Solar Flare Frenzy: Earth's Brush with the Biggest Geomagnetic Storm in 20 Years

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This is Space Time Series 28
Episode 61 for broadcast on the

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21st of May 2025.

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Coming up on Space Time, the
biggest solar flare this year,

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the biggest geomagnetic storm in
the past 20 years, and the most

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extreme solar storm known to
have hit the Earth.

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All that and more coming up on
Space Time.

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Welcome to Space Time with
Stuart Gary.

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Well, we've just experienced the
largest solar flare so far this

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year, producing an X2.7 class
event. The massive eruption

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emanated from a newly appeared
active sunspot region catalogued

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is AR-14087.

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It's one of two X-class flares
and several smaller M-class

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events, all coming from the same
region.

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Luckily, they weren't pointed
directly towards the Earth,

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leaving the planet on the outer
edge of the strike zone. But of

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course that's now changed, as
this active region has now

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rotated to directly face the
Earth.

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The event happened as the Sun
reaches solar maximum, the

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climax of its 11-year solar
cycle.

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Solar flares are powerful blasts
of energy erupting from sunspots

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on the Sun's surface.

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Sunspots are slightly cooler
regions on the Sun's surface,

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the photosphere, caused by
magnetic field lines from deep

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inside the Sun breaking through
the surface and looping out into

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space.

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Now because the Sun is fluid
rather than solid, different

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latitudes rotate at different
rates. And this causes the

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magnetic field lines to twist
and snap.

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When they reconnect... Process
called magnetic reconnection, it

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triggers powerful explosions
near the surface known as solar

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flares.

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Solar flares are classified
according to their strength. The

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smallest ones are B-class, that
's followed by C, then M, and

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the largest are X-class flares.
It's similar to the Richter

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scale used for earthquakes, with
each letter representing a

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10-fold logarithmic increase in
energy output.

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So, an X-class flare is 10 times
as strong as an M-class flare,

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and 100 times as strong as a
C-class flay.

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Within each letter class, there
's a finer scale from 1 to 9.

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C-class flares are too weak to
noticeably affect the Earth, but

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M-class flares can cause brief
radio blackouts at the poles and

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minor radiation storms that
could endanger people in space.

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Although X is the last letter,
these flares can have more than

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10 times the power of an X-1
class, so they can go much

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higher than an X-9.

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The most powerful flare on
record was back in 2003 during

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the last solar maximum. In fact,
it was so powerful it overloaded

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the sensors measuring it. They
cut out at X17, and the flare

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was later estimated to be about
at X45.

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A powerful X-class flare like
that can create long-lasting

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radiation storms, which can harm
and even destroy satellites,

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give airline passengers flying
near the poles dose of

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radiation, scramble
communication and navigation

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systems, and even overload power
grids, causing widespread

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blackouts on the ground.

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The most powerful solar flares
can trigger coronal mass

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ejections, huge blasts of the
Sun's material, including

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protons, electrons, magnetic
field and helium nuclei.

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Now our current solar cycle,
number 25, began back in

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December 2019 and so should be
reaching solar max around now.

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This is when the Sun reaches its
most violent phase, with lots of

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sunspot activity and
consequently lots of solar

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flares and coronal mass
ejections. The number of

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sunspots are predicted to reach
a peak of around 115 by July

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this year, making the current
solar cycle weaker than average

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and only slightly more active
than the previous solar cycle

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24.

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During each of these roughly
11-year solar cycles, the Sun's

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magnetic field flips in
polarity. North Pole becomes

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South and South Pole North. And
this flip occurs when the solar

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cycle reaches solar minimum,
with the next flip probably

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occurring around 2030.

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This is Space Time.

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Still to come, the biggest
geomagnetic storm in 20 years,

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and the most extreme solar storm
ever known to have hit the

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Earth. All that and more still
to come on Space Time.

