Journey to Mars: Musk's Vision, Atmospheric Breakthroughs, and the Mystery of Teleios

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your source for the latest

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developments in space exploration and astronomical

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discoveries. I'm your host, Anna. And today

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we'll be exploring Elon Musk's ambitious timeline

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for reaching the Red Planet. A, groundbreaking discovery

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about Mars's atmosphere that's been a decade in

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the making and unprecedented views of our sun's

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outer atmosphere that are revolutionising solar

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science. Then we'll journey to Jupiter's icy

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moon Europa, where recent observations reveal

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a surprisingly dynamic surface, before

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examining a mysteriously perfect sphere discovered

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deep within our Milky Way galaxy. So

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settle in as we embark on this cosmic journey

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through the latest and most fascinating developments in our

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quest to understand the universe around us.

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Let's start with Elon's latest plan.

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SpaceX CEO Elon Musk has revealed

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ambitious plans to send an uncrewed starship to

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Mars by the end of 2026.

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This timeline would coincide with a crucial astronomical

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window that occurs only once every two years,

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when Earth and Mars align in their orbits around the sun

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to create the most efficient path between the two planets.

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This alignment would minimise both travel time and fuel

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consumption, with the journey to Mars expected to take

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between seven and nine months. Despite the

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optimistic timeline, Musk himself

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acknowledges the challenges, giving the mission only

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a 5050 chance of meeting this deadline.

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If Starship isn't ready by then, SpaceX

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would need to wait another two years for the next optimal launch

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window. What makes this proposed

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mission particularly fascinating is the planned cargo

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rather than traditional scientific equipment. Musk

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intends to send one or more Tesla built humanoid

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Optimus robots as a simulated crew.

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These robots would serve as stand ins for human astronauts,

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potentially testing various systems and protocols that would

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eventually be used by actual people. According to

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Musk's vision, human crews would follow on the second

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or third Mars landings. His long term ambition

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is staggeringly bold, eventually launching between

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1,000 to 2,000 ships to Mars every two years

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to rapidly establish a self sustaining permanent human

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settlement on the Red Planet. This timeline

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represents a significant shift from NASA's more conservative

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approach, which aims to return humans to the moon first

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using starship as the landing vehicle before attempting

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Mars missions sometime in the 2000 and 30s.

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Musk has long advocated for a more Mars

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focused human spaceflight programme, previously

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targeting 2024 for a first crewed mission to the

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Red Planet. It's worth noting that Musk

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has a history of setting ambitious timelines that later

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get revised. He had previously mentioned sending an

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unmanned SpaceX vehicle to Mars as early as

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2018, a goal that wasn't realised.

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The recent setback with Starship's ninth test flight,

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which ended with the vehicle spinning out of control and

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disintegrating, highlights the significant technical

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challenges that remain before any Mars mission becomes

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reality. Nevertheless, Musk appeared

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undeterred by the failure, describing it as

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providing good data to review and promising a

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faster launch cadence for upcoming test flights.

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As SpaceX continues to refine its massive

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starship vehicle, the race to put humans on

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Mars intensifies, with significant implications

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for the future of space exploration and potentially human

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civilization itself.

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While we're talking about Mars in a breakthrough

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discovery, NASA's MAVEN mission has finally observed

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a long theorised atmospheric escape process at

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Mars. After a decade of searching,

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scientists have directly detected a phenomenon called

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atmospheric sputtering, which works similar to a

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cannonball splash in a swimming pool, but on a

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planetary scale. When energetic charged

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particles from the sun crash into Mars's atmosphere,

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they essentially knock atoms out into space,

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gradually eroding the planet's atmosphere over billions of

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years. Dr. Shannon Curry, Maven's

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principal investigator at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space

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Physics, explains that previous evidence of sputtering

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was like finding ashes from a campfire.

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Scientists knew it happened, but had never directly observed the

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process until now. This discovery is crucial

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to understanding Mars's dramatic climate evolution.

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Billions of years ago, Mars had a thick atmosphere and

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liquid water flowing on its surface. However,

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when the planet lost its protective magnetic field early

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in its history, the atmosphere became directly

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exposed to the solar wind and solar storms, making

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it vulnerable to processes like sputtering.

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To make this observation, Maven scientists

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needed precise, simultaneous measurements from three different

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instruments aboard the spacecraft, capturing data

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from both the dayside and night side of Mars at low

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altitudes, a process that took years to

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achieve. The result was a new kind of map

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showing sputtered argon in relation to the solar wind,

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revealing argon at high altitudes exactly where

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energetic particles had collided with the atmosphere.

