Making Water on the Moon, The Hubble Bubble Hypothesis, and Neptune's Unique Orbital Partner

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your daily dose of

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cosmic curiosities and stellar stories.

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I'm your host, Anna, and I'm thrilled to have you join us for

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another exciting journey through the universe.

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Today, we're diving into some fascinating

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breakthroughs. We'll explore how new technology might allow

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us to make water and fuel right on the moon,

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potentially changing the future of lunar exploration.

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We'll also ponder an intriguing theory that suggests our

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entire galaxy might be floating inside a massive

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cosmic void. A Hubble bubble, if you.

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Which could reshape our understanding of the universe's

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expansion. And for those who love to look up,

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we'll guide you on how to best catch an upcoming celestial

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spectacle. The Southern Delta Aquarian meteor

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shower. Plus, we've got a quirky tale about a newly

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discovered space rock doing a strange orbital dance with

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Neptune. So buckle up because there's a lot to

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unpack in today's episode.

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First up, let's talk about something that could truly

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revolutionise our future in space.

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Making essential resources directly on the

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moon. Imagine if astronauts didn't have to

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haul every drop of water or every breath of

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oxygen from Earth. Well, a team of

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researchers from China is working to make that a reality,

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developing a new technology that they say could produce water,

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oxygen and even fuel from lunar soil.

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This is a game changer because shipping just one litre of water to

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the moon currently costs a staggering

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33,000 Australian dollars, which is roughly

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US$22,000. So

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finding ways to use the moon's own resources will be

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absolutely critical if humanity is going to

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return there and establish temporary or even long term

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habitats. The new approach uses what's called

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photothermal technology, detailed in a paper published

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in the journal Joule. Lunar soil isn't just

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inert dust. It actually holds stores of carbon dioxide

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and water, along with other minerals that could be incredibly

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useful for space mission crews. The real puzzle has

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always been how to extract these molecules efficiently on the

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moon's surface. As co author Lu Wang from the

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Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, put it,

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they never fully imagined the magic that the lunar

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soil possessed. Wang's team had

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previously analysed lunar soil samples brought back by

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China's Chang's five spacecraft, discovering

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that moon dust indeed contains many useful

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compounds. Their latest research builds on this,

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showing it's possible to extract water from lunar soil.

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But it gets even more exciting. They can then use

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that extracted water and the carbon dioxide

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exhaled by astronauts to produce

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hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide. These

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products in turn can be used to create fuel and

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breathable oxygen. All that's needed

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to power this remarkable process is the

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photothermal technology, which efficiently

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converts sun sunlight into heat. The team

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was particularly surprised by the tangible success

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of this integrated method. They found

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that combining lunar water extraction with

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photothermal carbon dioxide catalysis could

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significantly enhance energy utilisation

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and reduce the cost and complexity of developing the

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necessary infrastructure on the Moon. It's a truly

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ingenious closed loop system. Now, while these lab

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experiments are a huge step forward, the researchers

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are also very realistic about the challenges ahead.

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They remind us that the Moon's extreme environment

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poses unique hurdles for implementing this

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technology. We're talking about drastic

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temperature fluctuations, an ultra high vacuum,

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intense solar radiation and low gravity.

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All of these factors complicate things considerably.

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Furthermore, lunar soil doesn't have a uniform composition

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across the Moon's surface. Some areas will

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naturally be richer in resources than others. And

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even with this innovative system, the carbon

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dioxide exhaled by astronauts might not be enough to

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meet all the water, fuel and oxygen needs for a larger

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base. Overcoming these technical hurdles,

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along with the significant development, deployment and

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operational costs, will be crucial to making sustainable

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lunar resource utilisation and space exploration a

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widespread reality. But but it's certainly a very

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promising start from the

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possibility of making our own resources on the Moon.

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Let's zoom out to a much grander scale.

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Remember how they were theorising that we might be living inside a

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black hole? Well, we have a new theory to ponder

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with an intriguing Are we here on

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Earth and our entire Milky Way galaxy actually

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trapped inside a giant cosmic void?

