Black Hole Merger Record, Private Space Ventures, and Ancient Lunar Mysteries Uncovered

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Anna: Hello, everyone, and welcome to Astronomy Daily.

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I'm your host, Anna, and I'm thrilled to have you join

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us for another journey through the cosmos. Here

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we dive into the latest, most fascinating discoveries

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and events shaping our understanding of the

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universe. Uh, all delivered with a friendly, accessible

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approach. Today, we'll start by exploring the

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largest black hole merger ever detected, an

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event so immense it's challenging our current theories.

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Then we'll look at how private spaceflights are not just reaching

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orbit, but also paving the way for a dynamic commercial

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space economy. Plus, we'll uncover the

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secrets of an ancient lunar meteorite that's rewriting the

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Moon's volcanic history. And finally, we'll

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discuss a rare opportunity to own a piece of the Red

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Planet. But you will need deep pockets. Stay

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tuned.

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Let's kick things off with a truly massive

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cosmic event. Astronomers have recently

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detected the largest black hole merger ever

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observed, an incredible event that has resulted

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in a new black hole approximately 225

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times the mass of our Sun. This monumental

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collision, officially named GW

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231123, was picked up by the

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LIGO gravitational wave observatories.

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Now, you might be wondering, what exactly are gravitational waves?

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These are ripples in the very fabric of

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spacetime, first theorized by Albert Einstein

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in his General Theory of Relativity. They're caused by

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the most violent and energetic events in the cosmos,

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like the merging of two massive black holes.

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The first direct detection of these waves happened back in

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2015 at the US Laser Interferometer

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Gravitational Wave Observatory, or LIGO,

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marking a groundbreaking moment in astrophysics.

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Since then, gravitational wave observatories have truly

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opened a new window to the universe, detecting

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hundreds of black hole mergers. The LVK

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Network of Detectors, which is a collaboration between

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ligo, the Virgo detector in Italy and KAGRA

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in Japan, has alone spotted about 300 such

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events in just the last 10 years. The

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newest and largest discovery, GW23

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1123, was detected on

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November 23, 2023.

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Scientists poring over the data have determined that this

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event involved the collision of two individual black

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holes, each incredibly massive,

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ranging from 100 to 140 times the

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size of our Sun. To give you some perspective,

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the previous record holder for a black hole merger,

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known as

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GW190521,

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involved black holes with a combined mass of

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140 times that of the Sun. So this new

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detection is a significant leap. The findings

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and their implications are being presented at major international

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conferences, highlighting just how important this

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discovery is. Mark Hannam,

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a member of the LVK collaboration from Cardiff

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University in Wales notes that this is

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the most massive black hole binary we've observed

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through gravitational waves, and it presents a real

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challenge to our understanding of black hole formation.

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He explains that black holes of this immense size are

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not easily accounted for by standard stellar evolution models.

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One exciting possibility is that these colossal black

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holes actually formed through earlier

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sequential mergers of smaller black holes.

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Imagine a cosmic game of billiards. But

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with black holes, gravitational wave

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observations like GW 231123 are

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incredibly valuable because they allow astronomers to observe

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phenomena that truly test the limits of known physics.

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Charlie Hoy, another LVK member from the

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UK's University of Portsmouth, points out that

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the black holes appear to be spinning very rapidly,

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near the limit allowed by Einstein's theory of general

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relativity. This rapid spin makes the

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signal incredibly complex and difficult to model and

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interpret, serving as an excellent case study for

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pushing forward the development of theoretical tools.

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The scientific community recognizes that unraveling

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this intricate signal will take time. Gregorio

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Carullo from the University of Birmingham, uk,

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suggests it will take years for the community to fully

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unravel this intricate signal pattern and all its

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implications. While a black hole

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merger remains the most likely explanation, he hints that

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more complex scenarios could be the key to deciphering its

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unexpected features. Ultimately, as

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Dave Reitze, the Executive Director of ligo, puts it,

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this observation once again demonstrates how

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gravitational waves are uniquely revealing the

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fundamental and exotic nature of black holes

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throughout the universe. It's truly

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a thrilling time to be studying the cosmos,

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moving from the distant cosmos to our orbital

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neighborhood.

