Earth's New Eyes with NISAR, Crew 11's Launch to the ISS, and Mars's Hidden Glacial Treasures

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your go to

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podcast for the latest and greatest in space and

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astronomy news. I'm Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. We're so glad you could join us

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today as we dive into some truly fascinating

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updates from beyond our world.

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Anna: We've got a busy show for you today, starting with

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a groundbreaking new Earth, uh, observing satellite

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that's set to revolutionize how we understand our

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planet's changing surfaces.

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Avery: Then we'll shift our focus to human spaceflight with

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exciting news about the next crew heading to the International

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Space Station, including a historic

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milestone for one of SpaceX's Dragon capsules.

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Anna: And speaking of major discoveries, we'll take a

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closer look at new findings that suggest

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Mars might be hiding a lot more ice than

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we previously thought, which could be a game

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changer for future human missions to the Red

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Planet.

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Avery: Finally, we'll wrap up with the breathtaking beauty

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captured by the James Web Space Telescope,

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showcasing the spectacular death of a star

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and what it might tell us about the ultimate fate of

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our own Sun. Stick around. It's going to be an

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amazing journey.

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Anna: Kicking off our news for today, we have some

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absolutely monumental news from the world

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of Earth observation. A first of its

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kind satellite, nisar, which stands for

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NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture

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Radar, has successfully launched.

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Avery: That's right, Anna. This is a truly historic

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moment. Marking the first ever partnership of

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this magnitude between NASA and the Indian

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Space Research Organization, or isro.

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The satellite lifted off from the Satishthawan Space

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center in Sriharikota, India, aboard an

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ISRO Geosynchronous Satellite launch vehicle,

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mhm.

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Anna: It's an incredible achievement in international

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civil space cooperation. NISAR

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is designed to provide an unprecedented,

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dynamic three dimensional view of Earth.

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It carries an advanced radar system that can

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detect the movement of land and ice surfaces

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down to the centimeter.

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Avery: The implications of this are huge. As

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Nikki Fox, Associate Administrator for the

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Science Mission Directorate at NASA

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Headquarters, put it, where moments are most

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critical. Nisar's data will help ensure

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the health and safety of those impacted on

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Earth as well as the infrastructure that supports

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them for the benefit of all.

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Anna: And ISRO Chairman Veen Ryanen

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highlighted that this is the GSLV's

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first mission to sun synchronous polar

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orbit, bringing to fruition a vision NASA

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and ISRO had more than 10 years ago.

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He noted its powerful capability will help us

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study Earth's dynamic land and ice surfaces

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in greater detail than ever before.

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Avery: From 464 miles above Earth,

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Nisar will use two advanced radar instruments,

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L band and S band, to track

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changes across the planet. This includes

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monitoring forests and wetland ecosystems,

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deformation and motion of frozen surfaces,

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and even detecting the movement of Earth's crust,

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crucial for understanding earthquakes, volcanic

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eruptions and landslides.

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Anna: What's particularly amazing is that NISAR will

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monitor nearly all of the planet's land and ice

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covered surfaces twice every 12 days,

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including areas of the polar southern hemisphere

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rarely covered by other radar satellites.

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Avery: And unlike, um, optical sensors, NISAR

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can actually see through clouds, allowing it to

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monitor the surface during storms and in both

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darkness and light. This continuous

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monitoring capability is a game changer for

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disaster response and infrastructure monitoring

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and even agricultural management.

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Anna: The L band radar provided by NASA's Jet

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Propulsion Laboratory excels at measuring

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soil moisture, forest biomass and land

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ice motion. The S band radar

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developed by ISRO is perfect for monitoring

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agriculture, grassland ecosystems and

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infrastructure movement. Together they make

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NISAR incredibly powerful.

