Cosmic Advances: New Satellites, Intercepting Interstellar Visitor, and AI in Space Health

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your go to

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podcast for all things space and astronomy.

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I'm Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. We're thrilled to have you

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join us for another episode packed with

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the latest and most exciting news from beyond

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our planet.

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Anna: Today we've got some great stories to share,

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from groundbreaking satellite launches to

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potential encounters with interstellar objects,

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and even a peek into how AI is shaping

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the future of astronaut health.

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Avery: So get ready to dive deep into the cosmos with

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us right here on Astronomy Daily.

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Let's get started. Kicking off our

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news, we have a major stride

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in global weather and climate monitoring.

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The European Spaceport in Kourou, French

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Guiana saw the successful launch of the

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first in a new series of satellites, the the

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Metop second generation aboard

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an Ariane 6 rocket.

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Anna: That's right, Avery. This isn't just any satellite.

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It marks a new era for weather and climate monitoring

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from polar orbit. Liftoff happened on

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August 13th and within a few hours we had

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confirmation that Metop SGA1

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was alive and well. Solar, uh, arrays deployed,

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ready to generate power.

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Avery: It's fantastic news, especially given the

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increasingly erratic weather patterns we're seeing.

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This mission is designed to build on the

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legacy of the first generation METOP

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satellites, but with significantly enhanced

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capabilities.

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Anna: Absolutely. A key part of this

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new satellite's sophisticated instrument package

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is the Copernicus Sentinel 5

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instrument. This is crucial because it's

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designed to deliver critical data on air pollutants,

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ozone and climate related gases.

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Simonetta Celli, ESA's director of earth

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Observation Programmes, really highlighted the

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value of these strong partnerships in getting this done.

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Avery: And Phil Evans, the Director General at umitset,

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emphasised the real world impact. He pointed

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out that extreme weather has cost Europe hundreds of

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billions of euros and tens of thousands of lives

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over the past 40 years. This Meetup

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SGA1 launch is a significant step

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towards giving National Weather Services sharper tools

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to save lives, prevent, protect property and build

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resilience against any climate changes.

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Anna: It certainly is. The MET Off SG mission is

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planned to comprise three successive pairs of

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satellites operating for at least the next two

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decades. Each pair will have an A type and

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B type satellite carrying different but

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complementary instruments to capture a wide range of

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observations. This first one, Metop

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SG A1 is an A

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type and features six instruments, including that

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all important Sentinel 5 spectrometer.

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Avery: Amazing how these satellites will circle Earth from pole

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to pole, covering the globe approximately

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every 24 hours, giving us highly

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detailed measurements from their relatively low orbital

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altitude. This capability, combined with

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Europe's geostationary meteosat series,

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really maximises the Effectiveness of data

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for weather forecasting and climate analysis.

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It's a comprehensive approach to understanding

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our planet's atmosphere.

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Anna: Next up, let's talk about United Launch Alliance.

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They just fired off their first fully operational

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Vulcan rocket, marking a significant

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milestone in space launches.

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Avery: That's right Anna.

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Anna: Um.

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Avery: This powerful View launcher successfully

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boosted two military satellites into space,

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making it the first Space Force sanctioned flight

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for the Vulcan. It thundered to life on

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Tuesday evening at 8:56pm

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EDT from from Pad 41 at the Cape

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Canaveral Space Force Station.

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Anna: It sounds like quite the sight. Soaring over the

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Atlantic with almost 3 million pounds of

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thrust, the 198 foot tall

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Vulcan is powered by two methane

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fueled BE4 engines and put on a

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spectacular skylighting show.

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Avery: But this launch isn't just about the spectacle. It's a

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major milestone for United Launch Alliance. The

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Vulcan is strategically replacing their older rocket

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fleet, specifically the Atlas V which

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uses a Russian built first stage engine and

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their already retired Deltas. This has been

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a big push to have an all American launcher.

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Anna: That makes sense given the geopolitical climate.

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So what were the payloads on this important

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first Space Force mission?

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Avery: The mission carried at least two

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satellites, one classified spacecraft

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and a crucial experimental satellite called

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Navigation Technology Satellite 3

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or NTS3.

