S27E29: Unveiling the Eclipse: A Celestial Dance of Shadows and Light

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STUART GARY: This is Space Time
series 27 episode 29 for

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broadcast on the sixth of March
2024. Coming up on Space Time

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astronomers detect a new short
period Brown dwarf North America

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to experience a total solar
eclipse next month and meta

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optical elements to be tested
for possible use in space. All

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that and more coming up on Space
Time.

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GENERIC: Welcome to Space Time
with Stuart Gary.

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STUART GARY: Astronomers have
discovered a Brown dwarf

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orbiting a red dwarf star some
402 light years away. A report

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on the pre press physics
website, archive.org claims the

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Brown dwarf designated NGTS 28 A
B orbits its host star in just

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30 hours. The host star is part
of a spectral type M red dwarf

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binary system with about 56% of
the mass and 59% of the radius

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of our sun.

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The red dwarf's binary companion
is only slightly smaller Brown

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dwarfs are failed stars objects
which don't have enough mass to

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sustain the core hydrogen fusion
process which make stars like

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our sun shine.

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However, Brown dwarves do fuse
deuterium a heavier form of

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hydrogen which includes a
neutron as well. As the core

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proton in its nucleus and Brown
dwarves above 65 Jovian masses

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can also fuse lithium Brown
dwarves are classified into one

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of three basic spectral types.

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Lt and Y depending on their mass
and surface temperature

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aggressively passing through
later spectral types as they

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age. While some Brown dwarfs are
born as such, others actually

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start their lives as spectra
type M red dwarf stars. But as

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they age, they lose enough mass
during their revolution to

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eventually pass a point with a
cease core fusion in the

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process, turning them from red
dwarfs into Brown dwarfs.

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Brown dwarfs fit into a category
between the largest planets.

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Those with about 13 times the
mass of Jupiter and the smallest

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spectra type M red dwarf stars
which usually have between 75

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and 80 times the of Jupiter or
0.08 solar masses.

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This newly detected Brown dwarf
was discovered while the authors

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were analyzing data on the
binary system N GTs 28 using the

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next generation transit survey
and NASA's test transiting

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exoplanet survey satellite, they
identified a massive object

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orbiting the primary star of the
system NGT S 28 A.

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The newly detected Brown dwarf
is slightly smaller than the

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planet Jupiter with around 0.95
Jovian radii, but it's far more

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dense with some 69 times the
mass of Jupiter NGT S 28 A B

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orbits its host star every 30.1
hours at a distance of just 0.02

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astronomical units.

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An astronomical unit is the
average distance between the

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earth and the sun about 150
million kilometers or 8.3 light

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minutes. The discovery means
NGTS 28 A B is one of the

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shortest period transiting Brown
dwarfs ever seen and it's

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orbiting one of the hottest red
dwarfs known. The Brown dwarf

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has an equilibrium temperature
of about 863 Kelvin and is

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estimated to be at least 500
million years old.

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This is Space Time still to come
North America to experience a

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total solar eclipse next month.
And the European Space Agency

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are about to start testing meta
optical elements fierce in

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space. All that and more still
to come on Space Time.

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now it's back to our show.
You're listening to Space Time

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with Stuart Garry, North America
will experience a total solar

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eclipse early next month.

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The event on April the eighth
will stretch from Mexico and

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Texas in the south through the
midwestern us, right over

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Indianapolis and Cleveland
before passing over upstate New

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York in New England and finally
entering Canada and New

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Brunswick, a solar eclipse
happens when the moon passes

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directly in front of the sun as
seen from earth.

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In the process, it blocks out
light from reaching parts of the

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earth known as the path of
totality along this path where

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the sun's light is completely
blocked out. It looks as if dusk

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has fallen, temperatures drop
and some stars become visible as

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the darkness sweeps across the
landscape. During a total solar

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eclipse, unusual things start to
happen.

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Fooled by the false dusk. Birds
stop singing, crickets start

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chirping and bees return to
their hives. Reports of these

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typical animal behaviors date
back centuries, but the effects

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of an eclipse on plant and
animal life have never been

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fully understood.

