Proving Einstein, Birth of a Gas Giant, and SpaceX's Milestones

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, the podcast

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that brings you the latest discoveries from across

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the cosmos. I'm Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. We've got an

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absolutely incredible episode for you today.

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We're talking about black holes that are proving

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Einstein and hawking right. SpaceX's

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latest mission success. And for the first time ever,

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astronomers have actually caught a baby

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planet in the act of being born.

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Anna: Plus, we'll explore a mind bending

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prediction about exploding primordial

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black holes that could revolutionize

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physics. So grab your favorite

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beverage and let's dive into the wonders of

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the universe.

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Avery: Alright, Anna, let's start with what might be

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the most significant gravitational wave

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discovery since LIGO first detected

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these cosmic ripples. Scientists have now

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confirmed some of Einstein and Hawking's

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most important predictions about black holes. Tell

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us what happened.

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Anna: This is absolutely fascinating,

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avery. Back in January

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2025, LIGO detected

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gravitational waves from two black holes

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colliding 1.3 billion light

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years away. But what makes this discovery

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special isn't just the detection

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itself. It's what the scientists were

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able to prove using the data.

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Avery: Right. They actually confirmed Hawking's area

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theorem, which states that a black hole surface

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area can never decre. That's

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pretty remarkable when you think about it. We're talking about

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testing theoretical physics on some of the most

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extreme objects in the universe.

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Anna: Exactly. The numbers are

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staggering too. Before the collision,

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the combined surface area of both black

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holes was about 240,000

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square kilometers. After they merged,

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the final black hole had a surface area

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of 400,000 square kilometers.

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So even though these massive objects crashed

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together and merged, the total surface area

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actually increased, just as Hawking

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predicted.

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Avery: What I find incredible is that they also

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confirmed the merged black hole matches

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Einstein's Kerr metric. This provides

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the strongest evidence yet that these astrophysical

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black holes behave exactly as general

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relativity predicts. We're literally watching

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Einstein's equations play out on a

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cosmic scale.

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Anna: It's mind blowing to think that theories developed

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nearly a century ago are being proven

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correct by observations of events that happened

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over a billion years ago. Science

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is truly amazing.

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Avery: Speaking of impressive achievements, let's talk

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about SpaceX's latest success. On

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September 11, 2025, they launched

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the Nusantara Lima satellite for

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Indonesian telecom company psn.

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Anna, uh, this wasn't just an ordinary launch.

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Anna: Not at all, Avery. This launch had

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some impressive milestones. First, they

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had to deal with three days of weather delays at Cape

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Canaveral, which shows how seriously

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SpaceX takes safety conditions. But when

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they finally launched the Falcon 9 first

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stage made its 23rd successful

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landing on the drone ship. A shortfall of

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gravitas 23 flights for.

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Avery: A single rocket booster. I still get

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amazed by the reusability SpaceX has achieved.

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And, um, this Boeing built satellite is going to make a real

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difference for people in Indonesia, right?

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Anna: Absolutely. Indonesia has over

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17,000 islands, so

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providing reliable telecommunications across

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such a geographically challenging region

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is no small feat. The Nusantara

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Lima satellite will operate from

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geosynchronous orbit with a capacity of over

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160 gigabits per second.

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That's enough bandwidth to connect millions of people

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across these REM island communities.

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Avery: And this was SpaceX's

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114th Falcon 9 mission

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of 2025. That's more than two

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launches per week on average. The pace

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of space activity these days is just incredible.

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Anna: Now, Avery, let's move to what might be

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my favorite story of the day. For the

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first time ever, astronomers have actually

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observed a baby planet carving out

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gaps in the dusty disk around its

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newborn star. This is like catching

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planet formation in the act.

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Avery: This is absolutely groundbreaking, Anna.

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Uh, the planet's called Wispit2b,

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and it's orbiting a star with the Wonderfully complex

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name Wispit 2

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TYC 5709

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354, located

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434 light years away. What

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makes this discovery so special?

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Anna: Well, for decades, astronomers have theorized about

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how planets form by accreting, uh, material

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from these dusty disks around young stars

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and how they carve out gaps as they grow.

