SpaceX's Starship 9: A Journey Through Triumph and Turmoil

1
00:00:00,160 --> 00:00:04,103
This is Space Time Series 28
Episode 67 for broadcast on the

2
00:00:04,263 --> 00:00:09,427
4th of June 2025. Coming up on
Space Time, SpaceX's 9Th

3
00:00:09,467 --> 00:00:13,511
Starship test flight comes to a
fiery end, a possible solution

4
00:00:13,551 --> 00:00:17,594
as to why some rocks on the Moon
are highly magnetic, and amazing

5
00:00:17,694 --> 00:00:20,836
never-before-seen details about
the Sun's atmosphere, the

6
00:00:20,856 --> 00:00:24,879
corona. All that and more coming
up on Space Time.

7
00:00:26,240 --> 00:00:29,303
Welcome to Space Time with
Stuart Gary.

8
00:00:45,528 --> 00:00:48,410
The ninth test flight of SpaceX
's Starships reached a

9
00:00:48,430 --> 00:00:51,673
spectacular and fiery conclusion
with the destruction of both the

10
00:00:51,793 --> 00:00:55,256
orbiter and the booster. The
super-heavy booster exploded

11
00:00:55,296 --> 00:00:58,118
during its landing engine burn,
while the Starship orbiter

12
00:00:58,218 --> 00:01:01,601
suddenly lost attitude control
and began spinning wildly before

13
00:01:01,681 --> 00:01:03,642
ripping itself apart during
re-entry.

14
00:01:04,383 --> 00:01:07,745
However, mission managers at
SpaceX said the outcome wasn't

15
00:01:07,805 --> 00:01:10,788
totally unexpected, as the
flight was always designed to

16
00:01:10,848 --> 00:01:13,516
test the limits of the
spacecraft. The launch from

17
00:01:13,576 --> 00:01:17,059
SpaceX's Starbase in Boca Chica
on the Texas Gulf Coast went

18
00:01:17,139 --> 00:01:21,182
smoothly enough, with all 33
Raptor 2 engines lighting up and

19
00:01:21,282 --> 00:01:24,345
sending the world's biggest and
most powerful rocket into space.

20
00:01:42,184 --> 00:01:46,728
Out of 33 Raptor engines lit on
Super Heavy as it starts to

21
00:01:46,748 --> 00:01:50,170
ascend skyward. Coming up on
maximum aerodynamic pressure,

22
00:01:50,210 --> 00:01:53,053
then only about a minute and a
half until we get into hot

23
00:01:53,113 --> 00:01:53,553
staging.

24
00:01:53,713 --> 00:01:57,596
We could feel the building
shaking here, feel the vehicle's

25
00:01:57,696 --> 00:02:01,159
power. And we're just about a
minute away from shutting down

26
00:02:01,179 --> 00:02:04,622
those engines on the booster.
Again, this booster is flying

27
00:02:04,662 --> 00:02:06,263
for its second time today.

28
00:02:06,563 --> 00:02:09,956
We're going to see all but the
three center engines. Turn off

29
00:02:10,077 --> 00:02:13,379
on the booster. So our version
of MECO, most engines cut off.

30
00:02:13,539 --> 00:02:16,361
And then just a few seconds
later, hoping to see six engines

31
00:02:16,422 --> 00:02:18,303
ignite on ship to push it away.

32
00:02:18,523 --> 00:02:22,006
The mission profile was supposed
to see the spacecraft fly across

33
00:02:22,026 --> 00:02:24,788
the Atlantic Ocean and Africa
before descending over the

34
00:02:24,828 --> 00:02:28,031
Indian Ocean and then finally
splashing down off the Western

35
00:02:28,071 --> 00:02:32,714
Australian Coast. Hot staging of
the 123 meter tall vehicle was

36
00:02:32,814 --> 00:02:35,957
nominal, with Starship igniting
all six Raptor engines for the

37
00:02:35,997 --> 00:02:38,636
climb to orbital altitude. While
the Super Heavy booster

38
00:02:38,676 --> 00:02:41,016
performed a successful flip and
boost back burn.

39
00:02:41,156 --> 00:02:43,736
Keep an eye on which way the
booster flips. First ever

40
00:02:43,796 --> 00:02:46,876
directional flip we're going for
today should flip straight up.

41
00:02:47,536 --> 00:02:50,736
See those engines powering down?
Booster engine cut off. It

42
00:02:50,756 --> 00:02:52,236
ignited. Eight.

43
00:02:52,596 --> 00:02:57,236
Incredible flip by Super Heavy
booster. Those six engines,

44
00:02:57,316 --> 00:02:59,636
those three engines on the ship
ignited.

45
00:03:00,376 --> 00:03:03,656
Six healthy Raptors running on
ship on its way to space.

46
00:03:03,816 --> 00:03:05,196
Boosters are in the boost back.

47
00:03:05,396 --> 00:03:08,225
Super pressure's not on. It is
looking absolutely incredible

48
00:03:08,285 --> 00:03:11,428
here in Hawthorne. As we said,
six healthy engines on ship.

49
00:03:11,508 --> 00:03:14,971
We've got 13 out of 13 engines
on the booster. Now down to

50
00:03:14,991 --> 00:03:17,613
those three, which is what we
expect in the final moments of

51
00:03:17,673 --> 00:03:18,814
the boost back burn.

52
00:03:19,054 --> 00:03:22,837
This was the third flight for
the V2 version of Starship and

53
00:03:22,857 --> 00:03:25,439
included numerous improvements
over previous prototypes,

54
00:03:25,579 --> 00:03:28,942
including new heat shield tiles
and additional venting. But the

55
00:03:28,962 --> 00:03:32,064
flight was even more significant
as this marked the second launch

56
00:03:32,124 --> 00:03:34,786
for the same booster, the first
time it had been tried on a

57
00:03:34,806 --> 00:03:37,941
Starship mission. That same
booster had successfully flown

58
00:03:38,022 --> 00:03:40,503
previously on Flight 7 back in
January.

59
00:03:41,204 --> 00:03:44,527
And following that mission, only
four of the 33 Raptor engines

60
00:03:44,587 --> 00:03:47,389
needed to be replaced, and one
of those engines was now on its

61
00:03:47,509 --> 00:03:50,912
third launch. The booster's
descent back to Earth included

62
00:03:50,972 --> 00:03:54,094
testing a new steeper re-entry
angle of attack profile.

63
00:03:54,248 --> 00:03:57,330
Designed to send it to a watery
splashdown landing in the Gulf

64
00:03:57,551 --> 00:03:59,192
rather than return to the launch
pad.

65
00:03:59,452 --> 00:04:02,995
Six healthy engines on ship.
We've got 13 out of 13 engines

66
00:04:03,055 --> 00:04:05,597
on the booster. Now down to
those three, which is what we

67
00:04:05,637 --> 00:04:09,020
expect in the final moments of
the boost back burn. Now, as a

68
00:04:09,040 --> 00:04:11,962
reminder, we are not recovering
the Super Heavy booster today.

69
00:04:12,002 --> 00:04:13,803
We are instead going to do
some...

70
00:04:14,784 --> 00:04:18,487
And there we had a good shutdown
of the boost back burn. Next up

71
00:04:18,547 --> 00:04:20,849
will be the jettison of that hot
stage rain.

72
00:04:20,869 --> 00:04:22,330
...power and climate phenomenal.