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And as the April solar eclipse
passes over the heads of some 30

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million people in North America,
it provides a perfect

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opportunity for NASA to
undertake a large scale citizen

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science project. The idea is to
collect the sights and sounds of

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a total solar eclipse on earth
to better understand how an

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eclipse affects different
ecosystems.

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Kelsey Perrett from the eclipse.
Soundscapes project says

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eclipses are often thought of as
a visual event, something that

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you see. But these events can
trick animals into altering

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their usual daytime behaviors.

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The project will in fact be
replicating a similar study

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conducted by American scientist
William Wheeler following the

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1932 total solar eclipse which
passed over north eastern

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reaches of Canada and the United
States. That near century old

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study captured almost 500
observations from the general

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public.

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But this new project will use
modern day instruments to

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replicate and expand upon
Wheeler's original work in order

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to better understand animal and
insect behavior. The project

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will use multi sensory
observations such as audio

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recordings and written accounts
of what he's seen heard and felt

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during the eclipse of this
report from NASA TV.

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NASA TV: During a total solar
eclipse, it is almost like day

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becomes night very quickly.

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So knowing that there's going to
be a change in that light and

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life giving energy means that we
can predict when animals are

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going to have a rapid shift in
their behavior which.

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Results in changes in the
acoustic environment or the

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soundscape.

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So the Eclipse Soundscapes
project is a project to

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determine how eclipses affect
life here on earth.

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And there's a lot more to
observation than just what you

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see. It's also important to
think about what you hear.

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We're measuring how the rapid
onset of darkness during an

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eclipse affects wildlife by
measuring the changes in sounds

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that they make.

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The general public is best
suited for this type of project

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because the general public is
everywhere.

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And that's really the power of
the participatory science

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component of this project. It
enables recordings and

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observations of soundscapes
across the diversity of

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ecosystems covered by the path
of totality.

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We might think of some
ecosystems having a greater

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influence of human activities on
the soundscape. Whereas in other

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ecosystems say a remote part of
a national park, we might have a

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lower influence of human
activities and greater influence

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from the sounds of life and
earth.

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The only way to properly
preserve a species is to

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understand it. The only way to
understand it is through

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scientific study on their
behavior, their patterns and

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their habitat requirements.

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One of the things we'll be doing
during the total solar eclipse

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is setting up these recording
stations. So these are our

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accusing monitoring stations.
And what we're doing is listing

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for calls of the different bat
species with the hopes of maybe

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picking up some of those
endangered species like the

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northern long year bat.

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We're hoping the results of this
study will inform us about the

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health of our bat populations of
Pal Springs National Park and

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help improve future conservation
efforts.

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The Eclipse Soundscapes project
is an inclusive and accessible

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project that is inviting the
general public to get involved

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in NASA science alongside
scientists and subject matter

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experts.

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SPK_3: Wherever you take your
observations, you might be

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giving us information that has
never been recorded before and

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that is really useful and
interesting to a.

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STUART GARY: And in that report
from NASA TV, we heard from NASA

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Eclipse Soundscapes project,
chief scientist Henry Winter,

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the project's co lead Mary Kay
Serino, its acoustic Ecologist,

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William Erst Reich, and natural
resource manager, Chance

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Holzhauser from the Hot Springs
National Park.

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This is Space Time still to
come. Scientists looking at meta

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optical elements for use in
space and later in the science

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report, discovery of what could
be Europe's oldest manmade mega

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structure, all that and more
still to come on. Space Time.

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A new first of its kind
engineering study has been

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commissioned by the European
Space Agency to determine the

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usefulness of meta optical
elements in space. Among those

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taking part in the study is the
Australian Research Council's

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Center For Excellence Of
Transformative Meta Optical

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Systems.

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The study will determine whether
meta optical components can

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withstand the pressures of a
space launch as well as the

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rigors of prolonged exposure in
the space environment.

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Meta optics are a new field of
optical physics that aims to

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replace traditional optics such
as mirrors and lenses with what

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are called meta surfaces which
are thinner than a piece of

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clean wrap and will greatly
reduce the size weight and power

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requirements of future space
technology.

