Feb. 25, 2026
The Birth of a Black Hole and Mars' New Navigation
Sponsor Link: This episode of SpaceTime is brought to with the kind support of Squarespace. Bring your stories to life with Squarespace, the easiest way to create an exceptional website, blog, portfolio, or online store. To check out our special...
Sponsor Link:
This episode of SpaceTime is brought to with the kind support of Squarespace. Bring your stories to life with Squarespace, the easiest way to create an exceptional website, blog, portfolio, or online store. To check out our special offers, vist squarespace.com/spacetime and us the promo code SPACETIME.
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 24
In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover astonishing discoveries about the birth of black holes, a revolutionary Martian navigation system, and the arrival of NASA's SpaceX Crew 12 at the International Space Station.
The Birth of a Black Hole: A New Perspective
Astronomers have made a groundbreaking discovery by observing a star in the Andromeda Galaxy collapsing into a black hole without the expected supernova explosion. The star, catalogued as M31 2014 DS1, was seen glowing brightly in infrared light before fading away, leaving behind a dust shell. This event, which had been anticipated for decades, suggests that massive stars may collapse directly into black holes, challenging long-held assumptions about stellar deaths. The findings, published in the journal Science, provide new insights into the processes that govern black hole formation and indicate that such direct collapses may be more common than previously thought.
NASA's New Martian Navigation System
NASA has introduced an innovative navigation system for its Perseverance rover, allowing it to determine its location on Mars with remarkable precision—within 25 centimeters. The new technology, called Mars Global Localization, enables the rover to autonomously compare panoramic images with orbital terrain maps, eliminating the need for Earth-based assistance. This advancement significantly enhances the rover's ability to explore the Martian surface independently, paving the way for more extensive scientific investigations.
SpaceX Crew 12 Arrives at the ISS
NASA's SpaceX Crew 12 has successfully docked with the International Space Station, restoring the crew complement to seven members. The mission includes a diverse crew of two Americans, a Russian, and a French astronaut, who will conduct approximately 250 scientific experiments in orbit. Additionally, NASA has approved a sixth private mission to the ISS, slated for next year, which aims to support new research initiatives and infrastructure development for future human spaceflight missions.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal Science, NASA Reports
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support.
This episode of SpaceTime is brought to with the kind support of Squarespace. Bring your stories to life with Squarespace, the easiest way to create an exceptional website, blog, portfolio, or online store. To check out our special offers, vist squarespace.com/spacetime and us the promo code SPACETIME.
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 24
In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover astonishing discoveries about the birth of black holes, a revolutionary Martian navigation system, and the arrival of NASA's SpaceX Crew 12 at the International Space Station.
The Birth of a Black Hole: A New Perspective
Astronomers have made a groundbreaking discovery by observing a star in the Andromeda Galaxy collapsing into a black hole without the expected supernova explosion. The star, catalogued as M31 2014 DS1, was seen glowing brightly in infrared light before fading away, leaving behind a dust shell. This event, which had been anticipated for decades, suggests that massive stars may collapse directly into black holes, challenging long-held assumptions about stellar deaths. The findings, published in the journal Science, provide new insights into the processes that govern black hole formation and indicate that such direct collapses may be more common than previously thought.
NASA's New Martian Navigation System
NASA has introduced an innovative navigation system for its Perseverance rover, allowing it to determine its location on Mars with remarkable precision—within 25 centimeters. The new technology, called Mars Global Localization, enables the rover to autonomously compare panoramic images with orbital terrain maps, eliminating the need for Earth-based assistance. This advancement significantly enhances the rover's ability to explore the Martian surface independently, paving the way for more extensive scientific investigations.