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But we've never actually seen it happening in real

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time. This baby planet is a gas

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giant about five times the mass of Jupiter,

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orbiting 54 astronomical units

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from its star.

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Avery: The technology they use to spot this is

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incredible, too. They used the Mag

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AOX adaptive optics system on the

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Magellan telescope, and they actually detected

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H Alpha light from hot hydrogen gas

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falling onto the forming planet. That's like

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watching a cosmic construction site in action.

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Anna: What I love about this discovery is that it confirms

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decades of theoretical work. Scientists

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have been modeling planetary formation for so

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long, and now we're finally seeing direct

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evidence that our understanding is correct.

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And it's like watching a baby take its first steps.

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Except the baby is a gas giant five times

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bigger than Jupiter.

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Avery: And this opens up so many possibilities for

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studying planetary formation in other

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systems. We might be able to watch entire

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solar systems being born and understand

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how common different types of planetary architectures

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really are.

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Anna: And speaking of new discoveries, Avery, I

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think our listeners would love to hear about some of the other incredible

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breakthroughs happening in space exploration right now.

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We've Been focusing a lot on the distant universe, but

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there's actually been some fascinating developments

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much closer to home on Mars.

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Avery: Oh, absolutely, Anna. Uh, the Perseverance

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rover has been making some incredible discoveries

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lately. As we reported yesterday, just this past

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month, it found organic molecules in what

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appears to be an ancient river delta and Jeissero

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Crater. But what's really exciting is that

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these aren't just simple organic compounds.

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They're complex molecules that could potentially be

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biosignatures.

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Anna: That's exactly right, Avery. And what makes this

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discovery even more compelling is the

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geological context. Perseverance has been

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analyzing rock samples from what scientists believe

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was once a vast lake system complete

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with flowing rivers and deltas, exactly the kind

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of environment where early life might have thrived

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billions of years ago.

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Avery: The technology behind these discoveries is just as

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fascinating as the findings themselves.

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Perseverance is using its supercam instrument

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to analyze rocks with laser spectroscopy,

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literally vaporizing tiny portions of Martian

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rocks and analyzing the resulting

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plasma. It's like having a complete

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chemistry lab rolling around on another planet.

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Anna: And here's where it gets really exciting for the future.

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Avery Perseverance has been carefully collecting

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and caching the most promising samples in

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sealed tubes that are designed to be retrieved by

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future missions. The Mars Sample Return campaign,

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a collaboration between NASA and esa,

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aims to bring these samples back to Earth, where they can be

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analyzed with instruments far more sophisticated

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than anything we can send to Mars.

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Avery: The timeline for Mars Sample return is

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ambitious, but achievable. We are looking at

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potential sample retrieval in the

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early2030s, which means that within

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this decade, we could have actual pieces of

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Mars sitting in laboratories here on Earth.

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Imagine being able to study Martian rocks with

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electron microscopes, mass spectrometers,

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and other advanced instruments that would be impossible

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to miniaturize for a rover mission.

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Anna: What I find most compelling about all these

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discoveries from the baby planet we discussed

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earlier to these potential biosignatures on

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Mars, is how they're reshaping our

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understanding of how common life might be

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in the universe. We're learning that the basic building

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blocks and conditions for life appear to be

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surprisingly widespread, both in our solar

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system and beyond.

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Avery: And it's not just Mars that's showing promise, Anna. Uh,

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we've got the Europa Clipper mission launching soon to study

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Jupiter's moon Europa, which likely has a

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subsurface ocean with more water than all

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of Earth's oceans combined. Then there's the

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Dragonfly mission to Titan, Saturn's largest

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moon, where we'll have a nuclear powered helicopter

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searching for signs of prebiotic chemistry.

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The next two decades are going to be absolutely

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incredible for astrobiology.

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Anna: Amazing. How's astronomy and space exploration keep

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expanding our perspective from searching for

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life in our cosmic backyard to probing the

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fundamental physics of the universe itself.

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Speaking of fundamental physics, Avery, let's

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shift gears to something that sounds like pure science

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fiction, but could become reality very soon.