73
00:04:22,556 --> 00:04:24,758
Great call out there that
everything looking nominal

74
00:04:24,878 --> 00:04:28,100
aboard the Super Heavy vehicle,
which is returning to Earth. And

75
00:04:28,101 --> 00:04:30,903
we're going to be doing some
experiments with it, including a

76
00:04:30,983 --> 00:04:35,826
higher angle of attack reentry,
as well as some engine tests as

77
00:04:35,846 --> 00:04:38,068
it gets closer to the Gulf.

78
00:04:38,148 --> 00:04:40,650
We are, again, because of these
tests not recovering it, we are

79
00:04:40,710 --> 00:04:43,953
sending it to the Gulf on
purpose. To do those tests with

80
00:04:44,053 --> 00:04:47,055
six healthy engines continuing
its ascent to its planned

81
00:04:47,115 --> 00:04:50,178
suborbital trajectory.
Everything going very well so

82
00:04:50,338 --> 00:04:54,601
far for Starship's ninth flight.
Now four minutes, 15 seconds in.

83
00:04:54,881 --> 00:04:58,364
The booster doing its LOX dump,
that liquid oxygen dump. So

84
00:04:58,404 --> 00:05:01,126
because we don't need some of
that liquid oxygen propellant in

85
00:05:01,166 --> 00:05:04,349
its tanks, we vent that
propellant out to lessen the

86
00:05:04,369 --> 00:05:08,732
booster's mass as it comes in
for its landing. Super Heavy is

87
00:05:08,792 --> 00:05:12,054
descending rapidly. What can we
expect here in the next few

88
00:05:12,094 --> 00:05:13,577
minutes as it does happen?

89
00:05:14,518 --> 00:05:17,383
Super Heavy might not have a
very smooth ride down. We're

90
00:05:17,384 --> 00:05:20,608
going to be putting it through
this higher angle of attack. So

91
00:05:20,609 --> 00:05:24,197
we're kind of pitching it up a
tiny bit, increasing drag. We've

92
00:05:24,237 --> 00:05:27,717
done this in wind tunnels, we've
done this in computer modeling.

93
00:05:27,757 --> 00:05:31,877
It shows that sometimes the
control isn't great, but only

94
00:05:31,997 --> 00:05:34,397
one way to really prove it out
and that's to get real world

95
00:05:34,457 --> 00:05:39,057
data. So here comes SuperHeavy.
It should be igniting for its

96
00:05:39,157 --> 00:05:43,817
landing burn in just about 40
seconds from now.

97
00:05:44,177 --> 00:05:47,897
And we are going to relight 13
engines, then bring that down to

98
00:05:47,997 --> 00:05:51,225
three engines. We will be
intentionally setting down We

99
00:05:51,265 --> 00:05:54,267
will be shutting down one of
those three center engines

100
00:05:54,548 --> 00:05:57,530
intentionally to push the limits
of the Super Heavy booster.

101
00:05:57,590 --> 00:05:58,851
Chamber practice nominal.

102
00:05:58,971 --> 00:06:03,635
And continuing to see six
healthy engines on the ship,

103
00:06:03,995 --> 00:06:08,298
three sea level and three vacuum
engines still ignited as the

104
00:06:08,318 --> 00:06:10,440
Super Heavy booster is making
its way back down to Earth.

105
00:06:10,540 --> 00:06:12,322
Those grid fins doing some heavy
work.

106
00:06:13,382 --> 00:06:14,764
Ignited for our landing burn.

107
00:06:15,084 --> 00:06:17,746
Everything appeared to be going
smoothly until the landing burn.

108
00:06:17,977 --> 00:06:21,517
13 Raptor engines were meant to
restart for this, but only 12

109
00:06:21,557 --> 00:06:24,837
did. And moments later, the
booster suddenly exploded in a

110
00:06:24,877 --> 00:06:25,917
massive fireball.

111
00:06:26,097 --> 00:06:29,017
It may have ended with that
landing burn. Does look like we

112
00:06:29,097 --> 00:06:32,357
lost telemetry from the booster
once we started into that

113
00:06:32,457 --> 00:06:35,437
landing burn. Did you see a
confirmation that the booster

114
00:06:35,637 --> 00:06:39,437
did demise? So the booster's
flight ending before it was able

115
00:06:39,438 --> 00:06:41,917
to get through landing burn, but
again, we are not bringing that

116
00:06:41,957 --> 00:06:42,217
back.

117
00:06:42,257 --> 00:06:46,325
We're expecting it to make a
hard splash down in the Gulf. We

118
00:06:46,326 --> 00:06:49,367
were getting live data back the
entire time through that high

119
00:06:49,428 --> 00:06:52,990
angle of attack flight, so that
was something that was really

120
00:06:53,070 --> 00:06:56,653
vital for us to get during this
reuse, first reflighted booster

121
00:06:56,654 --> 00:06:57,214
in the books.

122
00:06:57,654 --> 00:07:01,057
Meanwhile, Starship continued
its ascent into space, but then

123
00:07:01,157 --> 00:07:04,619
a jet of fluid was seen venting
from the engine bay between the

124
00:07:04,679 --> 00:07:08,082
sea level and vacuum Raptor
engines. Now, it's thought this

125
00:07:08,142 --> 00:07:10,884
was probably just the new
nitrogen purge system installed

126
00:07:10,885 --> 00:07:13,466
in the attic space between the
top of the engine heat shield

127
00:07:13,586 --> 00:07:14,987
and the bottom of the oxygen
tank.

128
00:07:15,385 --> 00:07:18,525
See, that's where fire broke out
during Flight 7, so SpaceX

129
00:07:18,625 --> 00:07:22,605
installed the new purge system
to vent out built-up gases. Then

130
00:07:22,625 --> 00:07:25,265
about nine minutes into the
flight, hotspots began to

131
00:07:25,305 --> 00:07:28,545
develop quite noticeably at two
separate locations in the engine

132
00:07:28,585 --> 00:07:28,825
bay.

133
00:07:28,965 --> 00:07:33,605
In about two minutes, we expect
all six Raptor engines to shut

134
00:07:33,705 --> 00:07:37,845
down. That will be SECO,
basically second engine or

135
00:07:37,865 --> 00:07:39,345
second stage engine shut off.

136
00:07:39,745 --> 00:07:43,025
All eyes definitely on ship as
we get through the final stages.

137
00:07:43,477 --> 00:07:47,277
Into its ascent. We're expecting
it to start to cut those engines

138
00:07:47,437 --> 00:07:50,717
off. Terminal guidance. We're in
terminal guidance. The final

139
00:07:50,757 --> 00:07:52,277
stages of this ascent burn.

140
00:07:52,397 --> 00:07:55,857
We did see shutdown of the
Raptor engines. We do stagger

141
00:07:55,897 --> 00:07:58,937
these, so we do the Raptors
first. Those three have shut

142
00:07:58,997 --> 00:08:02,637
down successfully. Sea level's
still running. Hip engine cut

143
00:08:02,677 --> 00:08:06,357
off. Hip engine cut off. The
three most beautiful words in

144
00:08:06,358 --> 00:08:07,637
the English language.

145
00:08:07,757 --> 00:08:12,886
And great call out that we had
nominal insertion. An incredible

146
00:08:13,386 --> 00:08:18,710
flight test so far today. We
reflew a Super Heavy booster for

147
00:08:18,730 --> 00:08:23,834
the very first time in nine test
flights. Ship is in its orbital

148
00:08:23,895 --> 00:08:28,258
trajectory. Again, it's going to
remain suborbital for its

149
00:08:28,358 --> 00:08:33,862
mission today, but it ignited
all six of its engines and made

150
00:08:33,863 --> 00:08:36,344
it all the way through SECO just
now.