SpaceX Crew 12 Arrives at the ISS
NASA's SpaceX Crew 12 has successfully docked with the International Space Station, restoring the crew complement to seven members. The mission includes a diverse crew of two Americans, a Russian, and a French astronaut, who will conduct approximately 250 scientific experiments in orbit. Additionally, NASA has approved a sixth private mission to the ISS, slated for next year, which aims to support new research initiatives and infrastructure development for future human spaceflight missions.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal Science, NASA Reports
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support.
The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
WEBVTT
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This is Spacetime Series twenty nine, episode twenty four, for
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broadcast on the twenty fifth of February twenty twenty six.
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Coming up on space Time, the clearest view yet of
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the birth of a black hole, a new Martian navigation
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system for use on the Red Planet, and NASA's SpaceX
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Crew twelve arrives aboard the International Space Station as the
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agency approves a sixth private mission to the orbiting outpost.
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All that and more coming up on space Time. Astronomers
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have discovered a star collapsing down to former black hole
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without the expected blinding blast of a supernova explosion. Back
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in twenty fourteen, and that's a telescope observed infrared emissions
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coming from a massive star in the Andromeda Galaxy thirty one,
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which gradually grew brighter. The star glowed more intensely with
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the infrared light for around three years before finally fading
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dramatically and disappearing, leaving behind a shell of dust. Now
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astronomers have determined what they witnessed was a star collapsing
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and giving birth to a stellar mass black hole. The
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studies lead author Kishale d from Columbia University says this
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is an event astronomers had anticipated for decades, but have
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had limited convincing observational evidence for until now. The findings,
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reported in the journal Science show a star undergoing direct
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collapse turning into a black hole without first exploding and
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becoming a supernova, long believed to be a common method
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for high mass stars to become black holes. The progenitor
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star was a huge hydrogen depleted super giant named M
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thirty one twenty fourteen dis one, located some two and
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a half million light years away. When newly formed, the
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start was around thirteen times the mass of our Sun,
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but at the time of its death, it would have
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been closer to five solar masses, having shed most of
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its mass through powerful stellar winds during its life. D
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says the dramatic and sustained fading of the star was
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very unusual and suggests a supernova failed to occur, leading
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to the collapse of the stars called directly into a
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black hole. Now, stars with this sort of mass have
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long been assumed to always explode a supernovae. The fact
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that it didn't suggest that stars with this sort of
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mass range may or may not successfully explode, possibly due
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to how gravity, gas pressure, and powerful shock waves interacting
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chaotic ways with each other inside the dying star. The
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manner in which the star turned into a black hole
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suggests that at the end of its life, it's inner
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call wasn't pushed out in a normal supernova explosion, instead
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undergoing a complete inward collapse. Now, this process of direct
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collapse to form a black hole may have been seen
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at least once before, back in twenty ten in the
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galaxy NGC sixty nine forty six, which is about ten
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times further away than this star, but the exact nature
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of that event was unclear and hotly debated in astronomical
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circles because it was one hundred times fainter and there
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wasn't enough high quality data available about it. Now, astronomers
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have long known that stellar mass black holes are caused
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by the death of massive stars. Black holes were first
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theorized more than fifty years ago, and today we know
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of dozens in our own galaxy and hundreds of others
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detected from gravitational wave observations across the distant universe. However,
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scientists still have no clear consensus on which stars turned
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into black holes and how that process plays out. This
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discovery provides the clearest insights yet into this and indicates
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that this kind of still collapse may happen more often
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than scientists had previously thought. The authors discovered the star
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by analyzing archival data from Massa's Neoweis mission. They used
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a prediction from the nineteen seventies. Theorized that when a
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star underwent direct collapse, it would leave behind a faint
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infrared glow caused by the dying gasp of the star
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shedding its outer layers and becoming enshrouded in dust. So
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they conducted the largest study of variable infrared sources ever
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carried out, tracking every star in the Milky Way and
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other local galaxies to try and search out for these events,
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and eventually they came across M thirty one twenty fourteen
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S one. Further analysis showed that the star fitted their
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predictions perfectly. D says, Unlike finding a supernerva, which is
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easy because supernervae outshined the galaxies therein for weeks at
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a time, finding individual stars that disappear without producing an
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explosion is incredibly difficult. So it comes as a shark
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that a massive star basically disappeared without an explosion and
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nobody noticed it for more than five years. It impacts
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science's entire understanding of the inventory of massive stellar deaths
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in the universe, and it says there are things that
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may be quietly happening out there that are easily going unnoticed.