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While spectacular, the most
recent geomagnetic storm events

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we've seen pale into
insignificance when compared to

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the solar storm that hit the
Earth just a year ago, which has

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now officially been listed as
the biggest in 20 years.

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Amazingly, that event coincided
with the inaugural space weather

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tabletop exercise. The exercise
was meant to be a training event

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where experts could work through
real-time ramifications of a

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major geomagnetic storm, a
global disruption to Earth's

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magnetic field.

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Now, as we mentioned earlier,
geomagnetic storms can decimate

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satellites, overload electrical
power grids, and expose

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astronauts to dangerous levels
of radiation. So minimizing the

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impact of such storms requires
close coordination, and so this

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meeting was a chance for
scientists to practice.

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But then their simulation turned
into reality. The director of

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NASA's Space Weather Program,
Jamie Favors, says the plan was

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to run through a hypothetical
scenario, finding where existing

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processes worked and where they
needed improving. But then this

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hypothetical scenario was
interrupted by the real thing.

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On May 10, 2024, the first G5 or
severe geomagnetic storm in more

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than two decades hit planet
Earth. The event, named the

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Gannon Storm, me. In memory of
the leading space weather

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physicist Jennifer Gannon,
didn't cause any catastrophic

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damages. But a year on, key
insights into the Gannon Storm

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are helping scientists
understand and prepare for

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future geomagnetic events.

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The Gannon Storm had effects
both on and off our planet. On

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the ground, some high-voltage
power lines tripped,

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transformers overheated, and
GPS-guided tractors veered off

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course in the Midwest United
States, further disrupting

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spring planting that had already
been delayed by heavy rains.

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In the air, the threat of high
radiation exposure, as well as

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communications and navigation
losses, forced numerous

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transatlantic and transpacific
flights to change course. During

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the storm, Earth's upper
atmospheric layer, the

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thermosphere, heated to
unusually high temperatures.

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In fact, at 160 kilometers in
altitude, the temperature, which

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typically peaks at around 650
degrees Celsius, surpassed over

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1,150 degrees.

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NASA's Global Scale Observations
of the Lemon Disk, or GOLD,

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mission observed the atmosphere
expanding from the heat

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generated to create a strong
wind that lofted heavy nitrogen

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particles much higher into
space.

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In orbit, the expanded
atmosphere increased drag on

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thousands of satellites.

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NASA's ICESat-2 lost altitude
and wound up entering safe mode,

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while NASA's Colorado
interradiation-built experiment

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CubeSat was forced to de-orbit
prematurely.

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Other spacecraft, such as the
European Space Agency Sentinel

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mission, required more power to
maintain their orbital altitude,

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and they were forced to perform
maneuvers to avoid collisions

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with space debris. The storm
also dramatically changed the

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structure of the Earth's
ionosphere.

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A dense zone of the ionosphere
that normally covers the equator

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at night dipped downwards
towards the South Pole, forming

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a sort of checkmark shape and
causing a temporary gap near the

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equator. The Gannon Storm also
rocked Earth's magnetosphere,

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the magnetic bubble that
surrounds the planet.

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Data from NASA missions MMS and
Thermos Artemis saw giant

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curling waves of particles in
rolled-up magnetic fields along

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the edge of the coronal mass
ejections. And these waves were

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perfectly sized to periodically
dump extra magnetic energy and

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mass into the magnetosphere upon
impact, in the process creating

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the largest electrical current
seen in the magnetosphere in 20

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years.

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Incoming energy and particles
from the Sun also created two

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new temporary belts of energetic
particles within the

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magnetosphere. These belts
formed between the existing Van

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Allen radiation belts which
permanently surround the Earth.

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The storm also ignited auroral
activity around the globe,

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including at lower latitudes
where these celestial light

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shows are rare. NASA's
Aurorasaurus project was flooded

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with more than 6,000 observer
reports from over 55 countries

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on all seven continents.