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This fascinating theory, based on echoes from the Big Bang,

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suggests exactly that. Researchers presenting at

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the Royal Astronomical Society National Astronomy

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meeting unveiled fresh evidence that our galaxy

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is suspended within a region of space that is

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less dense than the cosmic average. This

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vast 2 billion light year expanse has been

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dubbed the Hubble Bubble and it's estimated to be about

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20% less dense than the average matter density across

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the universe. If this idea holds true, it

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it could provide a much needed solution to a persistent mystery in

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cosmology known as the Hubble Tension.

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This tension arises from conflicting measurements of the

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universe's expansion rate, which also impacts our

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understanding of its true age. One

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method based on analysing the cosmic microwave

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backgroundessentially. Cosmic fossils from the

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universe's first light suggests an expansion rate

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of 67 kilometres per second per megaparsec.

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However, a second method which measures distances using

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Type Ia supernovas and variable stars

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indicates a higher expansion rate of

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73.2 kilometres per second per

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megaparsec. That's a noticeable discrepancy

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The Hubble bubble theory posits that if the Milky

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Way is indeed situated within such a less dense

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region, then the local expansion inside this

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void would naturally appear faster than in the

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denser, more distant parts of the cosmos.

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Indranil Banik, the study's lead author, explained that

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a large local void would cause matter to be pulled by

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gravity towards its higher density exterior, making

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the void emptier over time. This effect would

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accelerate local expansion. For this theory to

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work, our galaxy would need to be located quite close to

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the centre of this low density Hubble bubble.

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Bannock and his team used data from baryon

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acoustic oscillations, the sounds of the Big Bang,

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to support previous research from the 1990s

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that had already noted fewer galaxies in our local

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universe than expected. These ancient sound

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waves, frozen in place when the universe cooled,

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act like a standard ruler that allows

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astronomers to chart cosmic expansion history.

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What's truly striking is that their research found it's

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100 times more likely that we live in a cosmic

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void than than in a region of average density.

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This suggests we might be in a very unique cosmic

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neighbourhood. The next steps for Banik and his team

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will involve comparing their void model to

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other cosmological models and exploring

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potential adjustments to the standard model of

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cosmology. It's, uh, a truly mind

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bending concept that could redefine our place

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in the universe from the

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vastness of the cosmos and potential cosmic voids.

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Let's bring our focus a little closer to home. Though

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still quite far out in our own solar system,

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astronomers have recently made an incredibly intriguing

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discovery. A peculiar space rock at the very

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edge of our solar system is locked in a fascinating

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rhythmic dance with Neptune. This Object,

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officially designated 2020 VN40,

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belongs to a group of distant solar system bodies known as

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Trans neptunian objects, or TNOs.

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What makes 2020 VN40 so special

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is that it's the very first object ever found that orbits

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the sun exactly once for every 10 orbits

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Neptune completes. Considering that one

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Neptunian year stretches across a remarkable

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164.8 Earth years,

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this means 2020 VN40

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has an incredibly long year, lasting

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approximately 1,648 Earth

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years, or nearly 20,000 Earth months.

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Researchers believe this slow ponderous orbital

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dance with Neptune might have begun when the ice

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giant's gravity temporarily snared it.

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This discovery is a significant step in understanding the

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dynamics of objects at the solar system's fringe.

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As Rosemary pike from the Centre for Astrophysics at

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Harvard and Smithsonian noted, it shows that

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Even very distant regions influenced by

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Neptune can contain objects. And it

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gives us new clues about how the solar system

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evolved. The unique orbital rhythm

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of 2020 VN40 was

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unearthed from data collected by the Large Inclination

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distant objects, or LIDO survey.