151
00:08:36,584 --> 00:08:39,367
Managing cutout happened as
planned, but it was at about

152
00:08:39,407 --> 00:08:43,023
this time that Starship began
tumbling end over end out of

153
00:08:43,024 --> 00:08:46,185
control, possibly from venting
fuel leaks acting as a sort of

154
00:08:46,225 --> 00:08:49,888
jet and causing an asymmetric
rotation of the spacecraft. Now

155
00:08:49,928 --> 00:08:52,390
this should have been countered
by Starship's attitude control

156
00:08:52,470 --> 00:08:52,810
system.

157
00:08:53,471 --> 00:08:56,073
It uses some of the gas normally
used to pressurize the fuel

158
00:08:56,153 --> 00:09:00,076
system to act as a propellant.
But because the fuel system was

159
00:09:00,136 --> 00:09:02,958
leaking, there simply wasn't
enough gas left to charge the

160
00:09:02,998 --> 00:09:06,861
attitude control system. And so
gradually the end over end

161
00:09:06,941 --> 00:09:10,154
tumble got worse. And eventually
a horizontal spin began

162
00:09:10,195 --> 00:09:11,055
developing as well.

163
00:09:11,235 --> 00:09:15,178
And so at this point, we've
essentially lost our attitude

164
00:09:15,198 --> 00:09:18,841
control with Starship. We are
still on a path toward re-entry.

165
00:09:19,081 --> 00:09:21,683
We are suborbital, so no matter
what, we are going to enter.

166
00:09:22,084 --> 00:09:25,727
However, this lowers the chances
for it to be a controlled

167
00:09:25,807 --> 00:09:26,227
re-entry.

168
00:09:26,807 --> 00:09:31,411
So if you think back to Flight
3, when we had something similar

169
00:09:31,471 --> 00:09:36,047
happen, just the... And symptom
of a loss of attitude control.

170
00:09:36,067 --> 00:09:39,470
We were in a roll by the time we
hit reentry. So we are going to

171
00:09:39,490 --> 00:09:42,392
reenter. We should hopefully
still have views.

172
00:09:43,533 --> 00:09:46,455
These Starlink satellites are
pretty robust to still

173
00:09:46,495 --> 00:09:49,497
maintaining contact. We've got
four of those terminals on the

174
00:09:49,498 --> 00:09:52,179
vehicle, and they're pretty
robust to maintaining contact,

175
00:09:52,300 --> 00:09:56,583
even when we are in a spin,
essentially. We're coming up on

176
00:09:56,883 --> 00:10:00,226
Africa. I believe we do swing
just to the south of that

177
00:10:00,286 --> 00:10:00,806
continent.

178
00:10:01,774 --> 00:10:04,458
And by the time we start heading
out over the Indian Ocean, we'll

179
00:10:04,498 --> 00:10:07,843
start heading into a sunrise. So
not looking great with a lot of

180
00:10:07,863 --> 00:10:10,607
our on-orbit objectives for
today. Relight an engine and

181
00:10:10,608 --> 00:10:13,973
then really importantly, get
into that controlled entry to

182
00:10:14,033 --> 00:10:17,098
really put the heat shield
through the ringer. Nonetheless.

183
00:10:17,658 --> 00:10:20,440
Starship marching forward
towards that re-entry over the

184
00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:23,262
Indian Ocean, so we'll continue
to hang with it.

185
00:10:23,343 --> 00:10:25,905
Now, while all this was going
on, an attempt was being made to

186
00:10:25,925 --> 00:10:28,947
deploy a series of eight
Starlink satellite simulators as

187
00:10:29,007 --> 00:10:32,209
part of an in-flight test. But
that also failed when the

188
00:10:32,250 --> 00:10:36,313
payload bay door failed to open.
But the bigger problem, Starship

189
00:10:36,433 --> 00:10:39,175
now spinning out of control, was
doomed to fall back into the

190
00:10:39,235 --> 00:10:41,056
atmosphere at crazy angles.

191
00:10:41,297 --> 00:10:45,160
So we are expecting it to break
up, essentially, on its re-entry

192
00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:48,894
over the Indian Ocean. So. Not
able to do a lot of our own

193
00:10:48,994 --> 00:10:52,934
orbit objectives today. So
again, we are in essentially a

194
00:10:52,954 --> 00:10:54,974
tumble. We had lost that
attitude control.

195
00:10:55,054 --> 00:10:58,254
41 minutes into the flight,
Starship began to break apart

196
00:10:58,274 --> 00:11:01,314
and melt as it was ripped into
pieces by its atmosphere.

197
00:11:01,594 --> 00:11:05,494
Vehicle to sea about 1400
degrees Celsius, feeling that

198
00:11:05,554 --> 00:11:09,094
temperature there melting away.
But as we expected with the

199
00:11:09,654 --> 00:11:13,654
spinning of the vehicle, we are
no longer controlling. It is

200
00:11:13,694 --> 00:11:16,134
expected to see it begin to...

201
00:11:16,682 --> 00:11:18,902
Demise a little bit on its way
back down to Earth it's

202
00:11:18,962 --> 00:11:22,282
re-entering actively right now
and again we did do what's

203
00:11:22,302 --> 00:11:25,082
called passivation so you
essentially vent all of your

204
00:11:25,142 --> 00:11:27,882
excess propellant overboard
before you hit the atmosphere

205
00:11:28,062 --> 00:11:30,962
that's a safety measure we can
take on the ship while you still

206
00:11:31,022 --> 00:11:34,442
have contact with it so that was
done it's now coming down in the

207
00:11:34,462 --> 00:11:37,462
predetermined hazard area that
was cleared ahead of flight not

208
00:11:37,502 --> 00:11:40,322
controlled so we're not going to
get all of that re-entry data

209
00:11:40,362 --> 00:11:43,822
that we're still really looking
forward to this is kind of a new

210
00:11:43,902 --> 00:11:48,031
generation of ship that has
different flaps improved heat

211
00:11:48,051 --> 00:11:50,373
shield a whole lot of things
that we're really trying to

212
00:11:50,833 --> 00:11:53,115
really put through the ringer
there's a whole lot we still

213
00:11:53,135 --> 00:11:55,997
need to learn before we get to
kind of the next step that we're

214
00:11:56,017 --> 00:11:59,040
hoping for which is going to be
that ship going orbital and

215
00:11:59,060 --> 00:12:03,163
eventually coming back here for
a catch so getting through one

216
00:12:03,164 --> 00:12:06,305
of these fully is going to be
really important it's not going

217
00:12:06,306 --> 00:12:09,988
to be today but we are just
going to stick with the ship see

218
00:12:09,989 --> 00:12:12,750
what else we we can learn as it
makes its way through the

219
00:12:12,791 --> 00:12:16,591
atmosphere and brings an end to
the ninth flight test.

220
00:12:16,592 --> 00:12:17,772
So we'll stick with it.

221
00:12:17,773 --> 00:12:21,054
The mission was over. A full
investigation to determine what

222
00:12:21,134 --> 00:12:25,237
happened is now underway. SpaceX
boss Elon Musk says launch

223
00:12:25,317 --> 00:12:27,599
cadence for the next three
flights will be faster at

224
00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:30,962
approximately one every three to
four weeks. The company need to

225
00:12:30,963 --> 00:12:33,404
get on top of the problem
because no V2 version of

226
00:12:33,424 --> 00:12:36,326
Starship has successfully
achieved its flight parameters.

