Asteroid Close Calls, Lunar Missions Debate, and the Fiery World of TOI 2431b

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, everyone. I'm

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Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. We're thrilled to have you join us,

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for another dive into the cosmos. Bringing you the

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latest and most fascinating news from across the

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universe.

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Anna: Today on this show, we're going to demystify a

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plane sized asteroid making headlines

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with its upcoming close approach to Earth.

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NASA says it's pretty routine, but we'll get into

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why it's still worth talking about.

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Avery: Then we'll turn our attention closer to home and

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reignite an age old debate. Is it

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truly worth going back to the moon? We'll

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explore the compelling arguments for human lunar

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missions versus robotic exploration.

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Anna: And finally, prepare to be amazed as we

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introduce you to a newly discovered

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exoplanet that's pushing the boundaries of what

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we thought possible. With an incredibly short

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year and, and some truly extreme

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conditions.

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Avery: It's going to be an exciting episode, so let's jump right in.

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Anna: All right, first up, let's talk about that

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asteroid that's been buzzing through headlines,

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2025 ow. It's being

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described as plane sized. And while that

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might sound a bit alarming to some, NASA

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experts are really keen on emphasizing that

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this encounter is far more routine than

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it is remarkable.

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Avery: That's right, Ena. This asteroid, named, uh, 2025

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ow measures about

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210ft in length. It's scheduled to

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pass Earth on July 28th at a distance of

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roughly 393,000 miles.

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To put that in perspective, that's about 1.6

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times the average distance to the Moon.

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Anna: And despite it zipping by at an impressive

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46,908 miles per

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hour near NASA, scientists are saying there's

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absolutely nothing to lose sleep over.

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Ian J. O', Neill, a, uh, media relations specialist

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at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, or

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JPL, put it quite simply,

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stating this is very routine. If there

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was a threat, you would hear from us, we would always

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put out alerts on our planetary defense blog.

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Avery: David Farnocchia, an asteroid expert at NASA's

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center for Near Earth Object Studies,

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echoed that sentiment, explaining that space rocks

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passing by Earth are just business as usual in our solar system.

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He even mentioned that his team typically tracks several

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asteroids passing Earth each week, with five on their

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radar for next week alone.

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Anna: So while 2025 OW is

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certainly large enough to be of interest to scientists,

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its orbit is incredibly well understood,

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meaning it poses no danger whatsoever.

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O' Neill confidently stated, we know

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exactly where it's going to be. We'll probably know

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where it's going to be for the next hundred years.

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So no need to dust off your asteroid bunker

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plants for this one.

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Avery: For those hoping to catch a glimpse, Sparnochia noted that

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2025 OW won't be visible with

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binoculars. However, he did point to a much

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more exciting event on the horizon. The

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2029 approach of asteroid Aphofus.

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This one is estimated to be about

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1,115ft in length

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and will come within an astonishing 38,000

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kilometers of earth in April 2029, which

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is actually closer than our geostationary satellites.

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Anna: And the best part, due to that exceptionally

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close approach, Apophis will actually be

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visible to the naked eye. That's going to be a

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rare and incredible opportunity for public

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observation of an asteroid. Both

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Farnochia and o' Neill also emphasized that that

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while Earth is struck by roughly 100 tons of

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space material daily, most of it is

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harmless dust.

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Avery: Larger, more potentially hazardous impacts are

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extremely rare. For Nokia calculated that, uh, for an

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object the size of 2025 ow, while

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close approaches might happen yearly, an actual

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Earth impact would only occur roughly every

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10,000 years. It's good to know NASA's

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planetary defense programs are keeping a close watch,

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maintaining public transparency, and reminding us that most

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asteroid headlines are more sensational than

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genuinely concerning.

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Anna: So from objects passing by Earth, let's

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pivot to something that's always been a hot topic in space

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exploration. Whether it's truly

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worth sending humans back to the Moon. It's

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true that crewed missions are notoriously

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expensive, difficult and dangerous.

