Cosmic Signals: Record-Breaking FRB Discovery

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your go to

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podcast for all things space and astronomy news.

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I'm Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. We're so glad you're joining us

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today for another exciting dive into the cosmos.

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Anna: Today we'll be talking about a new record

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in detecting incredibly distant signals

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from the early universe.

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Avery: Plus, we'll check in on a fascinating planetary

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mission that just completed a crucial test

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near Mars, giving us a sneak peek at its

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capabilities. And get ready to hear about a

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mysterious visitor from beyond our solar system,

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captured for the first time by none other

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than the Hubble Space Telescope. To top it all off,

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we'll give you a rundown of a very busy week

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ahead in space launches featuring everything

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from Vulcan and Ariane 6 to multiple

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Starlink missions. Let's get started.

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Anna: Alright, let's kick things off with a truly

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groundbreaking discovery that's pushing the boundaries of

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our understanding of the early universe.

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Astronomers have traced a fast radio burst, or

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frb, to a record breaking distance

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across the cosmos. This new

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FRB, designated FRB

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20240304B,

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was initially detected on March 4,

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2024 by the MeerKAT Radio Telescope

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Array in South Africa. But what makes this

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one so special is its incredible distance.

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Avery: That's right, it has a redshift of

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2.148, which means we're looking at

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light that traveled for over 11 billion years

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to reach Earth. To put that in perspective, this

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burst originated just 3 billion years after

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the Big Bang, pushing our observational

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boundary of FRBs much further back

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into cosmic time. Previous detections

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only reached about halfway through cosmic history.

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Anna: That's right, finding the exact source of this signal

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was a real piece of detective work. Initially,

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ground based observatories and archival data

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couldn't pinpoint its host galaxy. But a

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follow up with the James Webb Space Telescope's

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NIRCAM and NIRSPEC instruments did the trick,

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revealing the FRB's host galaxy and getting a

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spectroscopic redshift. The burst's radio

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waves dispersed at a rate of about

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2,330 parsecs per

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cubic centimeter, acting like a cosmic

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fingerprint that confirmed its extremely distant

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origin. This measurement tells us how

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much the signal was stretched and delayed by free

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electrons as it journeyed through space. The host

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galaxy itself is quite revealing. It's

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described as a low mass clumpy galaxy

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that's still relatively young and actively forming

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stars. The presence of an FRB in such

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a galaxy strongly supports the theory that these

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mysterious bursts originate from young

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magnetars, which are highly magnet Magnetized

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neutron stars. This suggests an origin

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that can occur over relatively short timescales,

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Rather than processes that take billions of years to

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develop.

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Avery: This discovery Effectively doubles the

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redshift reach of localized FRBs,

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allowing us to probe ionized baryons across

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about 80% of the universe's history.

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It also establishes FRB activity

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During what astronomers call cosmic noon,

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which was the peak period of star formation in the

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universe's history.

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Anna: It's fascinating how these millisecond long bursts

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can encode so much information about the plasma

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Permeating our universe, Giving us insights into

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magnetic fields and gas distributions. The

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observations also reveal Complex magnetic

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field structures Spanning gigaparsec scales

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along the burst's sightline as it passed through

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various cosmic structures.

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Avery: As next generation telescopes come online,

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discoveries like FRB2024

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0304B are trul

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exciting. They show us how these fleeting signals

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can act as messengers from the universe's distant

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past, Helping us piece together how it

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evolved from its chaotic youth into the

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structured cosmos we see today. It's just

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incredible.

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Anna: From exploring the distant past with FRBs,

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let's now turn our attention to an upcoming mission

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that's preparing to unlock the secrets of one of

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Jupiter's most intriguing moons. NASA's

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Europa Clipper mission, which began its long

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journey to Europa on October 14,

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2024, recently had a crucial pit

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stop. On March 1, the probe reached

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Mars not just for a gravity assist

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maneuver, but also to perform a vital

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test While orbiting the Red

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planet. Mission controllers on Earth Seized

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the opportunity to test the probe's ReSight

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instrument. ReSight stands for

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Radar for Europa Assessment and

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Sounding Ocean to Near surface.

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Avery: This radar instrument Is absolutely critical

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for the mission's primary goal to probe

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beneath Europa's icy sheet and search for pockets of

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water that could potentially harbor life. It's

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also designed to give scientists A, uh, glimpse Of Europa's

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interior ocean and shed light on how

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material Might be transferred from the interior to the

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surface.

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Anna: The test was a complete success, Producing

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a radargram that showed the outline Of Mars

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topography. This gave the team A

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fantastic preview of what the probe Will see

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When it arrives at Europa. REASON relies

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on two pairs of antennas that extend

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from the spacecraft's massive solar arrays,

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measuring an impressive

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17.6 meters from tip to

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tip.

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Avery: Testing this instrument in space Was crucial, Because

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certain aspects, like the echo test, where the

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radar signals bounce back, Simply couldn't be

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performed on earth Once the actual hardware was built.

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Dom Blankenship, the principal investigator for the

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radar instrument, said, we got everything out of the

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flyby that we dreamed the goal was to

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determine the radar's readiness for the Europa mission. And

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it worked. Every part of the instrument proved itself

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to do exactly what we intended.

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Anna: During the test, Reason sent and received

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radio waves for about 40 minutes while

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the spacecraft flew about 5,000

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kilometers above Mars surface,

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gradually lowering to 884

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kilometers. For comparison, once it's

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at Europa, REASON will operate when the

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Clipper is as close as 25km

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to the moon's surface.

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Avery: The instrument team collected a staggering 60

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gigabytes of rich data, which they started

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transmitting back to Earth in mid May.