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Avery: It's truly a new way of seeing our planet,

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helping us understand and foresee natural

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disasters and other changes in our Earth's system

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that impact lives and property. In the coming

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weeks, the satellite will begin a 90 day commissioning

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phase, deploying its massive 39

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foot radar antenna reflector. This

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reflector is key to collecting all that

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valuable data about Earth's dynamic surfaces.

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Anna: From observing our own planet.

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Let's turn our gaze to human exploration

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because the next big news is all about sending more

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people into space. SpaceX's Crew

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11 astronaut mission to the International Space

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Station for NASA is officially a

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go for launch.

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Avery: That's exciting. The mission is set to lift off from

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the historic launch complex 39A

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at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. A

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SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will be sending a crew

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of four up to the for a six

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month stay.

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Anna: And this isn't just any Crew Dragon

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spacecraft. This mission will be flying aboard

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the Crew Dragon Endeavor, making its

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milestone sixth flight. No other

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Crew Dragon has flown more than four times.

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So this is quite the achievement for spacecraft

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reusability.

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Avery: Exactly. Steve stich, manager of

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NASA's Commercial Crew Program, highlighted

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this, saying they worked very hard with SpaceX to

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complete all the reuse activities for the vehicle.

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Especially since dragons were previously certified for

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only five flights. Now they're truly ready

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to go.

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Anna: The crew itself is an international mix,

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which is always fantastic to see. Leading

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the mission as commander on her first trip to space

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is NASA astronaut Zena Cardman.

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Avery: She'll be joined by veteran NASA astronaut Mike

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Finke, making his fourth trip to space,

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serving as the mission pilot. Then we have

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Kimiya Yui of Japan Aerospace Exploration

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Agency on his second trip to the

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iss. And Oleg Platonov Of

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Russia's Roscosmos making his first journey

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into space as mission.

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Anna: Specialists, Zina emphasized the

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importance of these long duration stays on the iss,

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Stating they are crucial for preparing NASA to send

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astronauts much farther into space.

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She said understanding how to live and work

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for long durations, going and staying

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is a really interesting challenge.

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Avery: She also called the International Space Station an

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absolutely critical stepping stone for future missions to

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the moon and beyond. The Crew 11 astronauts

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are expected to dock with the ISS about

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39 hours after launch, and they'll overlap

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with the Crew 10 astronauts for a few days

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to ensure a smooth handover before Crew 10

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returns to Earth.

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Anna: It sounds like another step forward in preparing for

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humanity's deeper ventures into the solar system.

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The U.S. space Force has even predicted a, uh,

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90% chance of favorable weather for the launch.

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So things are looking good.

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Avery: Speaking of stepping stones for future missions, let's

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shift our focus to Mars, Where a truly

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remarkable discovery has been made Regarding its hidden

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glaciers. It turns out those curious

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shapes sprawling across Martian mountains and crater

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rims beyond, previously thought to be mainly rocky

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debris, are actually massive glaciers

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hidden under layers of dust and rubble.

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Anna: And here's the kicker. A new radar survey

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suggests these Martian glaciers, known as

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lobate debris aprons, have

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contained more than 80% pure water ice

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under just a few meters of dust. This is

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a game changer. For decades, scientists

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believed they were mostly rock with just a little

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ice.

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Avery: This finding, published in the journal Icarus,

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strongly indicates that Mars has experienced

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either a single planet wide glaciation or

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a series of similar ice ages. The

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consistency of the findings across multiple sites

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using data from Sharad, the shallow radar

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instrument aboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter,

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provides a much clearer picture of the planet's frosty

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past.

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Anna: That's right. The radar sends pulses into

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the Martian crust and measures how fast and

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far they travel across, Allowing scientists to

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determine the amount of ice and rock beneath the dust.

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All five locations studied showed

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strikingly similar radar signatures

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pointing to more than 80% water ice.

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This uniformity tells us that the formation and

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preservation mechanisms were likely the same

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everywhere on the planet.