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Photographers helped scientists
better understand why the

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aurorae observed throughout
Japan were magenta rather than

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the typical red in colour.
Researchers studied hundreds of

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photos and found that the
aurorae were surprisingly high,

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around 1,000 kilometers above
the ground. That's around 320

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kilometers higher than red
aurorae typically appear.

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In a paper published in the
journal Scientific Reports, the

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authors found the peculiar color
of the aurorae likely resulted

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from a mix of red and blue
aurorae, produced by oxygen and

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nitrogen molecules lofted higher
than usual as the Gannon Storm

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heated and expanded the upper
atmosphere.

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And impacts of the Sun's
amped-up solar activity didn't

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end in Earth space.

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The solar region that sparked
the Ganon storm eventually

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rotated away from our planet and
redirected its outburst towards

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the planet Mars.

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As energetic particles from the
Sun struck the Martian

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atmosphere, NASA's MAVEN orbiter
watched the aurora engulf the

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red planet from May 14 through
to the 20th. And solar particles

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overwhelmed the star camera on
NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter,

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causing the camera to cut out
for almost an hour.

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Meanwhile, down on the Martian
surface, images from the

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navigation cameras on NASA's
Curiosity rover were freckled

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with snow, streaks and specks
caused by the charged particles.

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Curiosity's Radiation Assessment
Detector recorded the biggest

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surge of radiation since the
rover landed on the red planet

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Mars' Gale Crater back in 2012.

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Had astronauts been there, they
would have received a radiation

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dose of around 8,100 micrograys.
That's equivalent to some 30

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chest X-rays. The Gannon Storm
spread aurorae to unusually low

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latitudes.

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In fact, it's been called the
best documented geomagnetic

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storm in history. And the data
captured during this historic

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event will continue to be
analysed for years to come,

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revealing new lessons about the
nature of geomagnetic storms and

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how best to weather them.

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This report... From NASA TV.

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In May 2024, a spectacular
multicolored light show flooded

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the skies across the world.
These displays are known as the

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auroras.

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They're usually seen near the
polar regions, but that May, sky

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watchers spotted the glowing
lights far from Earth's poles.

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People were witnessing the
biggest geomagnetic storm in

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over 20 years.

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This storm was so intense. It
was the most intense in two

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decades. This was one of those
large events that we've been

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talking about for years.

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It all began from this active
region on the Sun.

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Active regions are known for
having intense magnetic fields.

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And the more tangled those
fields become, the more likely

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they are to erupt.

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We watched the active region
evolve, and we thought that this

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might be something to watch and
might be something active.

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Eventually, The active region
unleashed a chain of huge solar

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eruptions directly towards us.

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What made it so strong was the
fact that there was so much

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energy put off by the Sun. It
was really great conditions for

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the perfect storm.

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On May 10th, the eruptions
reached Earth, triggering a

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global disruption to Earth's
magnetic field, known as a

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geomagnetic storm.

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It was rated a G5, the rarest
and strongest type. The powerful

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storm pushed auroras to appear
in unusual places like Arizona

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in the United States and Perth
in Australia.

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That energy interacted with the
Earth and created the aurora and

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caused all sorts of disturbances
that we felt here on the ground.

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The storm caused some high
voltage lines to trip and

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transformers to overheat.
Transatlantic flights rerouted.

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Due to risks of high radiation
exposure and communication and

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navigation disruptions.

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Farther up, NASA saw Earth's
upper atmosphere get unusually

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hot.

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The temperature 100 miles up in
the thermosphere usually peaks

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at 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit, but
during the storm it reached

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2,100 degrees Fahrenheit.

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The heating caused the
atmosphere to expand, which

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affected satellites.

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There were thousands of
satellites that had to move

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their orbits because the storm
was coming through.

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The storm also affected the
space beyond Earth. It created

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two new temporary belts of
energetic particles around our

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planet, adding to Earth's two
permanent ones, which are known

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as the Van Allen radiation
belts.