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Perhaps most surprising, researchers discovered that this

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atmospheric erosion is happening at a rate four times higher

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than previously predicted, and the rate increases even

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further during solar storms. This confirms

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that sputtering was likely a primary driver of atmospheric

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loss in Mars's early history, when the Sun's activity

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was much more intense. M the findings,

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published in Science Advances, provide critical

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insights into the conditions that once allowed liquid water to

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exist on Mars surface and the implications for

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potential ancient habitability. By

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understanding how Mars lost its atmosphere,

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scientists gain valuable knowledge about planetary evolution and the

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fragility of conditions needed to support life as we know it.

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Next up Today, the Sun's outer atmosphere, known as

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the corona, has long been a source of fascination and

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frustration for scientists. Its extreme

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temperatures, violent eruptions and towering prominences

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have been difficult to study in detail until now.

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Thanks to a revolutionary adaptive optic system called

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Kona, installed at the 1.6 metre good

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solar telescope at Big Bear Solar

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Observatory in California, we now have

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unprecedented views of the Sun's most elusive

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layer. These new observations provide the

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sharpest images ever captured of the corona,

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revealing details that have never been seen before.

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One of the most striking discoveries is an incredibly detailed

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view of coronal rain. Delicate threads of

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cooling plasma cascading back down to the solar

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surface. Some of these plasma threads are

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astonishingly narrow, less than 12 miles across.

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Unlike rain on Earth, this solar precipitation doesn't fall

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straight down, but follows the Sun's magnetic field lines,

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creating beautiful arching and looping patterns as it

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returns to the surface. Perhaps even more exciting

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is the first ever observation of what scientists are calling

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a plasmoid, A finely structured plasma

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stream that forms and collapses rapidly. This

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snake like feature moves at speeds approaching 62

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miles per second across the solar surface.

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Dr. Vasil Yerkishin, who co authored the study,

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notes that these features have never been observed before and

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scientists aren't entirely sure what they are.

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The new imaging technology has also captured

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stunning views of solar prominences, those

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massive loops of plasma that extend from the sun's

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surface far into the corona. These

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detailed observations show these structures dancing and

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twisting in response to the Sun's magnetic field with

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unprecedented clarity. These sharper views

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aren't just visually spectacular, they're scientifically

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invaluable. They may help solve one of solar

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physics greatest mysteries. Why the corona

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blazes millions of degrees hotter than the solar surface

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itself. The technology also provides

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crucial insights into filament eruptions and coronal mass

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ejections, powerful blasts that can impact

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space weather and create spectacular auroras on

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Earth. Dr. Thomas Rimmel, National

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Solar Observatory chief technologist, explains

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that this new system finally closes a decades

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old gap in our observational capabilities,

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delivering images of coronal features at

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63 kilometres resolution, the theoretical

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limit of the telescope. Scientists

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hope to bring this groundbreaking technology to even larger

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telescopes, including the four metre Daniel K.

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Inouye Solar Telescope in Hawaii, promising

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an even closer look at our star's most dynamic regions.

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Next, some myth breaking. You might think that

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icy worlds are frozen in time and space. After

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all, they're covered in ice. But Jupiter's moon

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Europa is proving to be far more dynamic than previously

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imagined. Recent observations by the James

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Webb Space Telescope have revealed fascinating changes

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happening on this distant frigid world.

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Europa's surface is showing evidence of both amorphous and

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crystalline ice, Two different structural forms of

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frozen water. This distinction is significant because

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on Europa, the natural state should be amorphous

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ice. As the moon orbits Jupiter, Its

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surface is bombarded by charged particles Trapped in

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Jupiter's powerful magnetic field. This

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radiation bombardment Disrupts the crystal structure of ice,

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Converting it to an amorphous form. So. So why are

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scientists finding crystalline ice on the surface?

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Dr. Ujwal Raut of the Southwest Research institute

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Believes this points to active processes Bringing fresh water

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from below. Our data showed strong

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indications that what we are seeing Must be sourced from the

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interior, Perhaps from a subsurface ocean nearly 20

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miles beneath Europa's thick, icy shell,

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Raut explains. The most compelling

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evidence Comes from an area known as Tara regio

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and a chaotic terrain region where scientists have detected

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not only crystalline ice, but also sodium chloride,

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Essentially table salt, along with carbon

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dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. The presence of

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these compounds Strongly suggests They originated from

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Europa's subsurface ocean. What's particularly

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remarkable Is how quickly these changes occur.

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In some regions, the ice is recrystallizing in

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cycles as short as two weeks. This rapid

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transformation indicates that Europa's surface Is likely

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porous and and warm enough in certain areas to

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allow for quick recrystallization. Despite the

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constant radiation bombardment.

