Blue Origin's Lunar Ambitions, Asteroid Mysteries, and the Cosmic Fossil Discovery

WEBVTT

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your regular dose of the latest

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and greatest in space and astronomy news.

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I'm your host, Anna, and I'm thrilled you could join me today for

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an episode packed with fascinating stories from across

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the cosmos and beyond. We have a lot to cover,

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starting with Blue Origin's ambitious plans for Mars and the

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moon, including an update on their new Glenn rocket and

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the Blue Moon lander. Then we'll dive into

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a perplexing discovery from the icy asteroid

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Ryugu that has scientists scratching their heads.

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We'll also journey billions of light years away to explore a

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truly ancient galaxy, a cosmic fossil

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that's been frozen in time, offering us a rare

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glimpse into the early universe.

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Closer to home, we'll take a dazzling peek inside

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a blue nebula where new planets are forming

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around not one, but three suns. And

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of course, we'll round up all the significant space

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launches that are keeping our orbits busy before

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looking at how NASA is bringing the wonders of space even

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closer to your living room. So buckle up, because it's

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going to be an exciting ride.

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Blue Origin is making steady progress towards the second

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launch of its new Glenn rocket, a significant step

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that could occur sometime this fall. The

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company has already completed the crucial second stage

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ignition test in April, and the first stage is now

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in its final preparation at Cape Canaveral, Florida.

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While the initial target of August 15 is off the

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table, sources suggest a, uh, mid to late

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September launch is realistic, with others leaning

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towards late October or November. Blue

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Origin has remained quiet about the payload for this flight,

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but multiple reports indicate it will carry NASA's

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escapade mission. This mission involves a pair of

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small spacecraft heading to Mars to study the

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Red Planet's magnetosphere. Escapade

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was originally meant for New Glenn's first flight last October,

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but was removed due to launch date uncertainty and the

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spacecraft's propellant shelf Life. Missing

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that 2024 Mars launch window means these

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spacecraft, once launched this fall, won't reach

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Mars until late 2027.

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Looking ahead, Blue Origin has several exciting missions planned

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for New Glenn. The fourth flight in the first

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half of 2026 is slated to carry the

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Blue Moon MK1 lander. The fifth

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in mid-2026, will deploy the first

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batch of 49Amazon Project Kuiper satellites.

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Blue Origin's strategy is to launch new rockets as soon as

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they're ready to gather performance data, practise first

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stage reuse, and achieve a rapid launch cadence.

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They even have an inspirational cube for the future

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mission ready as a backup or rideshare if a

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customer payload isn't Ready. Among

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these, The Blue Moon MK1 lander is

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generating significant buzz. It's a key part

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of Blue Origin's plan for a large reusable

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lander capable of taking humans to the moon.

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Recent video showed the MK1's midsection arriving at

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their assembly facilities. At 8 metres,

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or 26.4ft tall, it's

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designed to be the tallest vehicle ever to land on

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the moon. A um metre taller than the Apollo lunar

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module, the MK1 is a cargo version

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capable of carrying about 3 metric tonnes to the lunar

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surface, roughly 10 times the capacity of

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current commercial landers and and a precursor to

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the human rated MK2.

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Interestingly, industry officials now believe Blue

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Origin has a realistic chance to beat SpaceX in

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landing a vehicle on the lunar surface.

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SpaceX has faced development struggles with its

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starship, with recent upper stage losses.

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Blue Origin's MK2 Lander, while ambitious,

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is considered less technically challenging.

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Furthermore, sources suggest Blue Origin founder Jeff

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Bezos is is more committed to a lunar programme than

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SpaceX's Elon Musk, potentially giving him an

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edge in this lunar race from

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the ambitious future of lunar landings.

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Let's now shift our focus to a tiny, perplexing

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discovery from the icy depths of asteroid

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Ryugu, a find that is truly baffling

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scientists Researchers at Hiroshima

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University have uncovered a mineral called Jerfischerite within

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a pristine grain from Ryugu, an asteroid

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belonging to the carbon rich C type family. What makes

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this so surprising is that Jerfischerite typically forms

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in scorching, oxygen poor environments,

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conditions completely contrary to what we believed about

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Ryugu, which is thought to be an icy water

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soaked time capsule from the early solar system.