227
00:12:37,047 --> 00:12:40,269
See, a key part of the Starship
program will be assisting NASA's

228
00:12:40,349 --> 00:12:43,992
plans to return humans to the
Moon in 2027 aboard the Artemis

229
00:12:44,152 --> 00:12:47,312
III mission. A version of
Starship will act as a shuttle,

230
00:12:47,492 --> 00:12:50,474
transporting crew and supplies
from the Orion capsule down to

231
00:12:50,475 --> 00:12:51,515
the lunar surface.

232
00:12:52,436 --> 00:12:55,598
Meanwhile, major design changes
for Starship and Super Heavy are

233
00:12:55,678 --> 00:12:59,341
also on the horizon. These
include a nine-engine variant of

234
00:12:59,381 --> 00:13:01,843
Starship, there are currently
six engines on the Starship

235
00:13:01,923 --> 00:13:04,405
orbiter, and the use of just
three rather than the current

236
00:13:04,485 --> 00:13:08,368
four grid fins on the Super
Heavy booster. Also, future

237
00:13:08,408 --> 00:13:11,150
versions of the Starship Super
Heavy booster stack will get

238
00:13:11,250 --> 00:13:14,193
taller, eventually reaching a
height of 142 metres.

239
00:13:14,878 --> 00:13:18,221
These ongoing evolutionary
changes are all part of Musk's

240
00:13:18,321 --> 00:13:21,743
plan to develop Starship as a
true interplanetary colonial

241
00:13:21,803 --> 00:13:25,847
transport vehicle, one capable
of taking 100 people or 150 tons

242
00:13:25,848 --> 00:13:28,889
of equipment and supplies on
journeys not just to the Moon,

243
00:13:29,149 --> 00:13:32,972
but eventually Mars and beyond,
in the process turning the human

244
00:13:33,052 --> 00:13:35,514
race into a two-planet
civilization.

245
00:13:36,415 --> 00:13:40,718
This is space-time. Still to
come, why are some rocks on the

246
00:13:40,758 --> 00:13:43,959
Moon so heavily magnetized? And
astronomers scope

247
00:13:44,059 --> 00:13:47,222
never-before-seen details in the
Sun's atmosphere, the corona.

248
00:13:47,722 --> 00:13:50,544
All that and more still to come
on Space Time.

249
00:13:54,027 --> 00:13:56,409
Okay, let's take a break from
our show for a word from our

250
00:13:56,449 --> 00:13:59,231
sponsor, Incogni. If you're
anything like me, you're

251
00:13:59,251 --> 00:14:02,754
probably concerned about your
privacy online. And for good

252
00:14:02,814 --> 00:14:05,576
reason. Did you know there are
hundreds of data brokers out

253
00:14:05,616 --> 00:14:08,798
there quietly collecting, buying
and selling your personal

254
00:14:08,838 --> 00:14:09,479
information?

255
00:14:09,902 --> 00:14:12,404
I'm talking about your phone
number, your home address, your

256
00:14:12,464 --> 00:14:15,527
browsing habits, even your
location history. And that's

257
00:14:15,547 --> 00:14:18,609
where Incogni comes in. Incogni
is a service that acts on your

258
00:14:18,649 --> 00:14:22,112
behalf, requesting the removal
of your personal data from these

259
00:14:22,152 --> 00:14:23,293
shady data brokers.

260
00:14:23,773 --> 00:14:26,535
And they don't just send a
one-off email. They follow up,

261
00:14:26,755 --> 00:14:29,918
track responses, and ensure that
your data actually does get

262
00:14:29,958 --> 00:14:32,960
deleted. Think of it as having a
digital privacy agency

263
00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:36,443
constantly working for you
behind the scenes. And the best

264
00:14:36,483 --> 00:14:39,898
part, it's all incredibly easy.
You just sign up, give them the

265
00:14:39,918 --> 00:14:42,258
go-ahead, and Incogni take care
of all the rest.

266
00:14:42,718 --> 00:14:45,358
And within just a few weeks,
you'll start seeing the results.

267
00:14:45,538 --> 00:14:49,358
There'll be fewer spam calls,
less targeted advertising, and a

268
00:14:49,398 --> 00:14:52,458
genuine sense of relief knowing
that your private data is no

269
00:14:52,538 --> 00:14:54,278
longer being traded like a
commodity.

270
00:14:55,098 --> 00:14:57,558
Now, as a Space Time listener,
we're offering you a special

271
00:14:57,618 --> 00:15:01,398
discount deal. Just go to
Incogni.com slash Stuart Gary.

272
00:15:01,598 --> 00:15:05,178
That's Incogni.com slash Stuart
Gary. And if you're not

273
00:15:05,198 --> 00:15:08,328
completely satisfied, no
worries. Incogni offers a 30-day

274
00:15:08,408 --> 00:15:11,994
money-back guarantee, so you can
try it out risk-free. You know,

275
00:15:12,274 --> 00:15:15,119
protecting your privacy really
shouldn't be optional in this

276
00:15:15,199 --> 00:15:16,100
digital age.

277
00:15:16,421 --> 00:15:19,025
So let Incogni help you by
keeping your personal

278
00:15:19,045 --> 00:15:22,884
information where it belongs,
with you. That's Incogni.com

279
00:15:23,084 --> 00:15:26,467
slash Stuart Gary to access this
exclusive discount offer and

280
00:15:26,527 --> 00:15:32,100
learn more. Stay safe, stay
private with Incogni. And now it

281
00:15:32,100 --> 00:15:33,012
's back to our show.

282
00:15:40,978 --> 00:15:43,921
A new study claims a large
asteroid impact on the Moon

283
00:15:44,041 --> 00:15:47,819
could explain why some lunar
rocks are highly magnetic. The

284
00:15:47,859 --> 00:15:50,201
findings, reported in the
journal Science Advances,

285
00:15:50,441 --> 00:15:53,243
suggest the impact could have
briefly amplified the Moon's

286
00:15:53,283 --> 00:15:56,206
weak magnetic field, creating a
momentary spike that was

287
00:15:56,286 --> 00:15:58,067
recorded in some lunar rocks.

288
00:15:58,788 --> 00:16:01,370
Scientists have puzzled over the
fate of the Moon's magnetic

289
00:16:01,450 --> 00:16:04,592
field for decades, ever since
orbiting spacecraft first picked

290
00:16:04,632 --> 00:16:07,795
up signs of a highly magnetic
field in some lunar surface

291
00:16:07,875 --> 00:16:11,618
rocks. The problem is, the Moon
itself has no inherent magnetism

292
00:16:11,698 --> 00:16:12,038
today.

293
00:16:12,655 --> 00:16:15,815
This new hypothesis suggests
that a combination of an ancient

294
00:16:15,915 --> 00:16:19,635
weak magnetic field and a large
plasma-generated impact event

295
00:16:19,775 --> 00:16:22,835
may have temporarily created a
strong magnetic field

296
00:16:22,955 --> 00:16:25,015
concentrated on the far side of
the Moon.

297
00:16:25,635 --> 00:16:28,755
The study's authors undertook
detailed simulations showing how

298
00:16:28,756 --> 00:16:31,795
an impact such as from a large
asteroid could have generated a

299
00:16:31,815 --> 00:16:34,735
cloud of ionized particles that
briefly enveloped the entire

300
00:16:34,775 --> 00:16:37,615
Moon. This plasma would have
streamed around the Moon and

301
00:16:37,655 --> 00:16:40,735
concentrated at the opposite
location from the initial point

302
00:16:40,736 --> 00:16:43,692
of impact. There, the plasma
would have interacted with and

303
00:16:43,793 --> 00:16:47,135
momentarily amplified the Moon's
own weak magnetic field.

