Moon Race Showdown; Black Hole Kicks and Enceladus' Organic Mystery

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your source

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for the latest in space exploration and

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cosmic discoveries. I'm Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. We've got some fascinating stories to

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dive into today, from NASA's bold stands on the moon

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race to some incredible black hole physics that'll

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blow your mind.

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Anna: Let's start with some big news from Capitol Hill.

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Acting NASA Administrator Sean Duffy

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is pushing back hard against claims that

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NASA is losing the moon race to China.

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During recent Senate testing testimony, there were

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suggestions that China might beat us back to the

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lunar surface, and Duffy was.

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Avery: Having none of it. He responded with what I'd call

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confident determination. The timeline he laid out

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is pretty ambitious. Artemis 2 is scheduled for

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February 2026, which will be that lunar

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flyby mission with astronauts actually going around the

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moon for the first time since Apollo.

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Anna: Then comes the big one, Artemis 3 in

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2027, which would put American boots

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back on the lunar surface after more than

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that's the mission. Everyone's really watching. Of

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course, there are always concerns about budget cuts affecting

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these ambitious timelines. But here's

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what's interesting. Duffy seems confident that

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Artemis will get full funding. More than

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that, he's really pushing for what he calls a culture

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shift at NASA, moving from endless

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analysis to actually taking action.

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It sounds like he wants to inject some of that old

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Apollo era urgency back into the program.

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Avery: You know, it really does feel like we're at this pivotal

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moment where space exploration is becoming competitive

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again, but on a global scale. The fact that

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we're even having conversations about a, uh, moon race in

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2025 would have seemed like science fiction

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just a decade ago. Speaking of international

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competition, it's worth noting that China isn't just

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sitting idle either. Their Chang' E program has been

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remarkably successful, and they're planning their own crewed

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moon missions for the late 2000s. And they've already

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achieved some impressive firsts, like landing on the far

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side of the moon with Chang' E4.

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Anna: But here's what I find. Despite

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all this talk of competition, there's still

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incredible cooperation happening. The International

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Space Station has been this amazing example

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of what we can achieve when we work together.

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Even during periods of political tension on

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Earth, astronauts and cosmonauts have continued

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working side by side in space.

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Avery: And we can't forget about Europe's contributions either.

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The European Space Agency's James Webb Space

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Telescope partnership with NASA has been absolutely

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revolutionary. Plus, their BepiColombo mission

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to Mercury and the upcoming JUICE mission to

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Jupiter's moons show that some of the most ambitious

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science requires these International partnerships.

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Anna: Absolutely.

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And speaking of science that seems like fiction,

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we have this incredible story about black

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holes that's just mind bending.

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Scientists have measured the kick a

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newborn black hole for the first time using

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gravitational waves. This is the stuff that

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makes me fall in love with physics all over again.

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Avery: The technical term is black hole recoil. And this

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is the first complete measurement we've ever gotten.

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When two black holes merge and create a new one,

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the process isn't perfectly symmetrical. The

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gravitational waves get emitted more strongly in one

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direction, which gives the newly formed black hole

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a literal kick.

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Anna: And when you say kick, you mean this thing is moving

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at 112,000 miles per hour.

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That's 150 times faster than the speed

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of sound on Earth. This baby black hole is

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moving so fast, it could actually escape from

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its home globular cluster entirely.

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Imagine that, a black hole getting literally

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kicked out of its own neighborhood.

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Avery: The timing of this discovery is pretty remarkable too.

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It comes almost exactly 10 years after

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LIGO and Virgo first detected gravitational

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waves. Those detectors have opened up an entirely

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new way of studying the universe. We're literally

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listening to space time itself ripple from these

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cosmic collisions. It's like having a

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completely new sense organ for astronomy. And

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this measurement opens up so many possibilities for

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studying black hole behavior that we never had before.

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We can start to understand not just how black holes

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form, but how they move through space after they're

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created.