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This survey specifically hunts for TNOs with orbits

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that carry them far above and below the main orbital plane of

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Earth around the Sun. Exploring previously

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uncharted areas of our solar system, what

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truly sets 2020 VN4.0 apart is

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its unusual perihelion alignment with

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Neptune. Most other bodies in rhythmic

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alignment with Neptune make their closest approaches to the

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sun when Neptune is at its farthest. But

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2020 VN4.0 defies this trend,

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reaching its perihelion when Neptune is also

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relatively close to the Sun. While this might

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sound like they're side by side, 2020

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VN4.0's highly tilted path means it's

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actually far below the solar system's plane during this alignment.

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This new motion, as Ruth Murray Clay from the

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University of California, Santa Cruz described it,

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is like finding a hidden rhythm in a song we

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thought we knew. It suggests that objects with highly

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tilted orbits can adopt novel and unexpected types of, um,

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movement, revealing more complexity in our solar system

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than previously imagined. The hunt is now

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on for more bodies like 2020 VN4.0,

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with the new Vera C. Rubin Observatory poised to play a

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crucial role in this exciting investigation. This

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discovery truly opens a new window into the solar system's

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past. And now for something you can

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enjoy right here on Earth, if you know where to look.

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The 2025 Southern Delta Aquariad meteor

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shower is upon us, with its peak expected on

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July 29. This annual shower is

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active from July 18 to August 12 as

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our planet drifts through an ancient trail of debris.

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This debris is thought to have been shed by a 4 mile

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wide comet named 96PMachholz.

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When these tiny particles hit Earth's atmosphere, the

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friction makes them ignite, creating those beautiful

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streaks of light we call shooting stars. The shower

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is at its strongest in the week around its July 29

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peak, when you might spot up to eight faint

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meteors per hour. These shooting stars will

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appear to emanate from a specific patch of sky known as a

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radiant within the constellation Aquarius,

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very close to the bright star Delta Aquarii, which

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gives the shower its name. For the best

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chance to spot a southern Delta Aquariad, aim for the

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early morning hours in the week surrounding July 29th.

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During this time, the radiant will be highest in the southern

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sky, and the waxing crescent Moon will be well below

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the horizon, ensuring a dark canvas for your

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meteor hunt. As its name suggests,

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this shower is most visible to stargazers in the southern

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hemisphere, where the radiant will be higher in the post

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sunset sky. However, don't despair if

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you're north of the equator, the shower will still be

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visible just at a slightly lower hourly rate.

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To maximise your chances, first locate the bright star

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Delta Aquarii in the constellation Aquarius

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above the southern horizon, or use a stargazing

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app to guide you. Then find a patch of

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sky about 40 degrees away from this radiant

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in the direction directly above your head. As

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a handy guide, the width of your outstretched fist, from

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your thumb to the outside of your little finger, covers about

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10 degrees in the night sky.

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Meteors seen further from the radiant wheel often have

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longer trails, making them easier to spot.

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You'll also have a much better chance if you head away from

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city lights and give your eyes about 30 minutes to

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fully adapt to the darkness. After that,

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simply lie back, perhaps in a comfortable deck

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chair, and lose yourself in the night sky.

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Keep an eye out for bright meteors streaking across the sky from

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the north too. If you see one, you might

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have spotted a member of the Perseid meteor shower, which

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is also active since mid July.

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Happy stargazing? And that

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brings us to the end of another fascinating journey through the

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cosmos. Today we've explored the innovative

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possibilities of extracting water and fuel from

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lunar soil, pondered whether our Milky Way

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galaxy is truly nestled within a vast cosmic

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void, and discovered a new, intriguing

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dance partner for Neptune in the outer solar system.

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And of course, we learned how to catch a glimpse of the beautiful

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southern Delta Aquarid meteor shower.

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Thank you for joining me, Anna, on Astronomy Daily.

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Don't forget, you can dive deeper into all the latest space

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and astronomy news by visiting our

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website@astronomydaily.IO. there

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you can sign up for our free daily newsletter and keep up to

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date with our constantly updating news feed. Be sure

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to subscribe to Astronomy Daily on Apple Podcasts,

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Spotify, YouTube, or wherever you get your

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podcasts so you never miss an episode.

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Until next time, keep looking up.