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This is space Time. Still to come, NASA trials a
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new Martian navigation system on the Red Planet, and a
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new crew arrives aboard the International Space Station, as NASA
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approves a sixth private mission to the orbiting our Post.
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All that and more still to come on Space Time.
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in our show notes squarespace dot com slash space time
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and the promo code space time. NASA has developed a
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new Martian navigation system allowing its Mars Perseverance Rover to
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pinpoint its location within twenty five centimeters. Imagine you're all alone,
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driving along a rocky, unforgiving desert with no roads, no map,
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no GPS, and nothing more than a single phone call
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once a day for some one far away telling you
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where you are. Well, that's what the Cassized six Will
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Perseverance Rover has been experiencing ever since landing on the
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Red planet almost exactly five years ago this month. Although
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it carries time tested tools for determining its general location,
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the Rovers always needed mission managers back on Earth to
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tell it precisely where it is until now. A new
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technology developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in passing into
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California will now allow Perseverance to figure out its whereabouts
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without needing to phone home for help. Called MARS Global Localization,
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the technology features an algorithm that rapidly compares panoramic images
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from the rovers navigation cameras with on board orbital terrain
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maps running on a powerful processor a Perseverance originally used
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to communicate with the Ingenuity Mass helicopter. The algorithm takes
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about two minutes to pinpoint the Rovers' location within twenty
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five centimeters. Mission managers first use the MARS Global Localization
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technology and successfulness operations on February the second, then again
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on February the sixteenth. Jpo's chief engineer of Robotics Operations,
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Vandy Weurmer, says it's kind of like giving the rover GPS.
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It means Perseverance will be able to drive for much
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longer distances autonomously, thereby allowing more of the planet to
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be explored and more science to be gathered. The upgrades
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areespecially valuable given how well Perseverance's auto navigation self driving
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systems been working. Auto nav enables the rover to read
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planet's path around obstacles along its way in order to
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reach its pre established destination. It's already proven so capable
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that the distance Perseverance can drive without instructions from Earth
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is largely now only limited by the rovers uncertainty about
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its exact location. The implementation of Mars global localization comes
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on the hills of another innovation from Perseverance mission managers.
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That is the first use of generative artificial intelligence to
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help planet drive route by selecting waypoints for the rover,
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which are normally chosen by human rover operators. Unlike on Earth,
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there are no GPS satellites in deep space to locate
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spacecraft unplanetary surfaces, so missions with a robotic or mand
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need to come up with other ways to determine their location. Now,
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as with NASA's previous Mars rovers, Perseverance tracks its position
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using what's called visual oordomitory, analyzing geological features and camera
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images take in every few meters while accounting four wheel slippage.
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But as tiny errors in this process add up over
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the course of each drive, the rover becomes increasingly unsure
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about its exact location. Now in long drives, that means
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the rover's sense of its position could be out by
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as much as thirty five meters, believing it may be
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too close to hazardous terrain. Perseverance then prematurely may end
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its drive and wait for fresh instructions from Earth. Verma says,
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under those circumstances, people have to tell it, you're not lost,
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You're safe, keep going. Scientists knew that if they could
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address this problem, the rover could travel much further. Every day,
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After each drive comes to a halt, the Rovers sends
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a threehundred and sixty degree panorameter Earth, where mapping experts
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match the imagery with shots of the Martian's surface taken
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by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbit of spacecraft. Mission managers then
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send the rover its location and instructions what to do next.
