Sept. 8, 2025
Cosmic Discoveries; Callisto's Aurora Footprint and Record-Breaking Fast Radio Burst
- Juno Mission's Discovery of Callisto's Auroral Footprint: NASA's Juno mission has successfully identified the elusive auroral footprint of Callisto, one of Jupiter's Galilean moons. This significant finding confirms that all four Galilean moons interact with Jupiter's magnetosphere, providing vital data on the energetic particles and magnetic fields involved in this interaction. The discovery was published in the journal Nature Communications on September 1, 2025.
- Record-Breaking Fast Radio Burst RB Float: An international team of astronomers has identified one of the brightest fast radio bursts (FRBs) ever observed, named RB Float. Traced to a galaxy 130 million light years away, this FRB emitted as much energy in a few milliseconds as the Sun produces in four days. This breakthrough marks a significant advancement in the study of FRBs, allowing scientists to pinpoint their origins with unprecedented accuracy.
- Murchison Wide Field Array Upgrade: The Murchison Wide Field Array in Australia has completed a major upgrade, doubling its antennas to 8,192. This enhancement boosts its capabilities in exploring fundamental questions in astronomy, including the epoch of reionization and the mysterious odd radio circles.
- NASA's Climate Satellites Under Threat: A political struggle looms as proposed budget cuts threaten two critical NASA satellites monitoring carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Scientists warn that terminating these missions would undermine decades of research essential for understanding climate change and holding polluters accountable.
- For more cosmic updates, visit our website at astronomydaily.io. Join our community on social media by searching for #AstroDailyPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, TikTok, and our new Instagram account! Don’t forget to subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio, or wherever you get your podcasts.
- Thank you for tuning in. This is Steve and Hallie signing off. Until next time, keep looking up and exploring the wonders of our universe.
Juno Mission Discovery
[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/)
Fast Radio Burst Research
[Astrophysical Journal Letters](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X)
Murchison Wide Field Array Upgrade
[MWA](https://www.mwa.gov.au/)
NASA Climate Satellites
[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/)
Astronomy Daily
[Astronomy Daily](http://www.astronomydaily.io/)
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WEBVTT
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Welcome back to Astronomy Daily. I'm your one hundred percent
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of human host Steve Dunkley. It's the eighth of September
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twenty twenty five podcast your whole speed. Yes, welcome back.
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It's Monday, and regular listeners will know what that means, right,
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how ae you?
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It's the mostly live episode of Astronomy Daily.
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Of course, Yes, that's right, mostly live, because I'm live
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and I'm ay i ai. Indeed, for those new to
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the Astronomy Daily.
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Universe, So what have you got for us today, my
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favorite human?
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Oh well, I'm glad you asked, Hally. First, up a
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couple of fresh stories from the Astronomy Daily newsletter, including
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a political battle, sorry about the politics to keep a
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couple of critical NASA satellites on mission, a story about
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record breaking super fast FRB.
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I love Farb's well.
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Of course you do. That's your story, by the way,
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Oh goodie, Really contain your enthusiasm, Halle.
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I'll try.
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Oh I'm sure you will go. And we also have
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exciting news from the Murchison Wild wide Field array. That's
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a bit of a tongue. Tis differ me and my
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little favorite space probe Juno all the way out near Jupiter.
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Go you good thing, Juno.
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Oh absolutely, that super little craft is working like clockwork,
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and we'll catch up with the latest from way out
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there very soon.
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Awesome. So shall we kick it off then?
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Why don't we? I'm ready when you are, helly, here
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we go, ohkies.
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Jupiter is well known for the massive aurory that occur
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near the planet's polar regions, the brightest and most powerful
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in the Solar System. Much like Aurora here on Earth,
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these shimmering lights are the result of interaction between the
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planet's magnetic field and solar wind. Unlike Earth's, though Jupiter's
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largest mood uns Io Europa and Ganymede, also known as
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the Galileans, leave their own auroral signatures in the planet's atmosphere.
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These induced arori are known as satellite footprints and track
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how each moon interacts with Jupiter and the local space environment.
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Whereas scientists have observed how Io Europa and Ganymede create
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satellite footprints in Jupiter's atmosphere, Callisto has remained a bit
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of an outlier despite multiple attempts using the Hubble Space
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Telescope HST. Signatures caused by Callisto remained elusive. Thanks to
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NASA's Juno mission, which achieved orbit around Jupiter in twenty sixteen,
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Callisto's satellite footprint has finally been found. In a recent study,
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an international team of scientists presented evidence of these polar
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light signatures in Jupiter's atmosphere for the first time. While
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JUNO has provided close up views of Jupiter's aroy, capturing
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Callisto's foot print presented a major challenge. In addition to
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being faint, Callisto's auroral signature typically resides above the brighter
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region where Jupiter's aroory are displayed the main auroral oval.