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This is the Pentagon's first experimental

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navigation satellite since the GPS

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precursors were launched in the 1970s.

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Anna: And what exactly is NTS3

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designed to do?

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Avery: It's designed to test upgraded atomic clocks

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and navigation technology that could lead to much more

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accurate and jam proof Global Positioning

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System type data from for both military and

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commercial users. Joanna Hinx, a senior

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aerospace engineer with the Air Force Research Laboratory,

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highlighted how integral GPS is to our daily

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lives and that NTS3 is about evolving

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and augmenting it to maintain its gold standard.

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Anna: That sounds like a significant leap forward for

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navigation tech. Where will this new

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satellite operate from?

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Avery: It's bound for geosynchronous orbit about

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22,300 miles above the equator.

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That's significantly higher than the typical GPS

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satellites which uh, at 12,500 miles.

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This higher perch combined with an advanced phased array

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antenna allows it to directly electronically direct

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signals to receivers across broad

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regions.

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Anna: So the Vulcan is designed specifically

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for these high altitude specialised missions?

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Avery: Precisely. ULA President and CEO Tory

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Bruno explicitly stated that the Vulcan was

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purposely designed to support these missions. Doing

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direct inject to geo for the Space Force.

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He highlighted its capability to launch heavy payloads directly

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to high orbits without requiring the

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satellites to use their own limited propellant for

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transit. Essentially saying one core is cheaper

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and more efficient than three expendable cores

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from other heavy launch vehicles.

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Anna: That's a direct challenge to the competition.

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What does this mean for ULA's future launch schedule?

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Avery: ULA is really ramping up. They're expanding their ground

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infrastructure and expect to launch nine flights in

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2025 and aiming for a cadence of two per

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month by the end of the year. For 2026, they project

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between 20 to 25 flights. So the Vulcan

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is set for a, uh, busy operational future.

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Shifting our gaze from launches to deep space with a follow

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up to one of our stories from yesterday's episode. There's

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a fascinating proposal on the table that could see

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NASA's Juno spacecraft intercepting the third

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interstellar object ever detected.

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Anna: That's incredibly exciting. Avery,

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you're talking about Comet 3I Atlas, right?

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It was just detected on July 1, 2025

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by the Atlas system in Rio Hurtado,

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becoming only the third interstellar visitor we've

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ever observed. After Oumuamua and 2i

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Borisov.

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Avery: Exactly. And the exciting part is the proposal from

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a team led by Professor Abraham Lueb of Harvard

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University, along with Adam Hibbard and Adam

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Krall to use our existing Juno

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probe. The their analysis suggests Juno could

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intercept 3i Atlas once it approaches

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Jupiter on March 16, 2026,

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offering us an unprecedented close look at one of the

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universe's most enigmatic objects.

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Anna: That's a truly rare opportunity. It

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highlights the serendipitous nature of these celestial

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encounters, especially since it's practically

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infeasible to launch a dedicated mission from Earth

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to catch three Eye Atlas. Given how little warning we

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had of its arrival. The fact that it happens to

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pass so close to multiple planets like Mars, Jupiter

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and Venus is a strange coincidence.

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Avery: Indeed, it really is. The scientific value of such

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an encounter would be immense. Studying

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interstellar objects as they pass through our solar system

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offers a unique window into the conditions present

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in other star systems. Without us needing to send a

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spacecraft all the way there. It's like getting a cosmic

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sample delivery.

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Anna: And this isn't just about understanding other star

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systems. Professor Loeb, who became quite

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well known for his hypothesis hypothesis that

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Oumuamua might have been an

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extraterrestrial spacecraft, has also

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explored the controversial possibility that

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3i Atlas could be an

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artificial object. While they don't

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necessarily subscribe to it themselves, they

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argue that it's a hypothesis worthy of scientific

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analysis. Given its potential implications,

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that definitely adds.

