Mars Sample Return Challenges, AI Satellites Revolutionising Space Tech, and Signals to Alien Civilisations

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your go to podcast

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for the latest and most fascinating updates from the vast expanse

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of space and the cutting edge of astronomy. I'm your host

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Anna, and I'm thrilled to have you join me today

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as we dive into some truly exciting developments

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from the ongoing saga of bringing Martian samples home

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to satellites with digital brains and even the

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possibility of our own signals reaching alien

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civilizations. We've got a lot to explore,

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plus we're take, uh, a stunning look at how Hubble is helping

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us unravel the mysteries of dark matter. So buckle

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up because we're about to embark on another cosmic journey.

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Let's kick things off today by turning our attention to Mars,

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specifically to NASA's Mars Sample Return Mission,

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or MSR, which has been facing some significant

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hurdles. The Perseverance rover, which

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landed on the red planet in 2021, has

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been diligently collecting intriguing samples,

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all in preparation for this follow up mission to bring them back

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to Earth for analysis. However, recent

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independent reviews have cast a shadow over these

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plans, indicating that the costs for MSR could

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balloon to an astounding $11 billion.

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This steep price tag has led to the mission facing

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potential cancellation in the upcoming Trump

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administration budget proposals for

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2026. But there might be

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a lifeline for this crucial scientific endeavour.

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Aerospace giant Lockheed Martin, a company with

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deep roots in Mars exploration, having built 11

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of NASA's 22 Mars spacecraft over the years,

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is stepping forward with a new proposal. They're

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offering a streamlined, more cost effective

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mission architecture, aiming to execute the

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Mars sample return as a firm fixed price

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solution for under $3 billion. That's a

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significant reduction compared to the current estimates of 7

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billion. Their approach involves utilising

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existing designs and streamlining operations for the

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primary spacecraft and systems, while carefully

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managing risk and reducing oversight. This would include

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a smaller lander, a smaller Mars Ascent Vehicle,

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and a smaller Earth Entry system. The

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lander, for instance, would build on the successful heritage of

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NASA's InSight lander, which had a smooth touchdown

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on Mars in 2018. Lockheed

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Martin also highlights its extensive experience with sample return

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missions, having designed and built the spacecraft and

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return capsules for all three of NASA's robotic

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sample return missions, including the recent

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Osiris Rex Asteroid Sample Return Mission,

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which brought samples from Asteroid Bennu back to Earth in

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2023. Lockheed Martin

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believes that by taking a commercial industry approach,

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focusing on key requirements, leveraging flight

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proven elements and limiting new designs,

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they can bring back the samples that hold the potential to

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unlock Mars's mysteries and lay crucial

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groundwork for future human missions to The Red Planet.

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However, Lockheed's plan isn't the only alternative

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on the table. Private space company Rocket Lab

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also put forward its own cut price proposal last year,

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responding to NASA's call for ideas to bring these

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precious samples home in a faster and more

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economical way. And it's not just American companies

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vying for this challenge. China is also

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actively working on its own robotic campaign to collect

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and return Mars samples. Their Tianwen 3

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mission is set for launch in late 2028

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and if successful, could make China the first to

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acquire historic Red Planet samples

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potentially holding evidence of life beyond

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Earth. Interestingly, the US approach

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to Mars seems to be undergoing a broader shift,

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moving away from purely robotic missions and more towards

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putting astronauts on the Red plan. This direction

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is reflected in the current administration's budget proposals,

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likely leveraging advancements like SpaceX's in

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development. Starship Mega Rocket. While

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landing humans on Mars is a far more complex and

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challenging undertaking, if realised, it would

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also bring invaluable martian rock dust and

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atmospheric samples directly to Earth, potentially

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even more comprehensively than a robotic mission.

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It's a fascinating time for Mars exploration

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with multiple pathways being explored to unlock its

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secrets from the red dust of

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Mars, let's now pivot to something truly innovative

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happening much closer to home, right here in Earth's

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orbit.

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Imagine a satellite no bigger than a mini

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fridge that's about to change space technology as we know

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it. And it's happening at an almost unheard of pace.