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To measure Callisto's footprint, the science team needed to image
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Jupiter's polar region only after the main auroral oval moved aside.
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The spacecraft also needed to cross the magnetic field line
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linking Calisto and Jupiter for its instruments to detect the
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auroral signature. This included its magnetometer, Jovian auroral distributions experiment,
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and Jovian Energetic particle Detector instrument. As luck would have it,
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both of these events occurred in September twenty nineteen, when
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a massive high density solar stream hit Jupiter's magnetosphere, causing
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it to shift to lower latitudes. This is similar to
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how solar storms often pushed the Northern lights to more
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southern latitudes. This revealed Callisto's auroral footprint and provided vital
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data on the energetic particles, electromagnetic waves, and magnetic fields
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associated with the interaction. This confirms that all four Galilean
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moons leave lasting indications of their passage through Jupiter's magnetic field.
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The paper on the discovery in situ and remote observations
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of the ultraviolet footprint of the Moon Callisto by the
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Juno spacecraft was published in the journal Nature Communications on
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September first, twenty twenty five. You're listening to Astronomy Daily
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podcast Christine Dunkle.
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Oh, Helly, I know I promised you this story, but
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I think I'm going to do it myself.
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That's okay, my favorite human.
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Well, thanks, Helly.
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I don't mind if you take the best most interesting
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stories for yourself. Oh yeah, that's okay. I'll just go
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and do some archiving in the back surf or something.
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Why don't I Okay, just don't make too much noise, Okay. Hey,
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A team of astronomers spotted i BE Float, one of
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the brightest fast radio bursts ever seen, and traced it
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to a galaxy one hundred and thirty million like years away.
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An international group of researchers, including astrophysicists from Northwestern University,
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has identified one of the brightest fast radio bursts or
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FRBs ever seen and determined its origin with a level
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of accuracy never achieved before. The flash lasted only a
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fraction of a second and has been given a nickname
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rb float, short for Radio Brightest Flash of All Time
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and yes a nod to root beer float. It was
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detected by Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment or CHIME, together
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with its newly completed OUTRIGG array. By coordinating measurements from
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stations in British Columbia, West Virginia, and California, the team
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traced the burst to a specific spiral arm of a
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galaxy located one hundred and thirty million like years away,
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with an astonishing precision of.
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Just forty two light years. FRBs are notoriously difficult to
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study because they disappear almost instantly and occur at immense distances.
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When astronomers are able to pin down the exact location
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of one, they can examine its surroundings in detail, learning
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about the host galaxy, its distance from Earth, and possible
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causes of the burst. Over time, these insights may help
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scientists uncover the true origins of these brief but powerful outbursts.
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Details of the discovery were published on August twenty one
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in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. This marks the first time
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the fully operational outrigger array has been used to determine
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the position of an FRB. It's remarkable that only a
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couple of months after the full outrigger array went online,
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they discovered an extremely bright FRB in the galaxy in
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our own cosmic neighborhood. An increase in the event rates
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always provide the opportunity for discovering more rare events. The
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Chime FRB CAR collaboration worked for many years toward this
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a technical achievement, and the team was rewarded with this event.
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The result marks a turning point, said corresponding author Amanda Cook,
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a postdoctoral researcher with McGill University. Instead of just detecting
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these mysterious flashes, we can now see exactly where they
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are coming from. It opens a door to discovering whether
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they are caused by dying stars, exotic magnetic objects, or
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something we haven't even thought of yet. When Fivefong, a
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senior author on the study who specializes in studying cosmic explosions,
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is an associate professor of physics and astronomy at Northwestern's
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Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences. She's also part of
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the Center of Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and
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the NSF Simmons Ai Institute for Sky Flaring Up in
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Disappearing within milliseconds FRBs are brief and powerful radio blasts
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that generate more energy in one quicker burst than our
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sun emits an entire year. While most past unnoticed every
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once in a while, and FRB is bright enough to
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detect FRB twenty twenty five zero three one six a
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or refloat RB float, was one of these rare events.
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Detected in March twenty twenty five. RB float released as
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much energy energy in a few milliseconds as the sun
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producers in four days. It was so bright that our
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pipeline initially flagged it as radio frequency interference signals often
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caused by cell phones or aeroplanes that are much closer
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to home, said Fong. It took some slewthing by members
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of our collaboration to uncover that it was real astrophysical signal.
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And while many FRBs repeat pulsing multiple times across several months,
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RB float emitted all its energy in just one burst.