304
00:16:47,576 --> 00:16:50,298
And any rocks in that region
could have recorded signs of

305
00:16:50,338 --> 00:16:53,660
heightened magnetism before the
field died away. This

306
00:16:53,740 --> 00:16:56,603
combination of events could
explain the presence of highly

307
00:16:56,683 --> 00:16:59,805
magnetic rocks detected in a
region near the lunar south pole

308
00:17:00,105 --> 00:17:01,466
on the Moon's far side.

309
00:17:02,027 --> 00:17:04,929
And as it happens, one of the
largest impact basins on the

310
00:17:04,969 --> 00:17:08,112
Moon, the Ibrahim Basin, is
located in the exact opposite

311
00:17:08,152 --> 00:17:11,332
spot on the near side of the
Moon. The study's lead author,

312
00:17:11,612 --> 00:17:14,935
Isaac Narette from MIT, says
whatever made the impact likely

313
00:17:15,035 --> 00:17:17,557
released a cloud of plasma that
kicked off the magnetic

314
00:17:17,597 --> 00:17:19,538
scenarios seen in their
simulations.

315
00:17:20,079 --> 00:17:23,021
He says there are large parts of
lunar magnetism that are simply

316
00:17:23,161 --> 00:17:26,604
unexplained. But the majority of
the strong magnetic fields that

317
00:17:26,704 --> 00:17:29,566
are being measured by orbiting
spacecraft could be explained by

318
00:17:29,586 --> 00:17:32,588
this impact process, especially
on the lunar far side.

319
00:17:33,709 --> 00:17:36,391
Scientists have learned for
decades that the Moon does hold

320
00:17:36,431 --> 00:17:39,895
remnants of a strong magnetic
field. Samples from the surface

321
00:17:39,896 --> 00:17:42,175
of the Moon returned by
astronauts on NASA's Apollo

322
00:17:42,275 --> 00:17:45,155
missions in the 60s and 70s, as
well as global measurements of

323
00:17:45,156 --> 00:17:47,855
the Moon taken from orbiting
spacecraft, show signs of

324
00:17:47,875 --> 00:17:50,615
remnant magnetism in surface
rocks, especially on the far

325
00:17:50,735 --> 00:17:51,435
side of the Moon.

326
00:17:52,075 --> 00:17:55,455
Now, the typical explanation for
surface magnetism is a global

327
00:17:55,495 --> 00:17:59,455
magnetic field, generated by an
internal geodynamo, a core of

328
00:17:59,515 --> 00:18:01,535
molten, churning metallic
material.

329
00:18:02,115 --> 00:18:04,515
In fact, the Earth today
generates just such a magnetic

330
00:18:04,555 --> 00:18:07,508
field through its own geodynamo
process. And it's thought that

331
00:18:07,509 --> 00:18:10,630
the Moon may well once have done
the same, although being a much

332
00:18:10,710 --> 00:18:13,092
smaller core, it would have
produced a much weaker magnetic

333
00:18:13,172 --> 00:18:16,835
field. But that wouldn't explain
the highly magnetised rocks

334
00:18:16,895 --> 00:18:19,657
observed, particularly those on
the Moon's far side.

335
00:18:20,197 --> 00:18:22,459
And that's where this
alternative hypothesis involving

336
00:18:22,460 --> 00:18:26,723
a giant impact comes in. In
2020, scientists tested this

337
00:18:26,763 --> 00:18:29,945
hypothesis with simulations of a
giant impact on the Moon in

338
00:18:29,965 --> 00:18:32,567
combination with the
solar-generated magnetic field,

339
00:18:32,767 --> 00:18:35,369
which is weak as it stretches
out to the Earth and Moon.

340
00:18:36,103 --> 00:18:39,003
In the simulations, they tested
whether an impact on the Moon

341
00:18:39,063 --> 00:18:41,963
could amplify such a solar field
enough to explain the highly

342
00:18:42,023 --> 00:18:45,683
magnetic measurements they found
on the surface rocks. Turns out

343
00:18:45,743 --> 00:18:48,383
it wasn't enough, so the results
seemed to rule out a

344
00:18:48,423 --> 00:18:51,383
plasma-induced impact as playing
any sort of role in the Moon's

345
00:18:51,443 --> 00:18:52,343
missing magnetism.

346
00:18:52,923 --> 00:18:55,723
But in this new hypothesis, the
authors took a different tack.

347
00:18:56,363 --> 00:18:58,703
Instead of accounting for the
Sun's magnetic field, they

348
00:18:58,803 --> 00:19:02,343
assumed the Moon once hosted its
own geodynamo-produced magnetic

349
00:19:02,443 --> 00:19:04,383
field, although a reasonably
weak one.

350
00:19:05,251 --> 00:19:08,113
Given the size of the lunar
core, they estimate that such a

351
00:19:08,133 --> 00:19:11,576
field would have been about 1
microTesla, 50 times weaker than

352
00:19:11,577 --> 00:19:14,799
the Earth's magnetic field
today. From this starting point,

353
00:19:14,939 --> 00:19:17,981
the authors simulated a large
impact on the Moon's surface,

354
00:19:18,201 --> 00:19:20,423
similar to what would have
created the Embryum crater on

355
00:19:20,424 --> 00:19:21,564
the Moon's near side.

356
00:19:22,204 --> 00:19:25,247
Using impact simulations, the
authors then simulated the cloud

357
00:19:25,248 --> 00:19:27,789
of plasma that such an impact
would have generated as the

358
00:19:27,829 --> 00:19:31,412
force of the impact vaporised
the surface material. They

359
00:19:31,572 --> 00:19:34,364
simulated how the resulting
plasma would flow and interact

360
00:19:34,384 --> 00:19:36,165
with the Moon's weak magnetic
field.

361
00:19:36,726 --> 00:19:39,748
And these simulations show that
as a plasma cloud arose from the

362
00:19:39,788 --> 00:19:42,570
impact, some of it would have
expanded into space, while the

363
00:19:42,590 --> 00:19:45,332
rest would have streamed around
the Moon and concentrated on the

364
00:19:45,412 --> 00:19:49,155
opposite side. There, the plasma
would have compressed and

365
00:19:49,175 --> 00:19:52,058
briefly amplified the Moon's own
weak magnetic field.

366
00:19:52,698 --> 00:19:55,340
The entire process from the
moment the magnetic field was

367
00:19:55,380 --> 00:19:58,202
amplified to the time it decays
back to the baseline would have

368
00:19:58,203 --> 00:20:01,887
been fairly quick, no more than
around 40 minutes. But they also

369
00:20:01,987 --> 00:20:04,449
found that an embryo-scale
impact would have produced a

370
00:20:04,489 --> 00:20:06,971
pressure wave which travelled
through the Moon, similar to a

371
00:20:07,011 --> 00:20:07,732
seismic shock.

372
00:20:08,012 --> 00:20:10,014
And these waves would have
converged on the opposite side

373
00:20:10,015 --> 00:20:12,275
from the impact, where the shock
front would have jittered the

374
00:20:12,316 --> 00:20:15,278
surrounding rocks, briefly
unsettling the rock's electrons.

375
00:20:15,598 --> 00:20:17,960
They're the subatomic particles
that naturally orient their

376
00:20:18,060 --> 00:20:20,282
spins to any external magnetic
field.

377
00:20:20,878 --> 00:20:23,600
The authors suspect that the
rocks were being shocked just as

378
00:20:23,620 --> 00:20:27,503
the impact plasma was amplifying
the Moon's magnetic field. So as

379
00:20:27,543 --> 00:20:30,305
the rock's electrons settled
back, they assumed a new

380
00:20:30,425 --> 00:20:33,968
orientation in line with the
momentarily high magnetic field.