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This unexpected discovery, detailed in the journal

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Meteoritics and Planetary Science, is like

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finding a tropical seed buried deep in Arctic ice.

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Ryugu's samples, brought to Earth by Japan's

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Hayabusa2 probe in December 2020, have

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been turning planetary science on its head.

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The presence of Jerfischerite suggests two main

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either the asteroid endured unexpected heat spikes,

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or it somehow captured exotic material that

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travelled across the early solar system. This m

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finding challenges the long held idea that Ryugu

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is compositionally uniform and instead points

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to a far more chaotic mixing of planetary building

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blocks during the solar system's formation.

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Ryugu is believed to have originated from a larger parent

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body that formed in the outer regions of the solar system,

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where water and carbon dioxide existed as

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ice temperatures within this parent

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body were estimated to have remained below about

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50 degrees Celsius. In stark

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contrast, Jerfischurite is known to form in much Hotter

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conditions, sometimes exceeding 350 degrees

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Celsius, often found in meteorites that formed

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closer to the sun. Scientists are now

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considering whether this mineral arrived from another source during

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Ryugu's formation, or if Ryugu

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itself experienced localised heating events

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that allowed jerfischerite to form intrinsically.

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Preliminary evidence leans towards the intrinsic formation

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hypothesis, but more research is needed.

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The next steps involve conducting isotopic studies of

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this and other Ryugu grains to

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determine their true origins.

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Ultimately, the goal is to reconstruct the early mixing

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processes and thermal histories that

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shaped small bodies like Ryugu, thus

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improving our understanding of how planets

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formed and how materials were transported in the early

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solar system.

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It's a tiny mineral, but a huge mystery for

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planetary scientists. From

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the small wonders of asteroids, we now journey

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to the colossal structures of the universe, where

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astronomers have made a truly remarkable discoverya

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uh, galaxy that has remained frozen in time

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for billions of years. Imagine a

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cosmic fossil, much like the dinosaur fossils we

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find here on Earth. But instead of ancient life,

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it's a galaxy that has preserved the conditions of the

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early universe. This incredible find is

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the Galaxy Kids

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J08420059,

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located a staggering 3 billion light years away.

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What makes it a cosmic fossil is its unique ability

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to have, um, remained virtually unchanged by collisions and

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interactions with other galaxies. Acting as a

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pristine time capsule, recent research

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utilising data from the Large Binocular Telescope

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has confirmed that this galaxy has been perfectly preserved

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for approximately 7 billion years.

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As Crescenzo Tortora, a team co leader and

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researcher at the National Institute of Astrophysics, put it,

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discovering this galaxy is like an

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archaeological find that helps us understand how the

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first galaxies were born and how the universe has

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evolved. These fossil galaxies are truly

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like the dinosaurs of the universe, offering clues

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about the environmental conditions in which they formed and

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how today's most massive galaxies came to be.

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M Kids

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J084-20059

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was initially discovered in 2018 by the

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Kilo Degree Survey, or KIDS.

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Subsequent observations with instruments like the Very Large

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Telescope and its X Shooter instrument helped

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astronomers measure its size and mass. It was found

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to have a stellar mass about 100 billion times that of our

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Sun. Yet it's more compact than other galaxies of

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similar mass and has notably lacked star

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formation for much of its life. All these

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characteristics pointed towards it being a fossil galaxy.

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To confirm its unique nature, the team used the

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adaptive optics system of the Large Binocular

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Telescope, obtaining images with 10 times the

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detail previously available. This confirmed its

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compact structure, similar to other rare, stunted

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galactic fossils like NGC1277,

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which is much closer to us. The

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existence of galaxies like kids

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J08420059

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indicates that some galaxies can form rapidly,

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stay compact, and remain dormant for aeons by

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simply avoiding collisions. Studying these

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cosmic fossils is crucial for reconstructing the

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formation history of the nuclei of today's massive

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galaxies, which, unlike these relics,

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have undergone numerous merger processes.

