers used the giant high

463
00:21:52.640 --> 00:21:55.240
Bay one clean room at JPL where the

464
00:21:55.240 --> 00:21:58.080
spacecraft was assembled to test the instrument piece by

465
00:21:58.080 --> 00:22:01.000
piece. To test the echo or the bounce back of

466
00:22:01.000 --> 00:22:03.680
reason signals, however, they needed

467
00:22:03.840 --> 00:22:06.480
a chamber of about 250ft, or

468
00:22:06.480 --> 00:22:09.480
76 meters long, nearly 3/4 the length of a

469
00:22:09.480 --> 00:22:12.480
football field. The mission's primary goal in

470
00:22:12.480 --> 00:22:15.280
flying by Mars on March 1, less than

471
00:22:15.280 --> 00:22:17.870
five months after the launch, was to use the plan

472
00:22:18.020 --> 00:22:20.820
planet's gravitational pull to reshape the

473
00:22:20.820 --> 00:22:23.700
spacecraft's trajectory. But it also

474
00:22:24.180 --> 00:22:27.180
presented opportunities to calibrate the spacecraft's

475
00:22:27.180 --> 00:22:29.820
infrared camera and perform a dry run of the

476
00:22:29.820 --> 00:22:32.500
radar instrument over terrain NASA

477
00:22:32.500 --> 00:22:34.900
scientists had been studying for decades.

478
00:22:35.380 --> 00:22:37.860
As Europa Clipper zipped by the

479
00:22:37.860 --> 00:22:40.340
volcanic plains of the Red planet, starting at

480
00:22:40.340 --> 00:22:43.140
3,100 miles or 5,000 kilometers,

481
00:22:43.550 --> 00:22:46.430
down to 550 miles, or 884

482
00:22:46.430 --> 00:22:49.430
kilometers above the surface, Reason sent and

483
00:22:49.430 --> 00:22:52.110
received radio waves for about 40 minutes.

484
00:22:52.430 --> 00:22:55.390
In comparison, at Europa, the instrument will operate

485
00:22:55.390 --> 00:22:58.310
as close as 16 miles, or 25 kilometers

486
00:22:58.310 --> 00:23:00.910
above the moon's surface. All told,

487
00:23:01.230 --> 00:23:04.030
engineers were able to collect 60 gigabytes of

488
00:23:04.030 --> 00:23:06.910
rich data from the instrument. Almost immediately,

489
00:23:06.910 --> 00:23:09.630
they could tell REASON was working very well indeed.

490
00:23:10.100 --> 00:23:12.780
The flight team scheduled the full data set to

491
00:23:12.780 --> 00:23:15.780
download starting in mid May. Scientists relished

492
00:23:15.780 --> 00:23:18.780
the opportunity over the next couple of months to examine the

493
00:23:18.780 --> 00:23:20.820
information in detail and compare notes.

494
00:23:21.700 --> 00:23:24.540
The engineers were excited that their test worked so

495
00:23:24.540 --> 00:23:27.100
perfectly, said JPL's Tina Ray, Europa

496
00:23:27.100 --> 00:23:30.100
Clippers deputy science manager. All of us who had

497
00:23:30.100 --> 00:23:32.900
worked so hard to make this test happen and the scientists

498
00:23:32.900 --> 00:23:35.690
seeing the data for the first time were ecstatic, she

499
00:23:35.690 --> 00:23:38.650
says, saying, oh, look at this and look at

500
00:23:38.650 --> 00:23:41.410
that. Now the science team is getting a, uh, head

501
00:23:41.410 --> 00:23:44.410
start on learning how to process the data and understand the

502
00:23:44.410 --> 00:23:46.690
instruments behavior compared to the models

503
00:23:47.330 --> 00:23:50.210
they are exercising those muscles just like they

504
00:23:50.210 --> 00:23:53.050
will out at Europa. She sounds like a very

505
00:23:53.050 --> 00:23:55.850
excited scientist. Europa Clipper's

506
00:23:55.850 --> 00:23:58.810
total journey to reach the icy moon will

507
00:23:58.810 --> 00:24:01.210
be about 1.8 billion miles, or

508
00:24:01.210 --> 00:24:04.050
2.9 billion kilometers, and includes more

509
00:24:04.050 --> 00:24:06.470
one more gravity ascendant, fastest using Earth

510
00:24:06.710 --> 00:24:09.670
in 2026. The spacecraft is

511
00:24:09.670 --> 00:24:12.390
currently about 280 million miles, or

512
00:24:12.390 --> 00:24:14.790
450 million kilometers from Earth.