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Anna: What's really exciting is that this is just the beginning

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of gravitational wave astronomy. We're getting ready

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for even more sensitive detectors like lisa,

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the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. Unlike

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LIGO and virgo, which are ground based, LISA

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will be in space with arms millions of

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kilometers long.

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Avery: That scale is just mind boggling.

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LISA will be able to detect much lower frequency

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gravitational waves. Which means we could potentially observe

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the merger of supermassive black holes at the centers of

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galaxies. Even primordial gravitational waves

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from the very early universe. We're talking about

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using Einstein's predictions to probe cosmic history going

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back to the Big Bang itself.

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Anna: Now, shifting gears to

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astrobiology, we have some news from

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Saturn's moon Enceladus. That's a bit of a

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reality check for those of us hoping to find life in our

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solar system. New research is suggesting that

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those organic molecules in Enceladus plumes

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might not be the biosignatures we hoped they were.

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Avery: This is really important context. When Cassini

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discovered those water plumes shooting out from Enceladus

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south pole containing organic compounds from what

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we thought was the underground ocean, it was huge news.

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Everyone was thinking this could be where we find life in our

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solar system.

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Anna: But these new lab experiments are showing us that those

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organic molecules Might actually be forming on the

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surface Due to radiation bombardment, Rather

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than coming from the ocean below. Essentially,

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cosmic radiation hitting the icy surface could be

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creating these compounds through purely chemical

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processes.

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Avery: Now, this doesn't rule out life entirely. That's

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important to emphasize. The underground ocean could still

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harbor life. But it does mean we can't just assume that

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detecting organic compounds automatically equals

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habitability. It's a good reminder that

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astrobiology is incredibly complex.

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Anna: Exactly. And it means that future missions to

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Enceladus will need to be much more sophisticated.

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We'll need instruments that can distinguish between organic

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molecules that came from the ocean Versus those produced

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by radiation on the surface. It's actually making

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the science more interesting, Even if it's

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complicating our search for life. The good news is

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that Enceladus isn't our only hope for finding life

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in the outer solar system. Europa, Jupiter's

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ice covered moon, Remains incredibly promising.

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And then there's Titan with its lakes of liquid

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methanecompletely different chemistry, but

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potentially just as fascinating from a life perspective.

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Avery: And we're actually going to get much better tools for studying these

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worlds soon. NASA's Europa Clipper

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launched last year, and we'll start studying Jupiter's

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icy moon in detail. Plus there's the

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Dragonfly mission to Titan that's scheduled for the

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2000s. A nuclear powered helicopter

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that will fly around Titan's surface, Exploring its

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prebiotic chemistry.

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Anna: While we're talking about the search for life, we can't forget about

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Mars, where the search continues in real time.

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Percy, that's NASA's Perseverance Rover is

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still out there collecting samples that will eventually be

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returned to Earth by future missions. The Mars

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sample return mission Is one of the most ambitious

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interplanetary projects ever attempted.

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Avery: What I love about the Mars program is how it's

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evolved from just trying to reach the planet to doing

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incredibly sophisticated science.

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Perseverance is drilling into rocks that formed in what

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used to be a lake bed, Looking for signs of ancient

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microbial life and ingenuity. That little

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helicopter has far exceeded everyone's

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expectations. It was supposed to fly five times and has

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now completed over 100 flights.

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Anna: You know, one thing that's really transforming

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space exploration Is the rise of commercial

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partnerships. SpaceX has

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revolutionized how we think about launch costs with their

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reusable rockets. What used to cost

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hundreds of millions of dollars per launch Is

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now dramatically more Affordable. And that's opening

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up possibilities we couldn't even dream of a

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decade ago.

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Avery: Exactly. And it's not just SpaceX. We've

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got companies like Rocket Lab launching smaller satellites

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more efficiently. Even newer players like Relativity

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space trying to 3D print entire rockets.