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Avery: Absolutely, Anna. And we've got decades of

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reliable, dependable robotic exploration

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under our belts. Fantastic flybys, orbiters,

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landers, rovers. So the natural question,

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why don't we just take all the money human spaceflight

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would cost to return to the Moon and spend it on

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a ton of robots instead?

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Anna: That's a great point, and one often debated.

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But the answer surprisingly leans heavily towards the

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human element. No matter how capable our

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little robotic explorers are, they simply

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can't match what a human can do.

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Avery: Exactly. Compared to a robot, a human is

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stronger, at least stronger than the kinds of robots we

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can send to the moon. We can troubleshoot and solve

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problems much faster without constant guidance from

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Earth based engineers. We're also far more

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creative and flexible when it comes to scientific

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investigation. I mean, a typical rover

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speed is around 0.1 miles

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per hour, or a blazing 152

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meters per hour. Humans are just

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better in almost every aspect.

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Anna: For hands on work, it's truly astonishing.

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The typical benchmark is that what a robot can

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accomplish in an entire day, a human can often

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do In a minute. Of course, the downsides are

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significant. Sending humans is much more expensive

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and much riskier. No one sheds a tear

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when a robot crash lands on the surface. But a

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crewed mission is going to be at least 10 times more

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expensive than an equivalent robotic mission.

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Avery: And yet, while human missions are more expensive, their

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productivity totally eclipses that of robots. Look

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at the Apollo missions. A total of

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12.5 contact days on the Moon

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resulted in nearly 3,000 scientific

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papers. Compare that to the thousand or so

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papers written about Mars from years of

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rovers and landers on its surface. On a cost

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per science result basis, it seems we'd be

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foolish not to keep sending humans into space.

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Anna: And science isn't the only compelling reason. The

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Moon also holds a lot of easily accessible resources

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that could provide the basis for space based industry.

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We're talking about mining and manufacturing on the

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Moon. Utilizing rich deposits of methane,

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ammonia and atomic oxygen in the lunar

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regolith.

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Avery: This is where it gets really exciting for future expansion.

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These operations could funnel back either

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manufactured or refined materials to Earth,

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or become the backbone of further off world industry. As

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a steady supply of water and fuel, the Moon

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has a much shallower gravitational well than Earth,

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meaning it's significantly easier to come and go from

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its surface. You could literally build advanced rocket

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parts or habitats there and get them out to

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Mars or the asteroid belt. Far, far easier than doing

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the same thing from Earth.

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Anna: While we can fantasize about fully automated

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factories or mining operations on the lunar surface,

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the truth is we don't have nearly the experience

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or expertise develop those kinds of systems

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outside of Earth. Yet lunar manufacturing and

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mining are still a long way off. We have to

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figure out how mining and machining can operate in low

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gravity. How to deal with all that super fine

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lunar dust, how to haul all that mining gear

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there, and where the good stuff is on the Moon in the

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first place.

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Avery: And to kickstart that entire process, we're going

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to need a lot of humans doing a lot of grunt work.

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And lastly, and perhaps most fundamentally,

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it's just plain fun. Humans are natural

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explorers. We've always expanded into every

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habitable biome of Earth, making our way across ice

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bridges and over the horizons of endless seas

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to find new homes. It's truly in our nature to

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explore and expand.

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Anna: The Moon is right there, waiting for us.

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For millennia, we thought it was just a mysterious

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part of the heavens. Now we understand that it's

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a world in its own right. A place to plant our

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flags and build our homes. A place where a branch

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of humanity could potentially Create new communities,

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and there.

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Avery: Will always be a segment of the population that simply wants

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to go to the moon for the adventure of it and the desire

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for a new life. It's not crazy to imagine

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humanity building cities and homesteads on the lunar

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surface. It may take a very long time, but it's not

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impossible. If those people are private

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individuals spending their own money, then good for them.