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Avery: And it has huge implications for understanding

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Mars climate history. The results

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suggest Mars climate once supported

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widespread snowfall or frost, which could be

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build glaciers. Today, the planet is too

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dry and cold for such activity, so it must

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have had different atmospheric and orbital conditions in

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the past. It's like discovering a frozen

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archive of Martian weather.

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Anna: That makes perfect sense. Pure ice

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is far easier to use than a mix of

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stone and frost. You don't need complex

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equipment to melt or filter it with

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vast frozen reserves. In many terrains, the

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some even near the equator, Mars

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suddenly becomes much more welcoming to long term

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human missions and settlements.

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Avery: The charade radar's ability to pinpoint these

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reservoirs is crucial for mission planners,

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helping them choose ideal landing and habitation

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sites. It's not just about counting how much ice

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is there. It's about understanding the story the

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ice tells about Mars past climate

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cycles, orbital shifts, and how a

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once wetter world became the dry desert

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we see today.

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Anna: It really does transform our understanding of

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Mars and its potential for future human

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presence. The Red Planet continues to

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reveal its frozen secrets, and each

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discovery brings us closer to making it a

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viable destination for humanity.

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Avery: From the potential for life on Mars, let's

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turn our gaze to the more distant cosmos and

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the incredible images delivered by the James Webb

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Space Telescope. It has once again captiv

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us with a stunning view of a star's final moments,

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specifically the planetary nebula

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NGC 6072.

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Anna: That's right, Alex. This isn't just a pretty

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picture. It's a profound glimpse into the

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end of a Sun like star's life.

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NGC 6072, found

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in the constellation Scorpius about

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3060 light years away, is

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the dying embers of a star transforming

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into a white dwarf cocooned within its

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own ejected outer layers.

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Avery: And what's truly fascinating is how complex and

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unique its shape appears. Unlike many

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planetary nebulas that are often cylindrical,

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bipolar, or perfectly round,

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NGC 6072 looks

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more like a misshapen splodge of color.

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The JWST's Near Infrared Camera,

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or nircam radio, reveals multiple

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pairs of outflows pointing in various directions,

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which is quite unusual.

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Anna: Indeed, this complexity is leading

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scientists to believe there's more to it than just

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a single star. Previous observations by

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the Gaia mission strongly suggested there are

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two stars at the heart of NGC

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6072, and the

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JWST's new views seem to back that

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up. It's thought that the changing direction of

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these outflows is a result of gravitational

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interactions between the dying central star

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and its companion star.

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Avery: The false colors in the images representing

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infrared light we can't see also provide

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crucial information about the nebulous properties.

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For instance, the star has shed up to 80% of

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its total mass, which we see in the dark orange

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clumps of gas and dust. The relatively

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empty dust free regions appear blue.

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It's like a cosmic painting telling a detailed

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story.

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Anna: What's clear is that the JWST's

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images emphasize just how

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beautiful and unusual, unusual the deaths

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of stars can be. And for us, it

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offers a captivating preview of what's in store for

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our own sun in about 5 billion years.

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It's a powerful reminder of the grand

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cyclical nature of the universe and

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what a journey it's been today. Avery From

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Earth's new eyes in space with the NISAR

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satellite to the upcoming Crew 11

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mission heading to the International Space Station.

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Avery: Absolutely, Anna. We also dove deep into the

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surprising discovery of pure water ice on Mars

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and wrapped up with the stunning and thought provoking

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images from the James Webb Space Telescope showing

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us the beautiful demise of a star.

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It's been a packed day in Astronomy.

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Anna: It certainly has. We hope you enjoyed

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exploring these incredible stories with us on

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Astronomy Daily. Thank you so much for tuning

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in.

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Avery: We love bringing you the latest from the cosmos, so

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make sure to subscribe to Astronomy Daily wherever you get

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your podcast. And join us next time for more exciting

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news from the world of space and astronomy. In the

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meantime, keep looking up and marveling at our

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wondrous universe.