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Avery: Another layer of intrigue to the mission. The

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proposal outlines how a ah, Jupiter Oberth

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manoeuvre involving Specific thrust applications

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in September 2025 could

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shift Juno from its current orbit to intercept

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3I ATLAS near Jupiter on March

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14, 2026. If successful,

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this would not only provide invaluable data, but

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also rejuvenate Juno's mission and extend its

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scientific lifespan beyond its originally intended

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termination.

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Anna: A win win, then. Juno's suite of instruments,

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including its Near Infrared spectrometer,

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magnetometer and visible light camera, would be

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perfect to probe the object's composition,

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delivering data that could address fundamental questions

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about its origin and nature. Even if recent

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Hubble images suggest its nucleus is

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smaller than initially thought for a technological

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artefact, the insights we'd gain about what

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lies beyond our solar system would be

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absolutely fascinating. From looking

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out into the cosmos and beyond, let's bring it

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back closer to home, or at least closer to

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the idea of future homes for humanity.

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NASA and Google are teaming up on an incredibly

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innovative project. An AI medical

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assistant for astronauts headed to Mars.

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Avery: That's right, Anna. As space missions get longer and further

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from Earth, keeping crews healthy becomes a

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massive challenge. Think about it. Astronauts on

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the ISS have real time communication with Houston,

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regular cargo deliveries of medicine, and can be home

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in a pinch. None of that will be true for a Mars

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mission.

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Anna: Exactly. This push for Earth independent

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medical care is leading to some fascinating

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developments. This new tool is called the

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Crew Medical Officer Digital Assistant,

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or cmoda, and it's a proof of

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concept AI designed to help astronauts

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diagnose and treat symptoms when a doctor

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isn't available or communications with Earth are

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blacked out.

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Avery: It's a multimodal tool, meaning it incorporates

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speech, text and images. And it runs within

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Google Cloud's Vertex AI environment.

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NASA actually owns the source code and has helped fine

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tune the models, utilising Google's platform, which

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provides access to various models.

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Anna: They've put CMODA through some initial

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tests too, simulating scenarios like an

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ankle injury, flank pain and ear pain.

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Uh, A trio of physicians, including an astronaut,

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graded its performance and the results were

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impressive.

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Avery: They found a high degree of diagnostic accuracy

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with the flank pain evaluation and treatment plan

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judged 74% likely correct ear

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pain at 80% and an impressive

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88% for the ankle injury.

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Anna: The plan is to gradually expand its capabilities,

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adding more data sources like medical devices,

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and training the model to be situationally

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aware of specific space medicine conditions,

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such as microgravity.

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Avery: While it's primarily for astronauts, the potential for

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this technology to extend to medical applications here on

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Earth is huge. As Google's David Crueley

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mentioned, the lessons learned from this tool could have wide

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applicability to other areas of health, especially in

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remote or underserved areas. It's a perfect

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example of how space technology often finds its way back

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to benefit us on our home planet.

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Anna: And that brings us to the end of another fascinating

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episode of Astronomy Daily. What an

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incredible array of advancements we've covered today.

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Avery: Absolutely, Anna. Um, From Europe ushering in a new era

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of weather and climate monitoring with the Metop

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second generation satellite to ULA's Vulcan

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rocket launching its first Space Force mission, it's

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clear innovation is booming.

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Anna: And let's not forget the thrilling possibility

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of NASA's Juno spacecraft

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intercepting the interstellar comet. Three

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I ATLs offering us an

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unprecedented look at an object from

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beyond our solar system.

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Avery: Plus, the groundbreaking work NASA and Google are

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doing with the AI Medical Assistant

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is paving the way for safer, healthier,

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long duration missions to Mars. It really shows

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how space exploration pushes the boundaries of technology

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in all fields.

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Anna: It truly does. We hope you have enjoyed

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diving into these stories with us as much as

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we have enjoyed sharing them. And for more

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space and astronomy news, simply visit

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our

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website@astronomydaily.IO.

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you can also find all our back episodes

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there. Ready for your listening enjoyment.

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Avery: Thank you for tuning in to Astronomy Daily. Stay

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curious, keep looking up and we'll be back

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tomorrow with more cosmic insights.

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Mhm.

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The

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story.