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If it's publicly funded institutions like NASA

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footing the bill, let's keep in mind that the entire

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space program of the United States takes up less than

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1% of the total federal budget.

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We're barely spending any money on it at all, relatively

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speaking.

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Anna: From our own moon to asteroids zooming

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past Earth, let's cast our gaze even

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further out to a, uh, truly fascinating

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new world that's challenging our understanding of

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planetary systems. And astronomers have just

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discovered an exoplanet named

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TOI

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2431B.

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Avery: This discovery was made by an international team of

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researchers using NASA's Transiting

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Exoplanet Survey Satellite, or TESS.

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TOI 2431B is an Earth sized

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planet orbiting a nearby star just

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117 light years away. But what

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makes this planet extraordinary isn't just its size. It's

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it's how incredibly fast it races around its

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star.

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Anna: You're not kidding, Avery.

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TOI2431B completes

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a full orbit around its host star in just

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5.4 hours. That makes it one

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of the shortest years ever recorded for

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any known planet. To put that into

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perspective, While Earth takes

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365 days to orbit the sun, this

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distant world experiences more than 1600

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years in the same timeframe. It's sitting

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extremely close to its star, only about

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933,000 kilometers away.

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Avery: And that proximity comes with extreme

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consequences. The planet's surface temperature

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reaches approximately 2,000 Kelvin,

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which is about 1727

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degrees Celsius. That's hot enough to melt

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most rocks and metals. Scientists believe the

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planet's surface is likely molten, creating a landscape

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of liquid rock and metal. Imagine that.

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Anna: Despite being classified as earth sized,

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TOI 2431B is

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quite different from our home planet. With a

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radius about 1.53 times

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larger than Earth and a, uh, mass

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6.2 times greater, this world is

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significantly denser than Earth. Its

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density of 9.4 grams per cubic

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centimeter suggests it's made of much heavier

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materials, possibly containing a large iron

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core or other dense metals.

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Avery: And the intense gravitational forces from its nearby star

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have likely changed the planet's shape. The team

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estimates that TOI 2431B is

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tidally deformed, with its shortest

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axis being about 9% shorter than its

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longest axis. This gives it a somewhat

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flattened appearance rather than a perfect sphere like Earth,

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but even more extreme.

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Anna: Perhaps most intriguingly, this

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planet won't be around forever. The Researchers

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calculated that TOI 2431B has

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a tidal decay timescale of about 30

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million years. This is the shortest known

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among similar ultra short period planets.

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It means the planet is gradually spiraling into

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its star and will eventually be consumed,

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though its demise won't happen for many

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millions of years.

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Avery: The discovery team led by Kayahan Tosh

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confirmed the planet using multiple observation

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methods, including TESS data, ground based

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telescopes, and specialized spectrographs. Scientists have

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noted that TOI 2431B would be an

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excellent target for the James Webb Telescope to study

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further, potentially revealing details about its surface

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composition and whether it retains any atmosphere

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despite the extreme conditions. It really adds to our

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growing catalog of extreme worlds.

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Anna: What an episode. Avery from

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routine asteroid flybys and the excitement of

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Apophis in 2029 to the compelling

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arguments for human missions back to the in the

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truly wild discovery of TOI

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2431B with its 5.4 hour

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year and molten surface, it's been a

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journey through some incredible celestial events

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and discoveries.

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Avery: It really has. Ana Our universe continues to

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amaze us every day. And that wraps up another

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episode of Astronomy Daily and a quick reminder to

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visit our website where you'll find all the latest space news and

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all things Astronomy daily. Just visit

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astronomydaily.IO

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Anna: Thank you so much for tuning in and joining us for

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today's dive into the latest space and

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astronomy news. We hope you enjoyed it as much

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as we did.

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Avery: If you want to keep up with all things cosmic, be sure to

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subscribe to Astronomy Daily wherever you get your

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podcasts and follow us on social media for more

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updates and behind the scenes content.

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Anna: Until next time, keep looking up.