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We have a quick wrap up to our coverage of the private

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AX4 mission to the International Space

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Station. AXIOM Mission 4, the fourth

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NASA supported private astronaut mission, has

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successfully completed its flight. This

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endeavor is a crucial part of NASA's strategy

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to to foster a vibrant low Earth orbit economy

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and build operational knowledge for future

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commercial space stations. The four

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person crew safely returned to Earth, splashing

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down off the coast of California aboard a

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SpaceX Dragon spacecraft. The international

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team included Peggy Whitson from Axiom Space,

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Shubhanshu Shukla from the Indian Space Research

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Organization, Slawosz Uznanski

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Wisniewski of Poland and Tibor Kapu from

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Hungary. They spent about two and a half weeks in

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space, having launched on June 25 from

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NASA's Kennedy Space center and undocking on

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July 14. During their time on the ISS,

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the crew conducted approximately 60 science

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experiments along with educational outreach and

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commercial activities, returning valuable research,

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including NASA cargo, back to Earth.

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This mission truly highlighted global collaboration.

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It fulfilled a commitment by President Trump and Indian Prime Minister

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Narendra Modi to send the first ISRO

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astronaut to the station, involving five joint

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science investigations. It also carried

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the first astronauts from Poland and Hungary to stay

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aboard the space station. This successful

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private flight demonstrates NASA's vision for a strong

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economy off Earth. By purchasing

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services from commercial providers, NASA can meet

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its size, science and research objectives in

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microgravity more efficiently and at a lower cost.

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This strategic shift enables the agency to

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dedicate more resources and focus on its

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ambitious Artemis missions to the moon in

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preparation for Mars, while low Earth orbit

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continues to serve as an essential training ground for these deep

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space explorations.

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Now let's turn our attention closer to home, to our celestial

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neighbor, the Moon. A remarkable discovery is

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rewriting what we thought we knew about its fiery past

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A rare lunar meteorite found in Africa in

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2023 is shedding new light on hidden

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volcanic processes that shaped the moon long after

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its surface was believed to have cooled.

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This meteorite, officially named Northwest Africa

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16286, is an incredible

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2.35 billion years old. Its

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unique chemical signature has plummeted a significant

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gap in our understanding of the moon's volcanic history.

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Researchers from the University of Manchester unveiled

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their fascinating results at the Goldschmidt conference in

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Prague, detailing how this ancient rock

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illuminates the moon's evolving interior and

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the surprising longevity of its volcanic

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activity. By carefully measuring lead

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isotopes, the team determined that this particular

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rock star solidified around 2.35

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billion years ago. This period is

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especially interesting because we have almost no other samples

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from that specific time. What makes it even

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more extraordinary is its unusual geochemical

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fingerprint, which sets it apart from the basalts brought

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back by the Apollo, Luna, and Chang' E missions.

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This suggests it crystallized from deep source

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lava shortly after reaching the lunar surface.

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Dr. Joshua Snape, a research fellow at the University

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of Manchester, explained the immense

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scientific value of lunar meteorites.

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While samples from return missions are invaluable,

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they are limited to the immediate landing sites.

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Lunar meteorites, however, can be ejected by impact

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cratering from anywhere on the moon's surface, offering

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a serendipitous glimpse into areas we couldn't otherwise explore

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without the massive expense of a space mission.

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This 311 gram meteorite is a type of lunar

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volcanic basalt called olivine ferric basalt,

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containing relatively large crystals of the mineral

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olivine, along with moderate levels of titanium

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and high levels of potassium. Beyond its

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unusual age, the study found that its lead

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isotope composition, a geochemical Fingerprint

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points to an origin in the Moon's interior with an unusually

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high uranium to lead ratio. These

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chemical clues suggest ongoing heat generation within the

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Moon, likely from radiogenic elements decaying

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and producing heat over an extended period.