381
00:20:34,629 --> 00:20:38,091
This combination of a dynamo
plus a large impact, coupled

382
00:20:38,092 --> 00:20:41,014
with the impact shockwave, would
be enough to explain the Moon's

383
00:20:41,054 --> 00:20:44,657
highly magnetic surface rocks,
especially on the far side. Of

384
00:20:44,677 --> 00:20:47,579
course, one way to know for sure
is to directly sample these

385
00:20:47,619 --> 00:20:49,761
rocks for signs of shock and
high magnetism.

386
00:20:50,354 --> 00:20:53,276
And that could well be possible
relatively soon, as the rocks on

387
00:20:53,277 --> 00:20:56,799
the far side are near the lunar
south pole where NASA's Artemis

388
00:20:56,919 --> 00:21:00,002
manned lunar missions are
programmed to land and explore.

389
00:21:00,722 --> 00:21:05,086
Needless to say, we'll keep you
informed. This is Space Time.

390
00:21:05,786 --> 00:21:09,269
Still to come, never-before-seen
details about the Sun's corona,

391
00:21:09,629 --> 00:21:13,152
and later in the science report,
a new study shows that urine

392
00:21:13,272 --> 00:21:15,894
rather than water would be the
most efficient method of

393
00:21:15,914 --> 00:21:18,956
production if you wanted to make
green hydrogen. All that and

394
00:21:18,996 --> 00:21:19,777
more coming up.

395
00:21:20,210 --> 00:21:39,045
On Space Time, astronomers have
employed a new adaptive optics

396
00:21:39,085 --> 00:21:42,067
system, allowing them to uncover
stunning never-before-seen

397
00:21:42,127 --> 00:21:45,626
details about the Sun's
atmosphere, the corona. The

398
00:21:45,627 --> 00:21:48,388
groundbreaking results reported
in the journal Nature Astronomy

399
00:21:48,608 --> 00:21:51,671
are paving the way for deeper
insights into coronal heating,

400
00:21:51,931 --> 00:21:54,373
solar eruptions and space
weather events.

401
00:21:55,174 --> 00:21:57,836
Research by scientists from the
United States National Science

402
00:21:57,856 --> 00:22:00,798
Foundation's National Solar
Observatory and the New Jersey

403
00:22:00,858 --> 00:22:03,260
Institute Of Technology have
reduced the clearest

404
00:22:03,340 --> 00:22:06,522
high-resolution images of the
Sun's corona ever undertaken.

405
00:22:07,183 --> 00:22:10,606
The key is this new coronal
adaptive optic system that

406
00:22:10,666 --> 00:22:13,848
removes the blur from images
caused by Earth's atmosphere.

407
00:22:14,526 --> 00:22:17,468
Funded by the National Science
Foundation and installed on the

408
00:22:18,109 --> 00:22:21,171
1.6-metre Goud Solar Telescope
at Big Bear Solar Observatory in

409
00:22:21,191 --> 00:22:24,214
California, Kona, the name of
the adaptive optics system

410
00:22:24,274 --> 00:22:26,956
responsible for these new
images, compensates for the blur

411
00:22:27,076 --> 00:22:29,438
caused by air turbulence in the
atmosphere.

412
00:22:29,998 --> 00:22:32,700
Dirk Schmidt, who helped develop
the system, says the turbulence

413
00:22:32,740 --> 00:22:35,843
in the air severely degrades
images of objects in space seen

414
00:22:35,883 --> 00:22:37,884
by telescopes, and that includes
the Sun.

415
00:22:38,486 --> 00:22:41,386
The Sun's corona, the outermost
layer of the Sun's atmosphere,

416
00:22:41,546 --> 00:22:44,946
is visible only during a total
solar eclipse, and it's long

417
00:22:45,026 --> 00:22:48,046
intrigued scientists due to its
extreme temperatures, violent

418
00:22:48,086 --> 00:22:51,546
eruptions and large prominences.
Among the remarkable

419
00:22:51,586 --> 00:22:54,866
observations seen in these new
images are quickly restructuring

420
00:22:54,946 --> 00:22:58,666
solar prominences, unveiling
fine, turbulent internal flows.

421
00:22:59,306 --> 00:23:02,822
These look like raindrops in the
Sun's atmosphere. Solar

422
00:23:02,862 --> 00:23:05,742
prominences are large bright
features often appearing as

423
00:23:05,802 --> 00:23:09,522
arches or loops and extending
out from the Sun's surface. The

424
00:23:09,562 --> 00:23:12,722
corona is heated to millions of
degrees, much hotter than the

425
00:23:12,762 --> 00:23:15,162
Sun's surface which is about
6,000 degrees.

426
00:23:15,462 --> 00:23:18,562
But the exact methods doing this
are still not fully understood.

427
00:23:18,882 --> 00:23:20,902
After all, the further you get
away from a heat source, the

428
00:23:20,962 --> 00:23:24,422
cooler it's supposed to get. The
corona is also home to dynamic

429
00:23:24,482 --> 00:23:28,062
phenomena such as cooler solar
plasma that appears reddish pink

430
00:23:28,182 --> 00:23:29,002
during eclipses.

431
00:23:29,938 --> 00:23:32,320
Astronomers believe that
resolving the structure and

432
00:23:32,321 --> 00:23:36,063
dynamics of the cooler plasma at
smaller scales holds the key to

433
00:23:36,203 --> 00:23:38,745
answering the coronal heating
mystery, thereby improving our

434
00:23:38,765 --> 00:23:41,807
understanding of the eruptions
ejecting plasma deep into space,

435
00:23:41,967 --> 00:23:44,810
driving space weather, the
conditions which, in near-Earth

436
00:23:44,870 --> 00:23:48,192
space, are primarily influenced
by the Sun's activity, such as

437
00:23:48,232 --> 00:23:51,535
solar flares, coronal mass
ejections and the solar wind.

438
00:23:52,316 --> 00:23:55,358
These effects can impact
technology and systems on the

439
00:23:55,458 --> 00:23:58,260
Earth and near-Earth space. They
can damage or destroy

440
00:23:58,380 --> 00:24:01,260
satellites. Cause the Earth's
atmosphere to suddenly expand

441
00:24:01,261 --> 00:24:04,322
and contract unexpectedly,
inducing atmospheric drag and

442
00:24:04,362 --> 00:24:07,124
orbital decay on spacecraft,
thereby causing them to use more

443
00:24:07,164 --> 00:24:07,504
fuel.

444
00:24:08,105 --> 00:24:10,247
They can also increase
radioactive exposure for

445
00:24:10,347 --> 00:24:13,209
astronauts and other crew in
space. They can affect

446
00:24:13,229 --> 00:24:16,311
communications and navigation
systems, and they can severely

447
00:24:16,411 --> 00:24:20,154
disrupt terrestrial power grids
by overloading power lines,

448
00:24:20,254 --> 00:24:24,077
causing blackouts. Adaptive
optic systems like that used on

449
00:24:24,117 --> 00:24:26,960
Kona use a mirror that
continually reshapes itself

450
00:24:27,060 --> 00:24:28,961
2,200 times every second.

451
00:24:29,054 --> 00:24:31,916
In order to counteract the image
degradation caused by turbulent

452
00:24:32,016 --> 00:24:35,419
air. I guess you can describe
adaptive optics as sort of being

453
00:24:35,439 --> 00:24:38,682
like pumped-up autofocus and
optical image stabilisation in

454
00:24:38,683 --> 00:24:41,364
your smartphone camera, but
correcting the errors for the

455
00:24:41,444 --> 00:24:44,006
atmosphere rather than the user
's shaky hands.