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In fact, meta optics could solve
a major problem for the space

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industry, namely weight
constraints in payloads. That's

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because meta optical systems can
lead to a miniaturization of

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systems where traditional optics
have been used and which form a

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choke point, especially with
lens systems adding significant

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bulk and mass.

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But the problem is meta surfaces
have never been tested for their

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ability to withstand intense
pressures and extreme conditions

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of launch or for that matter,
the harsh environments of space.

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And that's what this test will
be all about. We'll keep you

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informed this Space Time and
time. Now to take another brief

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look at some of the other
stories making news in science

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this week with a science report,
a study by the Australian

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National University has found
that a protein in the human

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immune system can be manipulated
to help overcome bowel cancer.

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The study reported in the
journal science advances claims

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the protein known as KU 70 can
be activated or turned on like a

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light switch by using a
combination of new and existing

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drugs.

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The research shows that Kus 70
can cool off cancer cells and

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mop up damaged DNA. The protein
works by preventing cancer cells

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from becoming more aggressive
and spreading throughout the

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body, essentially deactivating
them and keeping them in a

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dormant state.

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Some one in 20 people will be
diagnosed with bowel cancer by

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the age of 85. It claims more
than 100 lives in Australia each

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week. Yet some 90 per cent of
cases can be successfully

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treated if it's detected. Early.

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Archaeologists say a kilometer
long string of boulders

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discovered on the floor of the
Baltic Sea could be Europe's

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oldest human maiden mega
structure. A report in the

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journal P and A s claims the
pristine discovery was probably

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used for hunting Eurasian
reindeer more than 10,000 years

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ago.

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That's before it was submerged
by rising sea levels. Around

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8500 years ago, hunters might
have been using the wall to

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force prey to a bottleneck or a
nearby lake.

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Scientists say the Chat GTP Four
Artificial Intelligence Program

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00:14:11,900 --> 00:14:14,799
has aced their turing test
proving itself to be

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indistinguishable from a real
human. Even when statistical

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methods were used to try and
detect it. In fact, chat GTP

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00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:24,570
four displayed more humanity
than some of the humans.

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It was tested against as it was
found to be more Cooper

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00:14:27,989 --> 00:14:31,880
altruistic, trusting, generous,
and likely to return a favor

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00:14:31,890 --> 00:14:35,419
than the average human included
in the trial. A report in the

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00:14:35,429 --> 00:14:39,780
journal PNAS claims the authors
asked chat GTP four to answer

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00:14:39,789 --> 00:14:42,979
psychological survey questions
and play interactive games that

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assess trust, fairness, risk,
aversion, altruism and Cooper

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00:14:47,119 --> 00:14:47,849
operation.

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00:14:48,239 --> 00:14:52,039
Next, they compared chat GTP
four choices to the choices made

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by 108,314 humans from more than
50 countries.

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00:14:57,010 --> 00:15:01,159
Now, statistically chat GTP four
was indistinguishable from the

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00:15:01,169 --> 00:15:05,549
randomly selected humans and it
mirrored human responses such as

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becoming more generous when it
was told that someone else was

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watching. The authors say this
all suggests that artificial

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00:15:12,099 --> 00:15:15,030
intelligence could be employed
in negotiation, dispute

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00:15:15,039 --> 00:15:18,289
resolution, customer service and
even caregiving.

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Well, the past few weeks have
shown the world, both the highs

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00:15:22,609 --> 00:15:25,890
and lows of artificial
intelligence technology with soa

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displaying how unbelievably life
like computer generated images

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00:15:29,960 --> 00:15:33,289
can now be with the details.
We're joined by technology

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00:15:33,299 --> 00:15:36,559
editor Alex Sarov Roy from Tech
Advice start live.

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ALEX ZAHAROV REUTT: They've been
working on this for quite some

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time. You've got people like
Pika Dot Art and Google with

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their lumia and their video. But
open A I have been keeping this

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in reserve and this is just the
beginning this open A I text to

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video model is only available
for select beta testers.

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00:15:53,299 --> 00:15:55,719
So when they'll actually launch
this for the public, it's going

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to be even better open A I has
taken it to the next level. And

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if you type in open A i.com
forward slash sora sor A, then

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you can see a whole bunch of
different examples of just how

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good the system looks and you
can now create anything.