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The democratization of space access means

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universities, small countries, and even private

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individuals can now fund space missions that would have been

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impossible before.

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Anna: Speaking of the future, astronomy is about

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to get even more incredible with the next

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generation of space telescopes. The James

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Webb Space Telescope has already exceeded our

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wildest expectations. But there's so much

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more coming. The Nancy Grace Roman Space

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Telescope will give us panoramic views of the

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universe and help us understand dark energy

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and dark matter.

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Avery: And don't forget about the incredible ground based telescopes

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coming online. The Extremely Large Telescope in

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Chile will have a mirror 39 meters across

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that's bigger than a football field. Combined with

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adaptive optics to compensate for atmospheric

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distortion, it'll be able to image exoplanets

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directly and potentially even detect signs of life

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in their atmospheres.

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Anna: It's incredible to think about how far we've come from

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those early days of space exploration to these

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modern marvels of technology. And that actually

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brings me to something that beautifully bridges past

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and future.

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Avery: Speaking of making things more interesting, we have this

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wonderful story about restored NASA images that's

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bringing some real human emotion back to space

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exploration. Andy Saunders has spent

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thousands of hours restoring these deeply personal images

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from early space missions that were locked away in

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NASA vaults.

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Anna: These aren't just any photos. We're talking

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about images from the Gemini and Mercury missions,

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including Ed White's first US Spacewalk and

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Buzz Aldrin's first space selfie.

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These missions were the crucial stepping stones that

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made Apollo possible. Without Gemini

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and Mercury, we never would have made it to the moon.

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Avery: The fact that Saunders describes them as

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deeply personal really resonates with me.

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These weren't just technical documentation.

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They captured human beings taking their first

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tentative steps into the cosmos. Ed White

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floating in space tethered to his Gemini

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capsule was literally humanity's first

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taste of what it felt like to walk in space.

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Anna: And now they're on exhibition at Jodrell Bank

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Observatory in Cheshire, which is just perfect.

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Jodrell bank has been at the forefront of radio

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astronomy for decades. So having these restored

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images there creates this beautiful connection

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between different eras of space exploration.

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Avery: It makes you wonder what other treasures are sitting in

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archives around the world waiting to be

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rediscovered and shared. The restoration

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process must have been incredibly painstaking

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thousands of hours of work to bring these moments back to life.

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Anna: Before we wrap up, there's one quick item that caught our

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attention. The US Air Force has selected Blue

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Origin and Anduril for something called the Regal

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Program. Blue Origin got $1.3

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million. Anduril got 1 million. The

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goal is to deliver cargo in anywhere on Earth within

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one hour using rockets for military

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logistics.

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Avery: That's fascinating from a technology perspective,

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using rocket technology for essentially very fast

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package delivery. But for military applications,

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it shows how space technology continues to find new

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applications back here on Earth. Though I have to

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admit, the idea of rocket powered logistics

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sounds both exciting and slightly terrifying.

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Anna: Whether it's gps, satellite

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communications, or now

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rocket powered logistics, space

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exploration keeps finding ways to

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benefit life on Earth.

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Avery: That's exactly what makes this field so exciting

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to follow. Every discovery,

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every technological advance, every

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restored photograph connects us more deeply to

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both our cosmic heritage and our

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future among the stars.

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Anna: Thanks for joining us on Astronomy Daily. Keep

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looking up and we'll see you next time with more stories

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from the final frontier. In the meantime, you can

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get all the latest space news by visiting our website

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and checking out our continuously updating news

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feed. You can find

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us@astronomydaily.IO

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until next time.

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Avery: Remember, we're all made of star stuff, and every

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day brings us new ways to understand our place in the

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universe.

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Anna: And that's the beauty of this moment in space

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exploration. We're

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simultaneously reaching back to

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honor the pioneers who made it all possible,

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while stretching forward toward

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discoveries that will reshape our

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understanding of life, the universe,

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and our place within it.