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Researchers from UC Davis have developed a

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groundbreaking satellite system that can monitor and

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predict its own condition in real time. All thanks

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to artificial intelligence. This marks a significant

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milestone. The first time a digital brain has been

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built directly into a spacecraft to operate independently

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in orbit. What makes this even more

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astonishing is the speed at which it's come to

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fruition. The entire project, from initial

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planning to its upcoming launch in October

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2025, will be completed in a mere

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13 months. This shatters the typical multi

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year development cycles for satellite missions,

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largely due to a unique partnership between university

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scientists and engineers in Proteus space,

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creating what they call the first rapid design to

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deployment satellite system of its kind.

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The real star of this mission is its custom payload.

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A special package inside the satellite that houses a digital

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twin. Now you might have heard of digital twins

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before, but typically these computer models of

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spacecraft systems reside on Earth and receive

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updates from space. This new innovation is different.

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This M digital twin lives and works inside the satellite

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itself. This means the satellite doesn't need to

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constantly phone home to understand its own health.

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Instead, it uses its Built in sensors and software to

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continuously check the status of its batteries,

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monitor power levels, and even anticipate

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potential future issues. As Adam

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Zufal, a graduate researcher on the project, explained,

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the spacecraft itself can let us know how it's doing,

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which is all done by humans. Now, the

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artificial intelligence at the heart of this system doesn't just

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collect data, it learns from it over

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time. The satellite's brain is designed to get smarter,

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improving its ability to predict how its batteries and other

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systems will behave. This incredible capability

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allows the satellite to adjust its operations

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autonomously, proactively heading off

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problems even before they fully develop. Professor

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Steven Robinson, who directs the lab that built the

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payload, highlighted this, stating it

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should get smarter as it goes and be able to predict how it's going

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to perform in the near future. Current satellites do not

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have this capability. This cutting

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edge technology is the result of impressive teamwork,

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bringing together experts in robotics,

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space systems, computer science and battery research.

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Graduate students have played a major role,

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contributing to everything from the spacecraft's software

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design to how the AI makes its predictions.

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Once launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base, the

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satellite will enter low Earth orbit, where it's designed

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to remain active for up to 12 months,

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rigorously testing its smart brain in the harsh environment

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of space. After its mission, it will

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safely deorbit and burn up in the atmosphere,

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ensuring a clean space environment. The

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implications of this self monitoring satellite are

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vast. Currently, ground teams are constantly

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managing spacecraft, running checks and responding

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to problems, which leads to delays, increased

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costs and added risks. By embedding real

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time digital twins on board, future satellites

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could adjust to problems on their own. Whether it's shutting

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down, failing parts, conserving power, or

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warning engineers of impending issues days in advance,

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this innovative approach promises to significantly reduce

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the workload for ground teams and vastly improve the life

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and safety of space missions. This small satellite

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could truly spark a major shift in how future space systems

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are built and operated.

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Now, from cutting edge satellites, let's turn our gaze

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outward, far beyond Earth's immediate vicinity

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to a fascinating and perhaps slightly unsettling.

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Are we inadvertently broadcasting our presence to

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intelligent alien life? New research

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suggests we might already be doing just that, sending

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out signals that could inadvertently scream, we're here.

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Come find us. According to this new study,

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military and civilian radar signals emanating from Earth

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could serve as a beacon for advanced alien

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civilizations, indicating the presence of

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intelligent life on our planet. These

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hidden electromagnetic leakages could

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potentially be visible to aliens up to 200 light

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years away, provided they possess state of the

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art radio telescopes comparable to our own.

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This concept, of course, works both ways,

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offering clues on how far out in the cosmos we might be

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able to detect similar signals from other advanced

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civilizations. Ramiro K. Said,

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the team leader and a researcher from the University of

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Manchester explained that their findings suggest

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radar signals produced unintentionally by any

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planet with advanced technology and complex aviation

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systems could act as a universal sign of

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intelligent life. This research supports

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both the scientific quest to answer the perennial question

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are we alone? And our practical efforts to

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manage the influence of technology on our world and beyond.