513
00:24:14.950 --> 00:24:17.910
Europa UH Clipper's three main science objectives

514
00:24:17.910 --> 00:24:20.470
are UH to determine the thickness of the Moon's icy

515
00:24:20.470 --> 00:24:23.270
shell and its interactions with the ocean below

516
00:24:23.510 --> 00:24:26.310
to investigate its composition and characterize its

517
00:24:26.310 --> 00:24:29.030
geology. The mission's detailed exploration

518
00:24:29.030 --> 00:24:31.590
of Europa will help scientists better understand

519
00:24:32.310 --> 00:24:34.990
the astrobiological potential for habitable

520
00:24:34.990 --> 00:24:36.550
worlds beyond Earth.

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You're listening to Astronomy Daily, the podcast.

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Hallie: With your host Steve Dudley.

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Astronomers using the NASA ESA

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CSA James Webb Space Telescope have observed the Hubble

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Ultra Deep Field, an area of deep space with nearly

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10,000 galaxies in the constellation Fornax.

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The original HUDF images were pioneering deep

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field observations with hubble. Published in

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2004, they probed more deeply

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than ever before and revealed a menagerie of galaxies

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dating back to less than a billion years after the Big Bang.

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The area was subsequently observed many times by Hubble

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and other telescopes. The field shown

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here, known as the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey region, was

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observed with the shortest wavelength filter of Webb's mid infrared

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Instrument for nearly 100 hours, the Webb astronomer

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said in a statement. This is Webb's longest

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observation of an extragalactic field in one filter

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so far, producing one of the deepest views ever obtained of

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the universe. Combined with data from Webb's

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near infrared camera, this image allows astronomers to

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explore how galaxies formed and evolved over billions of

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years. These deep observations have

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revealed more than 2,500 sources in this tiny

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patch of sky. The sky among them are hundreds of

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extremely red galaxies, some of which are likely massive

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dust obscured systems or evolved galaxies with

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mature stars that formed early in the universe's history.

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Thanks to Webb's sharp resolution even at mid infrared

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wavelengths, researchers can resolve the structures of many of these

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galaxies and study how their light is distributed,

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shedding light on their growth and evolution.

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In the new Webb image of hudf, the colors that appear have been

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assigned to different kinds of infrared light highlight the fine distinctions

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astronomers can make with these deep data.

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Orange and red represent the longest mid infrared wavelengths,

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the astronomers said. The galaxies in these

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colors have extra features such as high concentrations of

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dust, copious star formation, or an active

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galactic nucleus at their center, which emit more of this farther

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infrared light. Small greenish white

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galaxies are particularly distant with high redshifts.

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This shifts their light spectrum into the peak mid infrared

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wavelengths of the data, which are depicted in white and green.

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Most of the galaxies in this image lack any such mid

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infrared boosting features, leaving them most bright at shorter

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near infrared wavelengths, which are depicted with blue and

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cyan colors.

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That everyone was the Monday episode.

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Steve Dunkley: Wow, Hallie. All done.

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Hallie: Um, and no one caught a nasty science fiction

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bug from outer space, did we?

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Steve Dunkley: No we didn't, Hallie. So

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thankfully, we will be seeing you again next week on

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Astronomy Daily with.

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Hallie: Us, Hallie and Steve.

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Steve Dunkley: That's right. See you next Monday, everybody.

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Hallie: Bye.

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Voice Over Guy: Astronomy Daily, the podcast

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with your host, Steve Dunkley.