From Rocket Crashes to Cosmic Balances: Your Daily Space Update

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Avery: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, the podcast that

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brings you the universe. One story at a time.

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I'm Avery.

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Anna: And I'm Anna. Today we'll be covering some

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unfortunate news for South Korea's burgeoning

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space industry. A look back billions of

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years to when Earth had a 19 hour day.

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A very busy launch schedule to close out

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2025, and some serious safety

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concerns over Boeing's Starliner. And we'll

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cap things off with a major leadership

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shakeup at United Launch Alliance.

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Avery: A lot to get through.

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Let's start with that launch anomaly in

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Brazil. What happened with the Hanbit Nano

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rocket?

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Anna: It's a tough break for the South Korean

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company Innospace. Their first commercial

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orbital rocket, the Hanbit Nano,

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unfortunately crashed just 30 seconds after

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liftoff from the Alcantara Space center in

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Brazil.

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Avery: Only 30 seconds. Wow. Do we

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know the cause?

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Anna: The company cited a vehicle abnormality,

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but they haven't released specific details

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yet. The important thing is that no one was

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hurt and there was no damage to the launch

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facility.

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Avery: That's certainly the silver lining. This was

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a significant launch for them, wasn't it? It

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had been delayed a few times already.

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Anna: Exactly. It was carrying five satellites,

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so this was a major milestone attempt. A,

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successful first commercial launch would have

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been a huge step for South Korea's private

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space sector. Setbacks are part of the

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process, but this one definitely stings for

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Innospace.

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Avery: Right. Failure is always an option in

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rocketry, especially on a debut flight. We'll

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be watching to see how they bounce back.

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Anna: Absolutely. And it highlights the immense

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challenge for smaller private companies

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trying to break into the orbital launch

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market. It's not just about building a

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rocket. It's about securing funding,

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navigating international regulations, and

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building a track record. The barrier to entry

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is still incredibly high.

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Avery: That's a great point. While companies like

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SpaceX make it look almost routine, now each

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successful launch is built on a mountain of

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data from both successes and failures.

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Hopefully Innospace can analyze what went

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wrong and come back stronger. A, competitive

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launch market is good for everyone.

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Anna: Definitely.

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Now let's switch gears and go way, way

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back in time. Billions of years, in fact.

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Avery, did you know there was a period when

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Earth's day was stuck at, just 19 hours

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long?

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Avery: Stuck. I know the day has been getting

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gradually longer as the moon moves away from

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us, but I've never heard of it, stopping.

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Anna: That's what's so fascinating. New research

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indicates that for about a billion years,

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from roughly 2 billion years to 1 billion

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years ago, the day length just flatlined

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at 19 hours, a.

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Avery: Billion years is not a short time. What could

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cause our planet's rotation to just pause its

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slowdown like that?

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Anna: It's a really cool celestial balancing act.

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We know the Moon's gravity creates ocean

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tides that act like a brake on Earth's

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rotation, so slowing it down.

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Avery: Right, the lunar tides.

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Anna: But the sun also creates tides, not just in

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the ocean, but in the atmosphere. The sun

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heats the atmosphere, causing it to bulge.

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This atmospheric tide, influenced by Earth's

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rotation, actually pulls on the planet,

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trying to speed it up.

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Avery: So you have the Moon's gravity slowing us

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down and the Sun's atmospheric heat speeding

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us up.

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Anna: Precisely. And during this specific billion

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year period, the theory is that the two

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forces reached a perfect equilibri. The

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atmospheric day was in resonance with the

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rotational day. The slowing effect from the

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lunar ocean tides was perfectly balanced by

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the speeding effect of the solar atmospheric

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tides.

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Avery: A, tidal resonance. That's incredible.

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So the Earth was in a state of cosmic tug of

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war, and for a billion years it was a perfect

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draw.

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Anna: Exactly. Eventually, other factors broke the

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resonance, and the Moon's influence won out

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again, Continuing the slow lengthening of our

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day to the 24 hours we have now. It makes

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you think about all the delicate balances

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that have shaped our planet's history.

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Avery: Absolutely. Imagine what life might have been

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like with five extra hours of darkness each

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day.

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Anna: That's the big question researchers are

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exploring now. A consistent 19 hour

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day night cycle could have provided a stable

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environment for early photosynthetic

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organisms like cyanobacteria to thrive.

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Some theories suggest this long period of

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stability might have been a crucial factor in

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the Great Oxidation Event, where oxygen

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levels in the atmosphere began to rise,

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paving the way for more complex life.

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Avery: Well, coming back to the present, things

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aren't anything but slow. The last full week

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of 2025 is shaping up to be incredibly

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busy for space launches.

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Anna: It seems like everyone is trying to get their

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last missions of the year off the ground.

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What's on the manifest?

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Avery: Well, we already discussed Innispace's

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attempt in China. CASC is expected to

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debut its brand new reusable Chang Zhang

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12, a rocket that's a huge development for

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their Reusable Launch Vehicle program.

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Anna: Mm. A direct competitor to SpaceX's Falcon

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9.

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Avery: Indeed. Then over in India, ISRO's

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launching a Bluebird Block 2 satellite.

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Russia has not one, but two Soyuz missions

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planned from different cosmodromes.

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Anna: A busy week for Roscosmos.

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Avery: And of course, you can't have a busy launch

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week without SpaceX they're scheduled for

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their final Falcon 9 mission of the year,

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launching the CSG3 satellite. For the

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Italian Space Agency. It's a real flurry of

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activity to end the year.