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Future research with cutting edge technologies and telescopes

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such as the Euclid Space Telescope promises to

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further unlock the secrets these ancient galaxies hold.

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From the ancient past of galaxies, we now turn our gaze

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to the vibrant present of star and planet formation

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as the Hubble Space Telescope has delivered another

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breathtaking image. This time it's a

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dazzling peak inside a blue nebula,

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revealing what astronomers are calling a hidden planet factory.

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The image showcases a stunning cosmic cloud known

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as GN043.2.8,

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a type of reflection nebula. Unlike

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nebulae that emit their own light, reflection

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nebulae glow by scattering light from nearby

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stars, often giving them that characteristic

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soft, bluish hue, which is certainly the

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case here. This glowing cloud is nestled

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within the Torus Molecular Cloud, a

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rich star forming region located approximately

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480 light years from Earth in the

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constellation Taurus. It's one of the closest

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and most ideal places for observing newborn stars in

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action. The soft Glow of

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GN04328 comes from a

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trio of young stars at its heart. These include the

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variable star V1025 Tauri at the

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very centre of the image, along with HP Tau,

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HP Tau G2, and HP Tau

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G3. HP Tau itself belongs to a

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special class known as T Tauri stars, which are

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energetic and restless stars in the earliest stages of their

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lives, perfectly at home in this stellar nursery.

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Astronomers believe these three stars form a

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gravitationally bound triple system, making this region even

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more compelling for study. But perhaps the

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most exciting detail for planet hunters is a small

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squashed orange spot just to the left of the centre,

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below the main cloud, crossed by a dark

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line. This is a newly formed

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protostar veiled within a protoplanetary

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disc that obstructs some of its light.

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Because this disc is seen edge on from our

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perspective, it presents an ideal opportunity for

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astronomers to examine it closely. They're

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using Hubble's keen eye to seek out clues about the

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kinds of exoplanets that might be formed within discs

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just like this one.

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Moving from the ancient past of galaxies to the

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dynamic present here on Earth, this week promises

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to be an incredibly busy one for space launches.

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As July begins, the global launch manifest

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is absolutely jam packed with exciting missions

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Kicking things off SpaceX is set for a double

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header with two Falcon 9 launches from Florida.

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The first is a Starlink mission scheduled for

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no earlier than Tuesday, July 1st at

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2:06am EDT from Space

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Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral. This

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rocket will fly on a northeast trajectory carrying a batch of

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27 Starlink V2 mini satellites for Internet

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connectivity. The first stage booster will attempt a

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landing on one of SpaceX's East coast drone ships in the

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Atlantic. This mission marks a significant

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milestone as it will be the 82nd flight of a

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Falcon 9 in 2025 and the

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staggering 500th mission for the rocket since its

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debut back in June 2010.

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SpaceX is ambitiously aiming for up to

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170 Falcon launches before the year is out.

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Just Hours later, the second SpaceX launch could happen.

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Liftoff of the MTGS1 mission is

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scheduled for no earlier than Tuesday, July 1

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at 5:03pm EDT,

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this time from the historic Launch Complex

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39A at Kennedy Space Centre. The

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payload for this M mission is the Meteosat third

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generation Sounder 1 or MTG

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S1, a crucial weather satellite to be operated

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by the European Space agency and Umet Sat.

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Weighing in at 3,800 kilogrammes,

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MTG S1 is equipped with an infrared

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sounder, Europe's first in geostationary

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orbit, and a UVN spectrometer.