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Now that process can take a day or more, but
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with the new Mars Global Localization technology, the Rovers now
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able to compare images itself, determine its exact location, and
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roll ahead on its pre planned route. Key to Mars
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Global Localization is the Rovers helicopter base station, which Perseverance
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used to communicate with the now retired Ingenuity Mars helicopter
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Equipped with an off the shelf commercial processor of the
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type fitted to mid twenty ten era smartphones, the technology
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can run over one hundred times faster than the rovers
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two main computers, which were specially developed to survive the
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radiation heavy Martian environment and are based on hardware introduced
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back in nineteen ninety seven. As the technology demonstration designed
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to test case capabilities, the Ingenuity emission was able to
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risk employing more powerful commercial chips in the helicopter base
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station and on the rotocopter itself, even though they hadn't
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been proven in the space environment. It was a gamble,
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but it paid off, with Ingenuity undertaking seventy two flights
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compared to the five test flights it was originally planned
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to undertake. Now, apart from the Mass Perseverance rover, this
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new technology could also fight its way onto the Moon,
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where lighting conditions and long, cold lunar nights make knowing
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exactly where spacecraft's located all the more crucial. This report
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from That's a TV.
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Using a new technology called Mars Global Localization, the rover
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can now pinpoint its location without asking humans for help.
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Here's how it works. Perseverance takes panoramic images and turns
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it into a bird's eye view. Then an onboard algorithm
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rapidly compares those images to terrain maps from an orbiting
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spacecraft and determines the rover's precise location. The key to
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this quick computing is a process of Perseverance, originally used
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to communicate with the Internuity Mars helicopter. Now it's helping
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Perseverance keep moving confidentially, and global localization isn't the only
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recent innovation. The team has started to use generative AI
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to help plan the rovers driving path but creating waypoints
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for Mars. By leveraging decades of Mars knowledge and the
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latest advancements in technology, the roofer will be able to
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drive for much longer distances autonomously, so we'll explore more
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of the planet and get more science.
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This is space time still to come. NASA's SpaceX Crew
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twelve arrives above the International Space Station as the agency
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approves a new private mission, the sixth, to the orbiting outpost,
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and later in the science report, a new study warns
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that overfishing may be one of the key reasons for
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reef manching, Crown of Thorne staffish outbreaks on the Great
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Barrier reef. All that and more still to come on
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space time. NASA's SpaceX Crew twelve Dragon capsule as successfully
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docked with the International Space Station, returning the orbiting outpost
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complement back up to its usual seven crew members. The
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crew of two Americans, a Russian, and a Frenchman blasted
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off a day earlier aboard a fac and Iron rocket
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from Space Launch Complex forty at the Cape Canaveral Space
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Force Space in Florida. The Dragon spacecraft freedom docked autonomously
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with a space facing Zenith port of the station's Harmony Module.
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Crew twelve will now form part of the expedition's seventy
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four to seventy five crew, undertaking some two hundred and
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fifty scientific experiments in orbit. These will include studying pneumonia
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causing bacteria to improve cardiovascular treatments on demanned intravenous fluid
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generation for future space missions, and research into how physical
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characteristics may affect blood flow during long ration spaceflight. Other
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experiments include automated plant health monitoring and investigating plant and
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nitrogen fixing microbe interactions to enhance food production in space.
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The International Space Station has been undermanned for about a
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month following the early return to Earth of NASA's SpaceX
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Crew eleven mission due to a medical emergency involving one
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of the astronauts. Meanwhile, NASA has just approved a new
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private astronaut mission to the International Space Station slated for
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later next year. The fourteen day mission for the company VAST,
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will undertake research designed to gain new insights into the
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infrastructure and processes that will be needed to support vast's
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own human spaceflight missions, which include building their own space
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station in low Earth orbit called Haven in twenty twenty seven.
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Plants suggest Haven will be about the size of a truck,
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with additional modules added in future years, with the uppersts
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