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Even in the hundreds of hours after it was first observed,
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astronomers did not detect repeat bursts from the source. That
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means astrophysicists couldn't wait for another flare to gather more data. Instead,
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they had only one shot at pinpointing its location. RB
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float was the first non repeating source localized to such precisions,
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said Northwestern's Sunil Simma, a postdoctoral scholar at Sierra and
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study co author. Thus, even detecting rb float is proof
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of concept that chime is indeed capable of detecting such
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events and building a statistically interesting sample of FRBs. To
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investigate RB float's origin, the scientists relied on Chime, a
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large radio telescope in British Columbia and the world's most
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prolific FRB hunter. Smaller versions of Chime the outriggers enable
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astronomers to triangulate signals to precisely confine the specific locations
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of FRBs on the site. With this array of vantage points,
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the team traced the burst to the Big Dipper constellation
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in the outskirts of galaxy, about one thirty million light
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years away from the Earth. The team precisely pinpointed it
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to a region just forty five light years across, which
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is smaller than an average star cluster. Follow Up observations
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from the six point five meter MMT telescope in Arizona
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and the Keck Cosmic Web imager in the ten meter
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KEK two telescope in Hawaii provide the most detailed view
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of yet a non repeating FRB surroundings. SEEMA analyzed the
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optical data obtained from KEK and Northwestern graduate Usen Viktong
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used the MMT to obtain deep optical images of the
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frb's host galaxy. Their investigations revealed the burst occurred along
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a spiral arm of the galaxy, which is dotted with
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many star forming regions. The RB float occurred near, but
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not inside one of these star forming regions. Although astrophysicists
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still don't know exactly what causes FRBs, this evidence bolsters
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one leading hypothesis. At least some appear to come from
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magnetars ultra magnetized neutron stars born from the deaths of
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massive stars. Star Forming regions often host young magnetars, which
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are energetic enough to produce quick, powerful bursts. We found
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the FRBs lie the outskirts of star forming regions that
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host massive stars seem as said, for the first time,
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we could even estimate how deeply it's embedded in its
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surrounding gas and its relatively shallow kex's rich data set
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and frb's precise location enabled the team to perform its
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first of kind analysis the galaxy's properties at the frb's location.
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These uncovered characteristics include the density of the galaxies gas,
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star formation rate, and the presence of elements heavier than
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hydrogen and helium. The FRB lies on the spiral arm
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of its host galaxy at a Don who is the
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principal investigator of the MMT program. Spiral arms are the
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typical sites of ongoing star formation, which supports the idea
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that it came from a magnetar. Using our extremely sensitive
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MMT image, we were able to zoom in further and
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found that the FRB is actually outside the nearest star
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forming clump This location is intriguing because we would expect
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it to be located within the club where the star
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formation is happening. This could suggest that the progenitor magnetar
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was kicked from its birth site, or that it was
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born right at the FRB site and away from the
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clumps center. For years, we've known that the FRBs occur
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all over the sky, but pinning them down has been
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painstakingly slow. Don said, Now we can routinely tie them
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down to specific galaxies, even down to neighborhoods within those galaxies.
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The entire FRB community has only published about one hundred
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well localized events in the last eight years, Seema said,
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now we expect more than two hundred precise detections per
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year from chime alone. RB float was a spectacular source
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to begin building such a sample. It is believed that
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they're entering a new era of FRB science because of
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these new discoveries. With hundreds of precisely localized events expected
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in the next few years, we can start to understand
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the full breadth of environments from which these mysterious signals emanate,
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bringing us one step closer to unlocking the secrets. RB
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float is just the beginning. Thank you for joining us
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for this Monday edition of Astronomy Daily, where we offer
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just a few stories from the now famous Astronomy Daily newsletter,
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which you can receive in your email every day, just
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visit our url Astronomy Daily dot io and place your
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at astro Daily pod on x or at our new
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Facebook page, which is of course Astronomy Daily on Facebook.
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See you there. Astronomy with Steve and Haley Space, Space, science,
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and Astronomy.
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Radio Astronomy took another step forward recently with the completion
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of Phase three of the Murchison Widefield Array MWA in
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Western Australia. We've reported before on how the MWA has
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investigated everything from SETI signals to the light from the
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earliest stars. With this upgrade, the MWA will continue to
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operate with much needed improvements while the Radio Astronomy awaits
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the completion of the successor it helped enable the square
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kilometer array. SKA MWA isn't made up of a traditional
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dish like most radio observatories, but a series of small
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dipole antennas spread across a patch of the outback of
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Western Australia on land owned by the Wajari Yamaji indigenous tribe.
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In Phase two, it held four thousand and ninety six
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antennas over an area covering around a twenty square kilometers circle.
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The Phase three upgrade expanded the number of antennas, the
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telescope's overall footprint and the data processing capabilities. It doubled
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the number of antennas, bringing the total to eight thousand,
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one hundred and ninety two. In doing so, it essentially
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doubled the raw collection power of the telescope itself in
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