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These instruments will provide improved weather forecasting data for

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Europe and Northern Africa and importantly

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monitor air quality by detecting trace gas

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concentrations and aerosols, supplying hourly

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air pollution information. This will be the 83rd

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Falcon 9 launch of the year. Beyond

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SpaceX we have a truly momentous occasion for Australia

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the debut flight of its first homegrown launch vehicle,

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Gilmore Space's Air Ros rocket. This highly

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anticipated maiden flight is set to take place no earlier than

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Thursday, July 3 at 7:30am

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Australian UM Eastern Standard Time from the Bowen Orbital

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Spaceport at Abbott Point. After

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years of development, the three stage ERIS rocket, which

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uses a fascinating hybrid propellant system for its first

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two stages, will attempt to reach low Earth

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orbit. A successful launch would mark the first for an

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Australian built rocket and the first for a hybrid

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fueled rocket. Fun fact. While

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not carrying an operational payload, Gilmour Space has

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humorously placed a container of vegemite flavour spread

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inside the payload fairing. Also on Thursday, July

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3, China's only scheduled launch of the week will see a

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uh Chang Geng 4B or CZ4B

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Rocket take flight at 9:35am UTC

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from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre. This three

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stage launcher has a long and successful history,

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having flown 53 times with 52 successes over

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its 26 year tenure, primarily launching

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remote sensing satellites. Rounding out the

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week's launches, the Russian space agency Roscosmos

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is looking to resupply the International Space Station with a

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Progress cargo mission. Liftoff from site

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31.6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in

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Kazakhstan is scheduled for Thursday, July

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3 at 3:32pm Eastern Daylight

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Time. The Progress M S31

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spacecraft will deliver approximately

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2,500 kilogrammes of food, water

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and equipment for the crew aboard the station, with

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docking expected on Saturday, July 5. This

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will mark the 184th flight of a Progress cargo

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spacecraft and the sixth launch of a Soyuz

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rocket in 2025. What a week for space

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enthusiasts.

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Finally, in exciting news for space enthusiasts

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everywhere new NASA has announced its latest

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venture to bring space closer to home by

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teaming up with a major streaming service.

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Starting this northern summer, NASA live

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programming will be available on Netflix.

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This partnership means that audiences will have another

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fantastic option to stream live rocket

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launches, awe inspiring astronaut

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spacewalks, comprehensive mission coverage,

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and breathtaking live views of Earth directly from

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the International Space Station.

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Rebecca Sermons, General Manager of NASA,

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highlighted the agency's commitment, stating that the

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National Aeronautics and Space act of

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1958 calls on them to share their story

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of space exploration with the broadest possible

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audience. This collaboration aims for

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a golden age of innovation and exploration,

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inspiring new generations right from the comfort of their couch

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or the palm of their hand. Through this strategic

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partnership, NASA's groundbreaking work in science and

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exploration will become even more accessible,

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allowing the agency to significantly increase

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engagement and inspire a global audience within

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the modern media landscape. With

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Netflix reaching over 700 million people

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worldwide, this move aligns perfectly with

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NASA's broader efforts to connect with as many people as

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possible through various platforms, including

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video, audio, social media and

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live events. The ultimate goal is simple

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to bring the excitement of the agency's discoveries,

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inventions and space exploration to people

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wherever they are. It's also worth noting

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that NASA itself will continue to be available

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for free with no ads through the official

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NASA app and on the agency's website.

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More programming details and schedules are expected to be

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announced closer to the launch date.

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And that brings us to the end of another fascinating

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episode of Astronomy Daily. Thank you so much for joining

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me today. I hope you enjoyed exploring the latest in space and

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astronomy news from Mars missions and puzzling

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asteroid discoveries to ancient galaxies and

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the cutting edge of launch technology.

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Before we sign off. Remember, you can always catch up

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on all the latest space and astronomy news

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with our constantly updating news feed, and listen to

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all our back episodes by visiting our

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website@astronomydaily.IO. that's

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Astronomy Daily IO. And if you haven't

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00:17:41.070 --> 00:17:44.070
already, make sure to subscribe to Astronomy Daily on Apple

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00:17:44.070 --> 00:17:46.950
podcasts, Spotify and YouTube, or wherever

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you get your podcasts so you never miss an episode.

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It's been a pleasure being your host, Anna, and I look

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forward to sharing more cosmic wonders with you tomorrow.

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Until then, keep looking up.