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The age of the sample is particularly exciting

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because it effectively bridges an almost billion year gap

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in lunar volcanic history. It's younger than

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the basalts collected by the Apollo, Luna and

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Chang' e 6 missions, but older than the much

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younger rocks retrieved by China's Chang' E5

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mission. Its composition, combined with its

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age, indicates that volcanic activity continued on

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the Moon throughout this vast timespan. This

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unique rock provides new constraints about when and

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how volcanic activity occurred on the Moon, guiding

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where future sample return missions might land.

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From ancient Moon rocks, we now travel even further to another

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familiar neighbor, Mars.

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Soon, a unique opportunity will allow someone here on

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Earth to own a significant piece of the red planet.

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As A.H. sotheby's prepares to auction off the largest known

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Martian meteorite on our world. This extraordinary

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Specimen, officially designated NWA

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16788, is anticipated to

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fetch up to $4 million at the upcoming auction in New York

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City. The rarity of such a find cannot be

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overstated. Out of more than 77,000

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officially recognized meteorites discovered on Earth,

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only about 400, or roughly 0.6%,

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originate from Mars. NWA

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16788 itself, uh, represents an

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impressive 6.5% of all Martian

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material currently known on our planet. This

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colossal chunk of Martian rock, weighing in at just

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over 54 pounds, was likely dislodged from

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Mars by an asteroid strike, sending it on an

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incredible journey. It traveled an astounding

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140 million miles through space before

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making its dramatic landing in the Zaharov-Reutt Desert,

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where it was discovered in Niger's remote agadez region in

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2023. Cassandra Hatton,

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Sotheby's vice chairman of Science and Natural History,

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highlighted the sheer improbability of this journey,

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stating that the odds of this getting from there to

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here are astronomically small.

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More than just a collector's item,

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NWA6788 is believed to be

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a relative newcomer to Earth, having fallen from

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outer space quite recently. This means it

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offers a pristine window into the Martian past.

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Hatton emphasizes its scientific significance,

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calling it not just a miraculous find, but a massive data

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set that can help us unlock the secrets of our neighbor, the

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Red Planet. Specimens like this from the

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Moon and Mars are considered among the greatest rarities on

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our planet, with Sotheby's noting that all known bits of

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both could fit into the cargo hold of a large suv.

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It truly is a chance to hold a piece of another world in your

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hands.

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And to wrap up today, some late breaking news from Australia's

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Gilmore Space. They've just posted the following message

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on we've scrubbed our July 16th

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launch window. Now targeting the next approved

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opportunity July 27th. Why?

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Ops delayed us a day and current upper wind forecasts

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have ruled out a safe launch for the rest of the week. Team will be back

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for the 27th of July, and that brings us to the

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end of another fascinating journey through the cosmos here on

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Astronomy Daily. Today, we've explored some truly

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incredible stories from the largest black hole merger ever

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detected, GW

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231123, which is pushing the

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limits of our understanding of these cosmic giants to

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the successful return of The Axiom Mission 4

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crew, showcasing the exciting future of

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commercial space travel and international collaboration

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on the International Space Station. We also

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delved into the mysteries of a 2.35

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billion year old lunar meteorite found in

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Africa, which is rewriting the

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volcanic history of our Moon. And

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finally, we looked at the incredible opportunity

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to own a piece of the Red Planet with The auction of

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NWA 16788, the

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largest Martian meteorite on Earth.

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Thank you for tuning in and joining me, Anna on Astronomy

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Daily. If you want to dive deeper into these stories,

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sign up for our free daily newsletter or catch up on

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subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts,

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podcasts, so you never miss an episode. Until next time,

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keep looking up