Euclid's Galactic Insights, Geminid Wonders, and Runaway Stars Revealed

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, the

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podcast that brings you the universe one

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story at a time. I'm Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. It's great to have you with

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us. We've got a packed episode today, from a

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revolutionary space telescope rewriting

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galaxy evolution to a spectacular meteor

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shower you won't want to miss.

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Anna: Plus, we'll track some near Earth asteroids,

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chase runaway stars from a neighboring

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galaxy, and dive into the dramatic

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lives and deaths of Andromeda's small,

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smallest companion.

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Avery: A lot to cover, so let's get started.

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First up, the Euclid Space Telescope. This

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is genuinely exciting stuff. The European

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Space Agency's Euclid mission is only a year

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into its operations, but it's already

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delivering incredible insights.

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Anna: Right. It's tackling one of the biggest

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questions in why do

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galaxies have different shapes? And how do

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those shapes evolve?

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Avery: And the scale is just staggering.

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Euclid has already observed 1.2

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million galaxies with the first data dropping

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in March of 2025. By the end of

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its six year mission, they're expecting to

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study tens of millions.

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Anna: That's mind boggling. It gives them a

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huge statistical sample to work with. I

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saw a great quote from Maximilian Fabricius

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at the Max Planck Institute. He said Euclid

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offers an unprecedented combination of

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sharpness and sky.

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Avery: Exactly. For the first time, they can

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systematically study how a, uh, galaxy's

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shape relates to its formation history on a

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truly cosmic scale.

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Anna: And they're already using this data to build

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a modern galactic tuning fork diagram.

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It beautifully illustrates the life cycle of

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galaxies.

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Avery: Can you walk us through that?

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Anna: Of course. On one side, you have these

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vibrant blue star forming galaxies,

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like spirals. As they age, they

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exhaust their gas, they merge with

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other galaxies, and they slowly drift

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across the diagram, eventually becoming

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massive, featureless elliptical galaxies.

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Avery: So it's a visual timeline of galactic

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life.

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Anna: Precisely. And one of the key drivers of

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that change is mergers. Euclid's data

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is helping scientists spot galaxies with

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secondary nuclei.

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Avery: Right. So two galactic cores in the

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process of merging.

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Anna: Exactly. Each of those nuclei has its

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own supermassive black hole,

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millions or even billions of times the

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mass of our Sun. When the galaxies merge,

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those black holes are brought together.

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Avery: They form a binary system. Right. Spiraling

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around each other.

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Anna: Mhm. And as they do, they shed

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energy by creating gravitational waves,

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ripples in spacetime itself. This

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causes them to spiral closer and

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closer until they collide and

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merge into an even more massive black

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hole.

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Avery: So the growth of these giant elliptical

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galaxies and the growth of their central

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black holes are directly linked.

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Anna: They're inseparable It's a fundamental part

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of the process. But what's also fascinating

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is what Euclid is seeing at the other end of

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the scale.

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Avery: The dwarf galaxies.

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Anna: Yes, it turns out the most common

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galaxies in the universe aren't giant giants

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like our Milky Way, but these small, faint

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dwarf galaxies that were too dim to see

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clearly before. Euclid has already found

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over 2,000 of them.

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Avery: And those are important because they're

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considered the building blocks for larger

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galaxies.

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Anna: It's like we're finally seeing the cosmic

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bricks that build the great galactic cities.

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It's a total game changer for understanding.

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Avery: Galaxy evolution from the cosmic scale

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to something you can see in your own

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backyard.

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Let's talk about the Geminid meteor shower.

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It's one of the best shows of the year, and

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it's happening right now.

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Anna: And this year is set to be particularly good.

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The shower peaks on the night of December

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13th into the morning of the 14th,

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and the moon will be a waning crescent, so

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its light won't wash out the meteors.

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Avery: That's perfect timing. So when's the best

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time to head out?

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Anna: NASA recommends watching after midnight,

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wherever you are. That's when the radiant

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point, the spot in the constellation Gemini

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where the meteors appear to originate, is

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highest in the sky.

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Avery: And the usual advice applies. Get away from

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city lights, find a dark spot, and just give

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your eyes time to adjust.

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Anna: Right. What I love about the Geminids is

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their unusual origin. Most

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meteor showers come from the icy debris left

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by comets.

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Avery: But the Geminites are different. They come

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from an asteroid named 3200 Phaeton.

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Anna: It's a very strange object. It has

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an orbit that takes it incredibly close to

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the sun, which causes it to shed rocky dust

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and particles, almost like a comet.

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When Earth passes through that debris stream,

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we get the meteor shower.

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Avery: And because the particles are rocky bits of

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an asteroid rather than fluffy eyes from a

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comet, the meteors are different, aren't

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they?

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Anna: They are. Geminid meteors are often

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brighter, faster, and can leave these

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beautiful, long lasting, colorful streaks

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across the sky. It's a truly spectacular

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sight.

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Avery: Well, speaking of rocks flying through space,

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it's a busy week for near Earth asteroids.

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And while none of them pose a threat, their

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close approaches are always worth noting.

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Anna: Right. First up is an asteroid

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designated 2025 VP1.

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It's about the size of a bus, roughly

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37ft in diameter, and it's passing.

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Avery: Within 361,000 miles from

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Earth. That's closer than the Moon.

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Anna: It is. But to be clear, that's

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still a Very safe distance. There's no danger

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of impact at all. It's more of a great

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opportunity for scientists to study these

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smaller Near Earth objects.

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Avery: And it's not alone. There's another one of a

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similar size, 2025 VC4,

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passing a bit further out at about 1.24

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million miles.