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The particles in these belts can
harm orbiting satellites and

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astronauts heading for deep
space. So NASA studies them

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00:13:14,677 --> 00:13:15,037
closely.

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As the Sun rotated, the active
region eventually moved away

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from Earth and redirected its
outbursts towards Mars.

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00:13:24,217 --> 00:13:28,058
On Mars, NASA's Curiosity rover
saw solar particles from the

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00:13:28,118 --> 00:13:32,620
storm. The rover also recorded
the biggest surge of radiation

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00:13:32,801 --> 00:13:36,522
since it landed in 2012. If an
astronaut had been on the

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Martian surface, they would have
received a radiation dose

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00:13:39,764 --> 00:13:42,565
equivalent to 30 chest X-rays at
once.

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With spacecraft throughout the
solar system and modern cameras

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00:13:47,628 --> 00:13:50,569
in so many people's pockets, the
storm was the most

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00:13:50,709 --> 00:13:52,330
well-documented in history.

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There's lots of data. We're able
to actually use that data to

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00:13:57,092 --> 00:14:00,074
understand things and predict
more and more how this is going

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00:14:00,075 --> 00:14:00,874
to affect our Earth.

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00:14:01,735 --> 00:14:05,177
Although the storm passed within
days, NASA will continue to

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00:14:05,257 --> 00:14:09,059
learn from the observations for
years to come, helping us better

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00:14:09,079 --> 00:14:11,040
prepare for the next big storm.

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00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:13,802
And in that report from NASA TV.
We heard from NASA

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00:14:13,902 --> 00:14:15,784
heliophysicist Kelly Korek.

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00:14:16,484 --> 00:14:20,768
This is Space Time. Still to
come, the most extreme solar

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00:14:20,808 --> 00:14:23,691
storm ever known to have hit the
Earth, and later in the science

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00:14:23,751 --> 00:14:27,475
report, a new study claims
people who work long hours could

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00:14:27,515 --> 00:14:31,358
have altered brain structures.
All that and more still to come

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00:14:31,919 --> 00:14:32,920
on Space Time.

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00:14:48,605 --> 00:14:51,452
New researchers uncovered the
strongest solar event ever

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00:14:51,492 --> 00:14:53,998
recorded, in the process
rewriting science's

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00:14:54,058 --> 00:14:58,286
understanding of space weather
and radiocarbon dating. This new

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00:14:58,386 --> 00:15:01,488
finding expands the timeline and
intensity of known solar

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00:15:01,548 --> 00:15:04,790
activity and sets a new upper
boundary for such solar

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00:15:04,810 --> 00:15:05,470
phenomenon.

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00:15:05,990 --> 00:15:09,732
The study's authors discovered
an extreme spike in radiocarbon

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00:15:09,892 --> 00:15:15,035
corresponding to the year 12,350
BCE, during the dusk of the last

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00:15:15,215 --> 00:15:19,397
ice age. The study, by Silja
Gullibeko and Ilja Uzorskin from

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00:15:19,398 --> 00:15:22,319
the University Of Ulo in
Finland, utilised their newly

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00:15:22,379 --> 00:15:24,800
developed chemistry climate
model which was specifically

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00:15:24,860 --> 00:15:27,862
designed to reconstruct solar
particle storms under ancient

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00:15:27,902 --> 00:15:29,502
global climatic conditions.

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00:15:30,123 --> 00:15:32,784
The model confirmed that the
detected solar event was

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00:15:32,804 --> 00:15:37,327
approximately 18% stronger than
the notorious year 775 event

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00:15:37,507 --> 00:15:40,308
which until now had been the
strongest solar storm ever

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00:15:40,368 --> 00:15:42,309
recorded using tree ring
archives.