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Anna: It really shows how global the space industry

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has become. Launches from China, India,

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Russia and the US all within days

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of each other. It's an exciting time to be

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following spaceflight, that's for sure.

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It's worth noting the diversity of these

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missions too. The Chinese launch is a

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technology demonstrator for reusability. The

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Indian mission is for Earth observation. The,

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the Russian launches are likely for

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government and commercial payloads. And the

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SpaceX mission is for an Italian radar

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reconnaissance satellite. It's a snapshot of

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the entire space ecosystem in action.

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Avery: And the logistical coordination is mind

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boggling. You have range safety, air and sea

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traffic control, satellite tracking and

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telemetry all happening concurrently across

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the globe. A, fittingly chaotic end to a

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very busy year in space.

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Anna: Speaking of US spaceflight, let's turn to our

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next story on today's rundown, which is a bit

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more sobering. It's about Boeing's Starliner

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and the fallout from its first crewed test

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flight.

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Avery: Yeah, that mission was eventful to say the

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least. What's the latest?

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Anna: Well, NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel

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has come out with a pretty strong statement.

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They've said that NASA should have taken the

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problems with Starliner far more seriously as

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they were happening.

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Avery: Let's recap what those problems were. There

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were multiple helium leaks and failures with

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the maneuvering thrusters, right?

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Anna: That's right. Separate thruster failures

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during docking and multiple helium leaks that

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were discovered both before and during the

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mission. The panel's main point of contention

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is that NASA never officially declared an in

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flight mishap or a high visibility close

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call.

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Avery: And not making that declaration has

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consequences.

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Anna: It does. According to the panel, this failure

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to officially recognize the severity of the

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issues led to an extended period of

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uncertainty. It put a lot of stress on the

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workforce at NASA and Boeing who were trying

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to troubleshoot these serious problems

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without the formal structure and resources

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that come with a mishap declaration.

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Avery: So they were essentially trying to manage a

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crisis without being allowed to call it a

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crisis. That sounds incredibly difficult.

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Anna: Extremely. And the end result speaks for

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itself. The two astronauts, Butch Wilmore and

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Suni Williams, ended up staying on the

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International Space Station for nine months

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while engineers tried to figure out if

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Starliner was safe to bring them home.

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Avery: And in the, end, it wasn't. They came home on

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a SpaceX Dragon capsule.

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Anna: That's the Crucial point, the Starliner

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capsule had to return to Earth empty.

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Having your crew return on a competitor

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spacecraft because your own was deemed

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unsafe is a massive blow to the

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program's credibility. The safety panel is

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basically saying that if NASA had been more

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forthright about the problems from the start,

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a lot of this prolonged uncertainty and

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stress could have been handled better.

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Avery: It's a tough lesson in transparency and risk

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management. You never want to see a situation

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where you have to rely on your backup

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transportation system for a crewed mission.

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It really underscores the value of having,

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redundant, reliable systems like SpaceX's

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Dragon.

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Anna: It absolutely does. There's a lot for

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both NASA and Boeing to learn from this

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incident before they even consider putting

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another crew on Starliner.

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Avery: Absolutely. And the post flight investigation

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is digging into the root causes. The helium

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leaks, for instance, seem to be related to

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seals that become brittle at extreme

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temperatures. But the thruster issue is more

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complex. It's a propulsion system that has

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seen numerous issues throughout its

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development. And the failures during this

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critical mission pointed to a potential

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systemic design flaw in the reaction control

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system.

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Anna: A systemic flaw is the last thing you want to

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hear about on a crude vehicle. So what's the

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path forward for Boeing? Is the Starliner

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program salvageable at this point?

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Avery: It's a tough road ahead. They will likely

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need a complete redesign and recertification

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of the propulsion system, which could take

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years and billions more dollars. NASA

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is committed to having two independent crew

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transportation systems, so they won't give up

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on Boeing easily. But the pressure is immense

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and confidence both within NASA and

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publicly has been severely shaken.

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They have to prove beyond any doubt that

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Starliner is safe before anyone else straps

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in for a ride.

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Anna: And for our final story today, we've got

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some big news from one of the titans of the

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launch industry. Tory Bruno. The

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longtime president and CEO of United

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Launch alliance has resigned.

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Avery: That is big news. Bruno has been at the helm

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of ula for nearly 12 years. He

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really guided the company, a joint venture

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between Boeing and Lockheed Martin through

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one of its most challenging periods. Facing

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intense competition from newcomers like

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SpaceX.

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Anna: Absolutely. His legacy will

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undoubtedly be tied to the development of the

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new Vulcan Centaur rocket. That was a

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massive undertaking, designed not only to

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replace the legacy Atlas v and Delta 4

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rockets, but also to end ULA's

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reliance on the Russian RD180

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engines.

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Avery: And he was such a public facing CEO, wasn't

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he? He was famous for his engaging presence

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on social media, always willing to answer

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technical questions from space fans. He

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really modernized ula's public image. It

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truly feels like the end of an era for the

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company. Do we know who's taking over?

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Anna: For now, John Elban has been appointed as the

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interim CEO while they search for a permanent

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replacement. It will certainly be interesting

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to see the direction ULA takes in this new

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chapter.

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Avery: And that's all the time we have for today.

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From rocket failures and celestial mechanics

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to a packed launch schedule and critical

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safety reviews, it's been another busy day in

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the world of astronomy and spaceflight.

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Anna: Thanks for tuning in to Astronomy Daily.

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We'll be back tomorrow with more news from

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across the cosmos. Until then, I'm Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. Keep looking up

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Astronomy Day

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stories be told.

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Anna: The world.