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The team specifically highlighted major global

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aviation hubs such as o' Hare International

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Airport in Chicago, John F. Kennedy International

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Airport in New York, and Heathrow Airport in

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London. Their simulations revealed that the

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combined radio signals from these airport radar

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systems, which constantly sweep the skies for

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aircraft, are strong enough to be picked up by

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powerful telescopes located as far as

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200 light years away. This means that if

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intelligent life exists on a potentially habitable

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world like Proxima Centauri B, which is a ah,

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mere four light years away, their radio

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telescopes could already be detecting our leaked signals.

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Military radar signals present a slightly different scenario.

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These signals are more focused and directed, creating

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lighthouse like beams that sweep across space.

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As Kes Said noted, these military signals would

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appear clearly artificial to anyone watching from

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interstellar distances with powerful radio telescopes, and

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can even appear up to a hundred times stronger from certain

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vantage points in space. Beyond the exciting

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implications for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,

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or ceti, this research also offers valuable

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insights for perfecting our terrestrial radar systems

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and understanding the broader impact of human technology

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on our cosmic environment. It truly makes you

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wonder who might be listening out there.

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From thinking about who might be listening to our signals,

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let's now shift our focus to what we can observe in the

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vastness of space, particularly a

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new breathtaking image from the Hubble Space

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Telescope. This image zeroes in on

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Abell 209, a truly colossal

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galaxy cluster situated approximately

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2.8 billion light years away in the

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constellation Cetus, also known as the whale.

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Hubble's latest portrait reveals more than 100

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gleaming galaxies within this cluster, presenting

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a mesmerising sight. However, what we can visually

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see is only a fraction of the story. These

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galaxies are separated by immense distances

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stretching millions of light years apart, and the space

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between them is far from empty. It's filled with

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scorching diffuse gas, which is only

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detectable through X ray observations. And

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then there's the most mysterious

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dark matter. This invisible

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form of matter doesn't interact with light, yet it makes up

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a significant portion of the universe. In fact,

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scientists estimate that the cosmos is

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composed of about 5% normal matter,

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25% dark matter, and a staggering

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70% dark energy. Clusters like

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a Bell 209 are incredibly massive,

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so much so that they actually warp the very fabric

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of space around them. This distortion bends the

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light coming from even more distant galaxies located behind

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the cluster, a phenomenon known as gravitational

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lensing. This acts like a natural

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cosmic magnifying glass, enabling

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scientists to study galaxies that would otherwise be too

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faint or simply too far away to observe.

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While this particular image of Abel 209

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doesn't display the dramatic rings often associated with

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gravitational lensing, it still

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shows subtle signs of this effect.

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You can spot streaky, slightly curved galaxies

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nestled within the cluster's golden glow. By

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meticulously measuring the distortion of these background

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galaxies, astronomers can precisely

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map the distribution of mass within the cluster,

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effectively illuminating the underlying invisible

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cloud of dark matter. This vital information,

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which Hubble's exquisite resolution and sensitive

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instruments help to provide, is absolutely critical

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for testing our theories about how our universe has evolved

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over cosmic time.

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That brings us to the end of another fascinating journey through the

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cosmos. On Astronomy Daily Today,

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we've covered the ambitious plans to rescue the Mars

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Sample Return mission, the groundbreaking AI

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powered satellite poised to revolutionise space tech,

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the intriguing possibility of our airport radar signals

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reaching alien civilizations, and Hubble's incredible

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work in unmasking dark matter in the distant Abell

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209 galaxy cluster. Thank

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you for tuning in and exploring these cosmic wonders with me,

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Anna. You, uh, can catch up on all the latest space and

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astronomy news with our constantly updating news feedback

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and listen to all our back episodes by visiting our

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website@astronomydaily.IO.

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don't forget to subscribe to Astronomy Daily on Apple

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Podcasts, Spotify, YouTube, or wherever you get your

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podcasts. To ensure you never miss an episode. Until

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tomorrow, keep looking up