456
00:24:44,626 --> 00:24:47,989
Since the early 2000s, adaptive
optics have been used by large

457
00:24:48,049 --> 00:24:51,000
telescopes, including solar
observatories, to study the Sun

458
00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:53,913
's surface, enabling scientists
to reach their theoretical

459
00:24:53,993 --> 00:24:57,256
diffraction limits, that is, the
theoretical maximum resolution

460
00:24:57,316 --> 00:25:00,051
of an optical system. These
systems have since

461
00:25:00,111 --> 00:25:03,233
revolutionized observing the Sun
's surface, but until now

462
00:25:03,273 --> 00:25:05,295
they've not been used for
observing the corona.

463
00:25:05,635 --> 00:25:08,858
And the resolution features
beyond the solar limb stagnated

464
00:25:08,918 --> 00:25:12,240
at an order of 1,000 kilometers
or worse, the same levels as

465
00:25:12,241 --> 00:25:15,343
were achieved 80 years ago. And
that's where this new coronal

466
00:25:15,363 --> 00:25:19,286
adaptive optics system comes in.
It closes that decades-old gap,

467
00:25:19,466 --> 00:25:22,248
delivering images of coronal
features at 63 kilometer

468
00:25:22,308 --> 00:25:25,731
resolution, which is the
theoretical limit of a 1.6 meter

469
00:25:25,771 --> 00:25:28,466
telescope. This is Space Time.

470
00:25:30,726 --> 00:25:34,406
This episode of Space Time is
brought to you by Insta360, the

471
00:25:34,446 --> 00:25:38,606
trailblazers in 360-degree
action camera technology. Their

472
00:25:38,666 --> 00:25:43,366
latest model, the Insta360 X5,
is engineered for extremes. In

473
00:25:43,386 --> 00:25:46,146
fact, it's not just an upgrade,
it's a whole new level of

474
00:25:46,246 --> 00:25:49,446
rugged. With an ultra-tough
user-replaceable lens, you can

475
00:25:49,506 --> 00:25:52,106
finally take risks with your
shots and not worry about the

476
00:25:52,166 --> 00:25:52,466
gear.

477
00:25:52,906 --> 00:25:56,630
Dust, drops, debris, it's built
to survive it all. And if your

478
00:25:56,650 --> 00:25:59,750
adventures take you below the
surface, well, the X5's IP68

479
00:26:00,390 --> 00:26:03,430
waterproofed out of 49 feet
right out of the box. No

480
00:26:03,570 --> 00:26:04,990
housing, no hassles.

481
00:26:05,330 --> 00:26:07,890
And if you want to go deeper,
just add the invisible dive

482
00:26:07,930 --> 00:26:11,510
case, and you can capture
seamless 360-degree footage all

483
00:26:11,511 --> 00:26:15,670
the way down to 197 feet
underwater. Of course, none of

484
00:26:15,690 --> 00:26:18,190
this matters if your footage is
shaky. That's why the X5

485
00:26:18,610 --> 00:26:21,058
features flow rate
stabilization. And full

486
00:26:21,979 --> 00:26:25,742
360-degree horizon lock, giving
you silky smooth level shots no

487
00:26:25,782 --> 00:26:27,563
matter how intense the motion
gets.

488
00:26:27,824 --> 00:26:31,126
It's like having a steadicam
built into your camera. Whether

489
00:26:31,127 --> 00:26:34,129
you're climbing mountains,
diving reefs, or exploring alien

490
00:26:34,189 --> 00:26:37,892
worlds, the X5 is ready for
anything. To bag a free

491
00:26:38,832 --> 00:26:42,415
114-centimeter invisible selfie
stick worth $24.99 US with your

492
00:26:42,515 --> 00:26:45,658
Insta360 X5 standard package
purchase, head to

493
00:26:45,718 --> 00:26:50,580
store.inst360.com and use our
special promo code SPACETIME.

494
00:26:50,840 --> 00:26:53,362
But remember, you've got to be
one of the first 30 standard

495
00:26:53,402 --> 00:26:56,585
package purchasers. For more
information, be sure to check

496
00:26:56,605 --> 00:26:59,667
out the links in our show notes.
Once again, that's

497
00:26:59,707 --> 00:27:05,311
store.Insta360.com and use the
promo code SPACETIME. And now,

498
00:27:05,532 --> 00:27:06,612
it's back to our show.

499
00:27:17,942 --> 00:27:20,004
And time now to take another
brief look at some of the other

500
00:27:20,064 --> 00:27:23,446
stories making use in science
this week with a science report.

501
00:27:24,387 --> 00:27:26,929
Scientists say they've created a
new device that can detect

502
00:27:27,049 --> 00:27:29,771
atrial fibrillation without
needing to touch a patient.

503
00:27:30,452 --> 00:27:33,774
Atrial fibrillation, or AFib, is
an irregular and often rapid

504
00:27:33,875 --> 00:27:37,017
heartbeat which can be fatal.
Usually, this kind of heart

505
00:27:37,117 --> 00:27:39,839
issue is diagnosed with the help
of an electrocardiogram, a

506
00:27:39,859 --> 00:27:42,441
device that's connected to the
body and measures the heart's

507
00:27:42,481 --> 00:27:43,402
electrical signals.

508
00:27:44,050 --> 00:27:46,472
But a report in the journal
Nature Communications claims

509
00:27:46,572 --> 00:27:49,134
researchers say they can now
perform the same monitoring with

510
00:27:49,214 --> 00:27:52,797
radar sensing. The authors
evaluated the system using data

511
00:27:52,837 --> 00:27:57,561
from over 6,000 patients. That
included 229 with AFib, and they

512
00:27:57,641 --> 00:28:00,683
say it showed comparable results
to a standard ECG.

513
00:28:02,725 --> 00:28:05,847
A new study claims that people
who value personal success,

514
00:28:05,987 --> 00:28:09,210
excitement and the challenges of
life, as well as control over

515
00:28:09,330 --> 00:28:12,272
other people and resources, are
also more likely to be

516
00:28:12,352 --> 00:28:13,293
vegetarians.

517
00:28:13,938 --> 00:28:17,081
The findings, reported in the
journal PLOS One, also suggest

518
00:28:17,101 --> 00:28:19,282
that these differences indicate
that people who adopt the

519
00:28:19,322 --> 00:28:22,645
vegetarian diet tend to be
independent thinkers who aren't

520
00:28:22,665 --> 00:28:26,268
afraid to March to the beat of a
different drum. Fascinatingly,

521
00:28:26,288 --> 00:28:29,810
the same study also found that
non-vegetarians are more likely

522
00:28:29,830 --> 00:28:32,993
to value other people's welfare,
other people's safety, and the

523
00:28:33,073 --> 00:28:35,395
harmony of society and social
cohesion.

524
00:28:36,035 --> 00:28:38,397
The authors reached their
conclusions by analyzing data

525
00:28:38,457 --> 00:28:41,262
from three studies in the United
States and Poland, in which

526
00:28:41,322 --> 00:28:43,764
people were surveyed on their
dietary habits and answered a

527
00:28:43,804 --> 00:28:46,246
series of questions on the basic
human values which were

528
00:28:46,266 --> 00:28:46,967
important to them.

529
00:28:47,647 --> 00:28:50,970
They found that vegetarians
prized basic human values of

530
00:28:51,010 --> 00:28:54,112
stimulation, achievement and
power to be more important than

531
00:28:54,152 --> 00:28:57,335
non-vegetarians, while
non-vegetarians found

532
00:28:57,375 --> 00:29:01,058
benevolence, security and
conformity to be more important.