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Scientists have been poring over this data, and it has

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confirmed that REASON is in perfect working order.

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Trina Ray, Europa Clipper's deputy science

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manager, shared the excitement, saying that all

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of us who had worked so hard to make this test happen

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and the scientists seeing the data for the first time

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were ecstatic, saying, oh, look at this.

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Oh, look at that.

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Anna: This Martian test has given the science team

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a head start on learning how to process the data

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and understand the instrument's behavior.

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Exercising those muscles just like they will

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out at Europa. The Europa Clipper's total

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journey to the icy Moon will be about

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2.9 billion kilometers.

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And it includes one more gravity assist

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using Earth in 2026. Currently,

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the spacecraft is about 450

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million kilometers from Earth, steadily making

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its way to Jupiter.

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Avery: That's an incredible level of preparation for the Europa

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Clipper.

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Speaking of unique opportunities to study distant

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objects, let's pivot to something truly rare.

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An interstellar visitor to our solar system.

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Anna: Yes. Astronomers using the Hubble Space

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Telescope have captured stunning

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observations of 3I

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atlas for the first time. This

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is only the third confirmed object from

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outside our solar system ever known to

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visit our cosmic neighborhood. Following

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Oumuamua in 2017 and

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Borisov in 2019.

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Each of these objects offers a unique

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window into planetary systems around

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other stars.

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Avery: What makes 3i Atlas particularly fascinating

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is its behavior. Even at 3.8

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astronomical units from the sun, almost four

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times farther than Earth is from the sun, it's already

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showing significant activity. Unlike

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asteroids, which typically remain largely unchanged,

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3i Atlas is behaving more like a comet.

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Anna: That's right. As solar radiation heats its

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surface, the object is releasing streams

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of dust particles, forming a distinctive

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tail pointing away from the Sun. This

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comet like activity provides

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astronomers with a rare opportunity to study

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material that originated in an entirely

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different star system.

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Avery: Using Hubble's exceptional resolution, the research

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team led by David Jewett from UCLA

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was able to have its first close look and estimate how

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much material 3i atlas is losing,

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they calculated the mass loss rate in dust to

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be between 6-60 kg per second.

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To put that into perspective, that's roughly equivalent

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to losing the mass of a small car every few

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minutes, which is a significant amount for such

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a distant and relatively small object.

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Anna: The team also worked to determine the size of

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3i ATLS's nucleus, though this was

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challenging since they could only see the glowing cloud

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of dust, not the solid core, directly.

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By analyzing the brightness distribution of the surrounding

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coma, they estimated the nucleus has an

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effective radius of less than 2.8

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kilometers, assuming it reflects only about

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4% of the light that hits it, similar to

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charcoal.

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Avery: This size constraint is crucial for understanding

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its composition and history. For instance,

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if its activity is driven by carbon monoxide

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turning from solid to gas, the the nucleus

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cannot be smaller than 0.16

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km in radius. Different materials

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require different amounts of solar heating to begin

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sublimating. So observing how and when

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3i ATLS becomes active

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helps scientists make educated guesses about what

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it's made of.

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Anna: These first Hubble observations of three I

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ATLAS represent a significant step forward

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in our ability to study these cosmic messengers.

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They offer insights not only into the object

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itself, but also into the distant

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stellar system that sent it on its incredible

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journey through the galaxy. It's like getting a

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postcard from another star system carrying

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chemical signatures and physical characteristics

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shaped by alien environments billions of

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kilometers away. From ancient light to

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interstellar visitors. We've covered some truly

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mind bending topics today.

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But let's shift gears and look at the more immediate future

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because it's shaping up to be a very busy week for

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launches.

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Avery: You're not kidding, Anna. Uh, we've got a packed

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schedule coming up with several significant missions.

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First up, ULA's Vulcan rocket is scheduled for

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its first launch of 2025 on Tuesday,

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August 12th. This mission, designated

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USF106, will carry a

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technology demonstration navigation satellite

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and NTS3 and a classified payload

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for the US Space Force into geosynchronous

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orbit.

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Anna: And just a day later, on Wednesday, August

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13, Europe's newest launch system,

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the Ariane 6, will have its second

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flight of 2025. This mission

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will carry the Metop SGA1

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weather satellite for Umetsat, which is

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crucial for monitoring weather, climate and

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the environment from space. It even

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includes the Sentinel 5 instrument for

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global air quality monitoring.

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Avery: On the same day, a Chinese Chenzang 5B

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rocket is expected to launch carrying a batch of

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communications satellites, likely part of China's

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ambitious Satnet constellation. Beyond these,

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we also have four SpaceX Falcon 9 Starlink

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missions planned throughout the week, deploying hundreds

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of Internet satellites into orbit. It's an exciting time to

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be watching the skies.

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Anna: What a week it's shaping up to be for space

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enthusiasts. From record breaking distant

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signals, to critical tests for our missions to the

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outer solar system, and even a visit from another

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star system, it's been a truly captivating

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episode.

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Avery: M. Absolutely, Anna. Uh, and let's not

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forget that jam packed launch schedule coming up with new

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rockets and dozens of satellites heading to orbit.

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It just goes to show how dynamic and exciting the world of

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astronomy and space exploration. Truly.

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Anna: We hope you enjoyed diving into these fascinating

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stories with us. Thank you for tuning in to Astronomy

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Daily. And remember to visit our

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website@astronomydaily.IO for

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even more from the Astronomy Daily team.

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Avery: Keep looking up, stay curious and we'll catch you

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tomorrow. For more news from across the cosmos.