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00:15:43,030 --> 00:15:45,831
Lubenko says that compared to
the largest event in the modern

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00:15:45,931 --> 00:15:49,513
satellite era which is the 2005
particle storm, the ancient

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00:15:49,573 --> 00:15:54,515
12,350. BCE event was more than
500 times more intense.

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00:15:55,216 --> 00:15:58,217
Other large known solar particle
events occurred around the years

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00:15:58,277 --> 00:16:06,941
994, 663 BCE, 5259 BCE and 7176
BCE and a few other candidates

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00:16:06,961 --> 00:16:10,642
are still being investigated.
The new model was verified using

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00:16:10,682 --> 00:16:13,824
wood samples recently found in
the French Alps dating back some

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00:16:13,904 --> 00:16:15,624
4,300 years.

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00:16:16,505 --> 00:16:20,327
Solar particle storms are rare
but when they occur they bombard

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00:16:20,328 --> 00:16:23,329
the Earth with an enormous
amount of high-energy particles.

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00:16:24,069 --> 00:16:28,272
In comparison, the famous
Carrington Solar Storm of 1859

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00:16:28,273 --> 00:16:31,414
was a different kind of event
and not accompanied by a solar

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00:16:31,454 --> 00:16:36,377
particle storm. Gulabenko says
the ancient event in 12,350 BCE

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00:16:36,678 --> 00:16:39,880
is the only known extreme solar
particle event outside the

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00:16:39,920 --> 00:16:43,242
Holocene Epoch, which is the
past 12,000 years of stable,

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00:16:43,302 --> 00:16:44,103
warm climate.

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00:16:44,863 --> 00:16:47,025
With this model, the authors
were able to assess the

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00:16:47,065 --> 00:16:50,167
strength, timing and terrestrial
effects of what is now the most

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00:16:50,247 --> 00:16:53,009
powerful and extreme solar
particle event ever known.

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00:16:53,849 --> 00:16:56,411
Solar particle storms can
greatly enhance the normal

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00:16:56,451 --> 00:16:59,954
production of cosmogenic
isotopes like radiocarbon-14 in

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00:16:59,955 --> 00:17:02,315
the atmosphere, which are
produced by galactic cosmic

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00:17:02,395 --> 00:17:02,836
rays.

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00:17:03,616 --> 00:17:06,538
Such enhanced production,
preserved in annual tree rings,

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00:17:06,798 --> 00:17:10,081
serves as a clear cosmic
timestamp, making possible

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00:17:10,221 --> 00:17:12,342
absolute dating of tree samples.

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00:17:13,043 --> 00:17:16,385
These dramatic spikes, known as
Miyake events after the Japanese

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00:17:16,425 --> 00:17:19,347
researcher first discovered
them, offer invaluable data for

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00:17:19,367 --> 00:17:22,628
scientists studying both solar
activity, ancient Earth systems,

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00:17:22,708 --> 00:17:27,030
and space climate. Miyake events
allow scientists to pin down

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00:17:27,110 --> 00:17:30,391
exact calendar years in floating
archaeological chronologies.

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00:17:31,092 --> 00:17:34,113
Radiocarbon signals from such
events have already enabled

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00:17:34,153 --> 00:17:36,794
researchers to precisely date
Viking settlements in

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00:17:36,814 --> 00:17:40,036
Newfoundland and Neolithic
communities in Greece. The

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00:17:40,096 --> 00:17:43,337
findings are revising science's
understanding of solar physics

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00:17:43,617 --> 00:17:47,179
and space weather extremes. And
this event establishes a new

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00:17:47,279 --> 00:17:48,360
worst-case scenario.

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00:17:49,140 --> 00:17:51,982
Understanding its scale is
critical for evaluating the

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00:17:52,002 --> 00:17:55,044
risks posed by future solar
storms to modern infrastructure

316
00:17:55,244 --> 00:17:58,666
such as satellites, power grids,
and communication and navigation

317
00:17:58,746 --> 00:17:59,306
systems.