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Scientists believe two main heat sources Are at work Beneath

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Europa's icy tidal heating from

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Jupiter's gravitational pull and radioactive

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decay in the moon's core. These processes

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warm the subsurface ocean and force water

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upward through cracks and fissures. This water

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may reach the surface through various mechanisms,

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including diapirs, Essentially stovepipes that

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convey warmer water and slush upward, or

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through geyser like plumes that shower the surface with

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ice grains. The discovery of these

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dynamic processes Adds to the mounting evidence For a

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liquid ocean Beneath Europa's icy shell, Making

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this moon one of the most promising places in our solar system

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to search for conditions that could support life.

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The upcoming Europa Clipper mission Will study these

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regions in much greater detail during its close passes

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of this fascinating moon, Potentially revealing

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even more About Europa's hidden ocean and its

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constant cycle of surface renewal.

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Finally, today, A, puzzling discovery in our own backyard,

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so to speak. In the vast universe of spherical

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objects, Planets, moons, and stars,

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Astronomers have recently discovered something that stands out

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for its extraordinary perfection.

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Deep within our Milky Way galaxy Lies a mysteriously

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circular object that has left researchers Both fascinated and

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puzzled. This celestial bubble, accidentally

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discovered by astrophysicist Miroslav Filipovi of

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western Sydney University has been named

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Teleios, after the Greek word for perfect.

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And for good reason. While scientists believe

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it's a supernova remnant, the expanding shell of

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gas and dust left behind after a massive stellar

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explosion, Teleios exhibits an

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almost unnaturally perfect form. What makes this

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discovery so remarkable is its astonishing symmetry.

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Teleios has been measured with a circularity score of

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95.4%, placing it among

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the most geometrically perfect supernova remnants

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ever observed. As Filipovi explains, this level

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of symmetry is extremely unusual.

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Typical supernova remnant shapes vary dramatically, he

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notes, either from asymmetries in the initial

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explosion, disruption from expanding into an

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imperfect environment, or various other interfering

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factors. Yet telaos displays none of these

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common irregularities. Instead, it appears to have

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expanded with almost textbook perfection, as if

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created in an idealised simulation rather than the

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chaotic reality of space. The secret to

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Teleios's perfect form may lie in its location.

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Situated 2.2 degrees below the galactic plane,

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it exists in a region with significantly less

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interstellar gas and dust. This

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relatively empty environment has allowed the remnant to

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expand undisturbed for thousands of years,

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maintaining its symmetrical shape. But the

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mysteries of Teleios don't end with its shape.

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Unlike most supernova remnants, which emit radiation

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across multiple wavelengths, Teleios is only

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detectable in radio frequencies with just a hint of

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hydrogen alpha emissions. This peculiar

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characteristic has made it difficult for astronomers to

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determine exactly what type of stellar explosion

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created it. The most likely explanation is that

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Teleios resulted from a type 1a supernova,

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the spectacular death of a white dwarf star that consumed

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too much material from a companion star.

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Alternatively, it might be the result of a type 1

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axe supernova, a similar but less common

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event that leaves behind a zombie star.

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However, the observable data doesn't perfectly match either

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model. Using data from the Australian

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Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder and the Murchison Widefield

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Array, researchers estimate that Teleios spans

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somewhere between 46 and and 157

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light years across, depending on its exact

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distance from Earth, which is still being determined.

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As researchers continue to study this celestial oddity,

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TELAOS stands as a reminder that the universe still

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has plenty of perfectly formed mysteries waiting to be

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unravelled by our increasingly sophisticated

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astronomical instruments.

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That wraps up today's journey through our cosmic neighbourhood.

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From Elon Musk's ambitious plans to reach Mars,

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to the groundbreaking discoveries about atmospheric loss on the Red

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Planet, to unprecedented views of our Sun's

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fiery corona, to Europa's surprisingly

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dynamic icy surface, and finally to

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the mysteriously perfect sphere called Teleios,

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we've covered quite a bit of astronomical territory

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today. These stories remind us that our

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understanding of the universe continues to evolve with each

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new observation and technological advancement.

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Whether it's solving ancient planetary mysteries or

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capturing never before seen solar phenomena, the

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field of astronomy remains as exciting and full of

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discovery as ever. I'm Anna, your host for

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Astronomy Daily. If you enjoyed today's episode, please visit

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our website@astronomydaily.IO where you

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can listen to all our back episodes and find more information

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about the stories we've covered today. Don't

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forget to follow us on social media as well. Just search

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for Astro Daily Pod on Facebook, X,

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YouTube, YouTube, Music, Instagram, Tumblr, and

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00:15:12.310 --> 00:15:15.070
TikTok to stay updated with our latest content and

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join our community of space enthusiasts. Until

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next time, keep looking up.

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Sa