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Anna: Mhm. But the big one this week is

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3361 Orpheus.

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Avery: Big is an understatement. This one is about

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1400ft wide. That's approximately

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426 meters, which is roughly the

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size of the Empire State Building.

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Anna: That is a significant object. It's

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traveling at 20,000 miles per hour,

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but again passing at a safe distance.

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However, its size is what gets it special

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attention.

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Avery: Right. It's classified as a potentially

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hazardous asteroid or pha.

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Anna: And that term can sound alarming, but it's

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really just a classification. It doesn't mean

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it's an immediate threat.

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Avery: So what does it mean?

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Anna: A uh, Pha is any asteroid larger than

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about 460ft that comes within

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4.6 million miles of Earth's

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orbit. Orpheus fits that definition.

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So its trajectory is very closely monitored

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by NASA just to be safe. It's cosmic

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due diligence from objects passing.

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Avery: By our planet to objects being violently

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thrown out of their own galaxies. There's a

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fascinating new paper that uses runaway stars

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to solve a long standing mystery about one of

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our nearest neighbors.

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Anna: You're talking about the Large Magellanic

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Cloud, the lmc. For decades

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astronomers have debated the exact path it's

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taken through space over the last few billion

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years.

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Avery: Exactly. And researchers at the Harvard

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center for Astrophysics have come up with a

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brilliant way to trace its history by using

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hypervelocity stars.

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Anna: These are stars moving at incredibly

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speeds. Right.

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Avery: Incredible is the word. We're talking over

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1,000 kilometers per second, which is over 2

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million miles per hour. Fast enough to

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eventually escape their home galaxy entirely.

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Anna: And we think they get that speed boost from a

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ah, gravitational slingshot.

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Avery: That's the theory. It happens when a binary

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star system, two stars orbiting each other,

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gets too close to a supermassive black

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hole. The black hole's immense gravity rips

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the binary apart.

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Anna: Mhm. One star gets captured into a tight

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orbit around the black hole and the.

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Avery: Other is ejected with tremendous force

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flung out into intergalactic space. A

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runaway star.

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Anna: So the researchers went looking for these in

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data from the Gaia Space Telescope.

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Avery: They did. They combed through the data and

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found three stars that they are confident

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were ejected from the Large Magellanic Cloud.

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Anna: And that's a huge clue. If you can trace the

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paths of those stars backward, they should

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all point.

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Avery: To their origin, the supermassive black hole

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that kicked them out. This is a big deal

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because there's still debate about whether

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the LMC even has a supermassive black hole

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at its center.

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Anna: Right? So this provides strong indirect

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evidence that it does. And more importantly,

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it tells astronomers exactly where to point

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their telescopes to look for direct proof.

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It's brilliant detective work.

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Avery: This idea of galactic interactions is a

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perfect lead in to our final story, which

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looks at our other famous neighbor, the

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Andromeda galaxy.

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We know galaxies grow by emerging and

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consuming smaller ones.

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Anna: We can see it happening in real time. Our own

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Milky Way is currently stripping gas from the

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Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, right?

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Avery: Creating that enormous 600,000 light year

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long feature called the Magellanic Stream.

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Anna: It's a gravitational tug of war. And the much

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more massive Milky Way is winning.

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Andromeda is doing the same thing with its

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own suite of satellite dwarf galaxies.

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Avery: And new research from Durham University has

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been looking at how that process unfolds.

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Specifically, they're studying how these

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satellite galaxies are quenched.

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Anna: Quenching is when a galaxy stops forming new

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stars, it essentially runs out of the cold

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gas it needs to do so. And its star birthing

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days are over.

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Avery: And the results from Andromeda are quite

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stark. The research shows that only the most

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massive satellite galaxies are able to keep

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forming stars for more than 3 billion years

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after their closest approach to Andromeda.

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Anna: That close approach is called the Paracenter,

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and it's a brutal experience for a small

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galaxy. The immense gravity of Andromeda

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tidally strips away its gas. And a process

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called ram pressure stripping acts like a

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cosmic window blowing the gas out.

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Avery: So the little guys just can't hold on to

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their star forming fuel.

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Anna: Exactly. But what's really interesting is

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that many of the least massive satellites

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appear to have been quenched long before they

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even got close to Andromeda, some as much as

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10 billion years prior.

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Avery: How does that happen?

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Anna: The researchers call it pre processing. The

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idea is that before a dwarf galaxy fell into

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Andromeda's orbit, it might have been a

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satellite of a different, slightly larger

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galaxy. The that earlier encounter was enough

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to remove its gas and quench it.

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Avery: So it was already a galactic ghost by the

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time it met Andromeda.

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Anna: In a sense, yes. And when the researchers

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compared Andromeda's satellites to the Milky

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Ways, they found a difference. Our satellites

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seem to have been captured earlier and

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quenched more quickly. It suggests our galaxy

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might have been a more aggressive consumer in

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its past than Andromeda was.

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Avery: It really paints a picture of a dynamic and

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sometimes violent cosmic ecosystem. A

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fascinating look at the lives and deaths of

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galaxies.

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Anna: And that's all the time we have for today on

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Astronomy Daily. From the grand architecture

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of the universe revealed by Euclid to the

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fleeting beauty of a meteor shower, the

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cosmos never fails to inspire.

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Avery: Absolutely. It's a great reminder to look up

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if you get a chance this week, try and catch

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the Geminids. A clear, dark sky is all you

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need.

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Anna: Thanks for joining us. I'm Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. Clear skies.