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00:18:00,087 --> 00:18:01,688
This is Space Time.

319
00:18:17,838 --> 00:18:19,940
And time now to take another
brief look at some of the other

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00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:23,083
stories making use in science
this week with a science report.

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00:18:23,904 --> 00:18:27,126
A new study claims that people
who work long hours could have

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00:18:27,307 --> 00:18:30,329
altered brain structures. A
report in the Journal Of

323
00:18:30,369 --> 00:18:33,252
Occupational Environmental
Medicine looked at brain scans

324
00:18:33,253 --> 00:18:37,216
of 110 participants who worked
either 52 or more hours a week

325
00:18:37,416 --> 00:18:39,798
or a standard 35 to 40 hour
week.

326
00:18:40,454 --> 00:18:43,015
They found that when compared
with those who worked standard

327
00:18:43,035 --> 00:18:46,096
hours, those who worked
excessive hours had changes in

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00:18:46,136 --> 00:18:49,457
brain regions associated with
working memory, problem solving,

329
00:18:49,617 --> 00:18:51,037
and emotional regulation.

330
00:18:51,697 --> 00:18:54,458
Now, while this study only
provides a snapshot, can't be

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00:18:54,558 --> 00:18:56,879
used to show cause and effect,
the authors say previous

332
00:18:56,959 --> 00:18:59,919
research had linked overwork
with various health issues, and

333
00:18:59,920 --> 00:19:03,300
these results can help provide
more insights into overwork and

334
00:19:03,360 --> 00:19:04,041
our bodies.

335
00:19:05,821 --> 00:19:09,322
Engineers have invented a smart
sponge-like device that can

336
00:19:09,402 --> 00:19:11,144
capture water from thin air.

337
00:19:11,865 --> 00:19:14,668
A report in the Journal Of
Cleaner Production claims the

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00:19:14,708 --> 00:19:18,371
system uses the Sun's energy and
works even in low humidity where

339
00:19:18,431 --> 00:19:21,835
other technologies such as fog
harvesting and radiative cooling

340
00:19:21,895 --> 00:19:25,018
have struggled. They say the
water from their device remained

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00:19:25,058 --> 00:19:27,921
effective across a broad range
of humidity levels from 30 to

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00:19:27,941 --> 00:19:31,905
90% and temperature levels
between 5 and 55 degrees

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00:19:31,906 --> 00:19:32,506
Celsius.

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00:19:34,270 --> 00:19:38,072
A new study claims that a ban on
smartphones and social media

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00:19:38,192 --> 00:19:41,613
access for kids doesn't promote
a healthy use of technology by

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00:19:41,673 --> 00:19:45,115
children. The findings, reported
in the British Medical Journal,

347
00:19:45,255 --> 00:19:48,216
claims the focus should move to
a rights-based approach with

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00:19:48,296 --> 00:19:50,978
age-appropriate design and
education, one that protects

349
00:19:51,038 --> 00:19:53,839
kids from harm while developing
the right skills to help them

350
00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:55,740
participate in a digital
society.

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00:19:56,528 --> 00:19:59,230
The authors say that blanket
restrictions on technology like

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00:19:59,270 --> 00:20:02,452
smartphones are a stop-gap
solution that does little to

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00:20:02,492 --> 00:20:05,574
support a child's longer-term
healthy engagement with digital

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00:20:05,634 --> 00:20:09,257
spaces across school, home and
other occasions.

355
00:20:11,218 --> 00:20:14,420
Australian telecommunications
giant Telstra has begun testing

356
00:20:14,421 --> 00:20:17,582
the Starlink broadband satellite
network for remote customers

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00:20:17,662 --> 00:20:21,185
beyond the conventional cell
phone network. With the details,

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00:20:21,285 --> 00:20:23,967
we're joined by technology
editor Alex Saharov-Reut from

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00:20:24,047 --> 00:20:25,688
TechAdvice.life.