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Our final major story today takes us into

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some truly mind bending theoretical

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physics. Researchers at UMass Amherst M

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are predicting a 90% chance that

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we'll observe an exploding primordial black

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hole within the next decade. This

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sounds like science fiction, but it's very real

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science.

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Avery: It really does sound like sci fi, Anna.

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These primordial black holes would have formed

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shortly after the Big Bang. And according

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to Hawkins theory, they could eventually explode through

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Hawking radiation. But the timeline was

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always thought to be incredibly long.

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Like once every hundred thousand years.

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Anna: Right. But this team has developed something called a dark

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QED toy model that suggests

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charged primordial black holes could explode

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much more frequently, potentially once every

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10 years instead of once every hundred thousand

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years. That's a massive difference.

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Avery: The implications are staggering.

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If we actually observed one of these explosions,

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it would revolutionize our understanding of

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physics. We'd essentially get a complete

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inventory of all subatomic particles,

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including potentially discovering new ones we didn't even

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know existed.

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Anna: It's like having a cosmic particle accelerator that

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operates at energies far beyond anything we can

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create on Earth. If their predictions are correct,

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the next decade could see some of the most important

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discoveries in the history of physics.

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Avery: Before we wrap up, Anna, uh, we've got time for a

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few quick bonus stories that caught our attention.

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First up, uh, something a bit different.

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Darth Vader's lightsaber from the Empire Strikes

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Back and Return of the Jedi just sold at

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auction for $3.6

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million.

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Anna: That's an astronomical price for a movie prop.

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But I have to admit, Star wars has inspired

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countless people to pursue careers in science and space

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exploration. And speaking of space exploration,

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scientists are proposing that rectangular

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telescopes could help us find Earth Earth 2.0

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by providing better resolution for exoplanet detection.

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Avery: Rectangular telescopes. Who would have thought?

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And here's one more quick story that's pretty incredible.

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New research shows that solar flares can reach

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temperatures of 108 million

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degrees, which is six times hotter than

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scientists previously thought. That's

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absolutely mind boggling when you think about the energies

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involved.

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Anna: Before we sign off, Avery, I want to take a

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moment to reflect on something that really strikes me

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about today's stor. We've covered

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discoveries Spanning from the very formation of the

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universe with primordial black holes to

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the birth of new worlds to the search for

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life itself. What amazes me

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is that all of these breakthroughs are happening

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simultaneously right now in

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what future historians might call the golden age of

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astronomy.

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Avery: You're absolutely right, Anna. Uh, and what's

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particularly exciting is how these discoveries

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are interconnected. The same gravitational

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wave detectors that confirmed Einstein's predictions

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about black holes are the ones that might detect

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exploding primordial black holes. The same

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spectroscopic techniques we use to study

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exoplanets are helping us analyze potential

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biosignatures on Mars. The telescopes

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observing baby planets forming are also

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searching for signs of life in other solar systems.

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Anna: It really demonstrates how astronomy is

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becoming increasingly interdisciplinary.

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We're not just astronomers anymore. We're

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astrobiologists, particle physicists,

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geologists, and atmospheric scientists,

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all working together to understand our place in

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the cosmos. And perhaps most

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importantly, we're sharing these discoveries

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with everyone, inspiring the next generation

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of scientists who will make even more

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incredible discoveries in the decades to come.

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What an incredible journey through the cosmos we've had today,

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Avery. From confirming Einstein and

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Hawking's predictions with gravitational waves,

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to watching planets being born, to the

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possibility of observing exploding black

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holes in the next decade, it really.

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Avery: Shows how dynamic and exciting astronomy

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is right now. Anna. We're living in a golden

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age of discovery, with new technologies allowing

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us to observe phenomena that were purely

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theoretical just a few years ago.

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Anna: Thank you for joining us on Astronomy Daily.

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Keep looking up, keep asking questions,

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and remember, the universe is full of

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wonders waiting to be discovered. And remember

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to visit our

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website@astronomydaily.IO

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to check out these stories in more detail and catch

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up on the latest news with our continually

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updating Space News feed.

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Avery: Until next time, this is Avery and Anna

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signing off. Clear skies, everyone.