533
00:29:01,738 --> 00:29:04,480
The authors admit that these new
results are somewhat at odds

534
00:29:04,540 --> 00:29:06,962
with how vegetarianism is often
discussed.

535
00:29:08,670 --> 00:29:11,672
A new study has found that
urine, not water, is the most

536
00:29:11,752 --> 00:29:15,275
efficient production method to
generate green hydrogen. The

537
00:29:15,295 --> 00:29:17,997
researchers have now developed
two unique energy-efficient and

538
00:29:17,998 --> 00:29:21,280
cost-effective systems that use
urea found in urine and

539
00:29:21,380 --> 00:29:22,961
wastewater to generate hydrogen.

540
00:29:23,542 --> 00:29:26,084
A report in the journal Nature
Communications claims the

541
00:29:26,124 --> 00:29:29,026
findings show a new pathway to
economically generate green

542
00:29:29,086 --> 00:29:32,048
hydrogen, a sustainable and
renewable energy source, and the

543
00:29:32,049 --> 00:29:35,331
potential to remediate nitrogen
waste in aquatic systems.

544
00:29:37,042 --> 00:29:39,422
Samsung have just released their
latest smartphone, the new

545
00:29:39,542 --> 00:29:43,182
lightweight S25 Edge. With the
details, we're joined by

546
00:29:43,202 --> 00:29:46,722
technology editor Alex
Harov-Royd from TechAdvice.life.

547
00:29:46,882 --> 00:29:49,102
There's been a lot of talk that
Apple was going to launch the

548
00:29:49,262 --> 00:29:54,042
IPhone 17 Air in 2025, and that
was going to be a 5.5mm phone,

549
00:29:54,082 --> 00:29:58,562
very thin, and it would be
replaced in the iPhone 17 Plus,

550
00:29:58,862 --> 00:29:59,802
although they might still have
that.

551
00:29:59,842 --> 00:30:03,722
So knowing this was heavily
rumoured, Samsung decided to

552
00:30:03,822 --> 00:30:07,316
gazump Apple. And when they
showcased the S25 range in

553
00:30:07,376 --> 00:30:10,018
January this year, the very last
thing they showed was the

554
00:30:10,078 --> 00:30:14,261
Samsung S25 Edge. Now, this has
now come on to pre-sale. I've

555
00:30:14,401 --> 00:30:16,523
managed to get one in my little
hands today.

556
00:30:17,460 --> 00:30:21,840
It is 5.8mm thick, so it's very
thin. It's much thinner than the

557
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:27,000
Samsung S25 Ultra and thinner
than the Samsung A56 mid-range

558
00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:30,580
phone. It's about 60g lighter
than the S25 Ultra, so it's

559
00:30:30,640 --> 00:30:33,180
noticeably lighter than their
most premium phones. You do only

560
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:35,920
get two cameras on the back as
opposed to the five on the S25

561
00:30:36,340 --> 00:30:36,560
Ultra.

562
00:30:36,580 --> 00:30:42,300
There's obviously no stylus. And
you have a 3,900mAh battery as

563
00:30:42,320 --> 00:30:45,468
opposed to the 5,000mAh
batteries you find on... Many of

564
00:30:45,469 --> 00:30:47,990
the premium phones today, even
the mid-range phones. So you

565
00:30:48,010 --> 00:30:50,732
will have to charge it a bit
more often if you're a heavy

566
00:30:51,033 --> 00:30:51,533
user of it.

567
00:30:51,713 --> 00:30:54,555
We're yet to see the full
ramifications of this in terms

568
00:30:54,575 --> 00:30:57,538
of battery life, but I'm not
terribly worried that people are

569
00:30:57,539 --> 00:30:59,820
going to be too concerned. And
Apple's battery is meant to be

570
00:30:59,980 --> 00:31:04,123
2,900 milliamp hours, according
to the rumors, although they are

571
00:31:04,363 --> 00:31:07,465
supposed to be using a different
battery chemistry that will give

572
00:31:07,466 --> 00:31:11,288
it more capacity than what 2,900
milliamp hours would normally

573
00:31:11,469 --> 00:31:11,749
give you.

574
00:31:11,769 --> 00:31:15,369
So again, we get to see in that
regard. Holding the phone, it's

575
00:31:15,749 --> 00:31:17,951
delightful. I mean, it's light.
I haven't tried bending it, but

576
00:31:18,011 --> 00:31:19,832
people on the internet say they
haven't. They say it's very

577
00:31:19,892 --> 00:31:20,213
robust.

578
00:31:20,214 --> 00:31:22,294
You've got to put it in your
back pocket and sit down. That's

579
00:31:22,295 --> 00:31:22,534
the tip.

580
00:31:22,555 --> 00:31:24,756
Well, yes, yes. But, I mean,
look, they would have done all

581
00:31:24,776 --> 00:31:27,278
sorts of stress tests because
there was a huge kerfuffle over

582
00:31:27,279 --> 00:31:29,840
the iPhone 6, which was
supposedly bending in people's

583
00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:31,742
back pockets when they were
doing this. And, look, you're

584
00:31:31,743 --> 00:31:32,702
going to buy a case for it.

585
00:31:32,722 --> 00:31:35,124
You're going to be careful with
it. I mean, you don't want to be

586
00:31:35,765 --> 00:31:39,868
manhandling a phone that, at the
moment, costs $1,849 in

587
00:31:39,869 --> 00:31:43,701
Australia for the 512 gig
version. There is also a 250-60

588
00:31:43,761 --> 00:31:46,764
version, which is the one that I
have, but the age of thin phones

589
00:31:46,784 --> 00:31:47,244
is upon us.

590
00:31:47,284 --> 00:31:50,246
That's Alex Saharov-Royd from
TechAdvice.life.

591
00:32:05,859 --> 00:32:09,400
And that's the show for now.
Space Time is available every

592
00:32:09,500 --> 00:32:12,980
Monday, Wednesday and Friday
through Apple Podcasts, ITunes,

593
00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:17,660
Stitcher, Google Podcasts,
Hockeycasts, Spotify, Acast,

594
00:32:17,900 --> 00:32:22,000
Amazon Music, Bytes.Com,
SoundCloud, YouTube, your

595
00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:24,600
favorite podcast download
provider and from

596
00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:26,720
spacetimewithstuartgarry.com.

597
00:32:27,500 --> 00:32:30,020
Space Time is also broadcast
through the National Science

598
00:32:30,040 --> 00:32:34,020
Foundation on Science Zone Radio
and on both IHeart Radio and

599
00:32:34,140 --> 00:32:37,908
TuneIn Radio. And you can help
to support our show. By visiting

600
00:32:37,909 --> 00:32:41,071
the SpaceTime store for a range
of promotional merchandising

601
00:32:41,111 --> 00:32:41,551
goodies.

602
00:32:42,032 --> 00:32:45,254
Or by becoming a SpaceTime
patron, which gives you access

603
00:32:45,274 --> 00:32:47,536
to triple-episode
commercial-free versions of the

604
00:32:47,596 --> 00:32:50,738
show, as well as lots of bonus
audio content which doesn't go

605
00:32:50,758 --> 00:32:54,081
to air, access to our exclusive
Facebook group, and other

606
00:32:54,141 --> 00:32:58,084
rewards. Just go to
spacetimewithstuartgary.com for

607
00:32:58,124 --> 00:33:01,547
full details. You've been
listening to SpaceTime with

608
00:33:01,627 --> 00:33:04,970
Stuart Gary. This has been
another quality podcast

609
00:33:04,990 --> 00:33:06,711
production from Bytes.Com.