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00:20:25,908 --> 00:20:28,790
Yeah, well, they've been testing
their Starlink capability to

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00:20:28,930 --> 00:20:32,172
send text messages to people.
And they're going to launch this

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00:20:32,352 --> 00:20:35,393
in Australia later this year.
Now, this mirrors what Verizon

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00:20:35,433 --> 00:20:39,416
did in the US with their ability
to send messages via Starlink.

364
00:20:39,476 --> 00:20:43,158
And this is augmented over what
Apple launched a couple of years

365
00:20:43,198 --> 00:20:46,460
ago, or the IPhone 14, which has
now been extended to the IPhone

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00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:49,662
13, to send emergency messages
via SOS. And now, of course, you

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00:20:49,663 --> 00:20:53,224
can send other messages and use
Find My and let your relatives

368
00:20:53,244 --> 00:20:53,884
see where you are. But.

369
00:20:53,944 --> 00:20:56,005
But in other parts of the world,
like Australia and New Zealand

370
00:20:56,025 --> 00:20:59,005
and phone companies are like,
wow, well, we can send messages

371
00:20:59,045 --> 00:21:02,106
and hopefully eventually soon
also make phone calls via

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00:21:02,206 --> 00:21:05,167
satellite networks when people
are outside of the traditional

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00:21:05,407 --> 00:21:08,528
cellular network. And this is a
very handy capability. So

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00:21:08,668 --> 00:21:12,809
Telstra has sent 55,000 text
messages in its testing phase.

375
00:21:12,989 --> 00:21:14,370
And so this is basic testing.

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00:21:14,510 --> 00:21:17,771
You don't have to be doing this
for emergency purposes, but it

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00:21:17,772 --> 00:21:21,372
is for hard to reach places
where the network doesn't exist.

378
00:21:21,672 --> 00:21:25,193
This is part of the ability for
regional Australians primarily

379
00:21:25,233 --> 00:21:27,914
because they're the ones who
live outside of the traditional

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00:21:28,314 --> 00:21:30,255
4G and 5G mobile network
coverage.

381
00:21:30,495 --> 00:21:33,917
And they did also send 500 plus
messages in the live trial and

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00:21:33,918 --> 00:21:37,018
they've been also sending GPS
coordinates and emojis via text

383
00:21:37,058 --> 00:21:40,900
message. So this is an awesome
update to the ability for the

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00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:44,062
world to stay in contact
wherever you are and the

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00:21:44,282 --> 00:21:47,563
ubiquitous communications that
we've sort of dreamed of for

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00:21:47,843 --> 00:21:49,484
years ever since we've had
satellites.

387
00:21:49,624 --> 00:21:53,046
Calls via Iridium and then
mobile networks that have grown

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00:21:53,066 --> 00:21:55,948
and grown. This is the next
logical step. And given the fact

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00:21:55,949 --> 00:21:59,591
that Elon Musk wants to get us
all to Mars, no doubt at some

390
00:21:59,611 --> 00:22:01,892
point soon this will be
interplanetary as well. But for

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00:22:01,893 --> 00:22:04,674
the time being, we're still
firmly anchored here on Earth.

392
00:22:04,675 --> 00:22:07,836
That's Alex Saharov-Royd from
TechAdvice.live.

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00:22:23,436 --> 00:22:24,917
And that's the show for now.

394
00:22:25,618 --> 00:22:28,620
Space Time is available every
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395
00:22:28,700 --> 00:22:33,043
through Bytes.Com, SoundCloud,
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396
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397
00:22:37,566 --> 00:22:40,108
Space Time's also broadcast
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399
00:22:44,211 --> 00:22:45,051
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400
00:22:45,732 --> 00:22:48,714
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407
00:23:09,950 --> 00:23:12,332
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408
00:23:13,053 --> 00:23:15,795
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409
00:23:15,935 --> 00:23:16,776
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