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00:16:10,465 --> 00:16:14,594
And at the moment, it takes one
hour of processing to create one

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minute of video that's obviously
going to get faster, especially

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00:16:17,635 --> 00:16:21,825
when chat G BT launches its GP T
Five engine, that's going to

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make the SOA application even
faster.

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And eventually people will be
doing entire TV shows and movies

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we already see in science
fiction like Westworld that

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00:16:30,315 --> 00:16:33,700
people using this generative A I
to create stuff out of thin air.

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Well, science fiction has
become.

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00:16:35,539 --> 00:16:37,429
STUART GARY: Brought back from
the dead and some of the Star

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00:16:37,440 --> 00:16:38,840
Wars episodes. Absolutely.

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ALEX ZAHAROV REUTT: Look, I
cannot wait for people to be

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able to and especially in the
studios who own all the content

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00:16:43,950 --> 00:16:47,390
to upload. For example, all
seven seasons of Star Trek, the

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00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,809
next generation or all three and
a bit seasons of the original

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00:16:50,820 --> 00:16:55,010
Star Trek or any TV show into
their sooty application.

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00:16:55,020 --> 00:16:57,909
And then they can say, look, we
have all of these actors in

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00:16:57,919 --> 00:17:01,094
their prime with their voices
and look that permission will

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00:17:01,104 --> 00:17:04,344
have to pay them, but we're now
going to create entirely new

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00:17:04,354 --> 00:17:06,625
episodes. We're going to
continue the journeys and it's

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00:17:06,635 --> 00:17:09,234
going to be completely computer
generated. You'll have season

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00:17:09,244 --> 00:17:11,685
eight and season nine, Season 10
of Star Trek, the next

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00:17:11,694 --> 00:17:12,204
generation.

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00:17:13,954 --> 00:17:16,564
STUART GARY: Of course, as well
as the good, there's also the

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00:17:16,574 --> 00:17:19,694
flip side of that. That means
deep fakes are gonna become

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00:17:19,704 --> 00:17:22,405
virtually impossible to tell
from the real thing.

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00:17:22,415 --> 00:17:23,604
ALEX ZAHAROV REUTT: Look, we're
going to need some sort of

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00:17:23,614 --> 00:17:26,305
Blockchain, some sort of digital
stamping. I mean, there need to

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00:17:26,314 --> 00:17:29,964
be some way of being able to
authenticate content and yes,

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00:17:30,050 --> 00:17:31,869
people are going to use it for
all sorts of evil purposes

294
00:17:31,880 --> 00:17:35,739
already. There was this scandal
where there were nudes of Taylor

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00:17:35,750 --> 00:17:39,380
Swift that were created and
shared all over X or Twitter and

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00:17:39,390 --> 00:17:40,589
they were taking down quick
smart.

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00:17:40,599 --> 00:17:43,339
So people are already doing evil
things. So look, this is a

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00:17:43,349 --> 00:17:46,550
problem that humanity is going
to have to deal with, but we've

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00:17:46,560 --> 00:17:48,910
dealt with every other problem
in life. You know, we have all

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00:17:48,920 --> 00:17:50,760
sorts of horrible things
happening now. But even so

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00:17:50,770 --> 00:17:52,000
humanity seems to muddle.

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00:17:52,010 --> 00:17:54,469
STUART GARY: Through the other
big story. This week has been

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00:17:54,479 --> 00:17:58,410
Gemini and positive proof.
Beyond any reasonable doubt that

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00:17:58,420 --> 00:18:01,765
garbage Gin gives you garbage
out in terms of programming.

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00:18:01,775 --> 00:18:03,765
ALEX ZAHAROV REUTT: We have to
wonder what Google's agenda is.

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00:18:03,775 --> 00:18:07,454
I mean, the left wing woke, you
know, viewpoints of Google have

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00:18:07,464 --> 00:18:08,364
been exposed.

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00:18:08,375 --> 00:18:11,114
STUART GARY: We already know
that 67 per cent of Google news

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00:18:11,125 --> 00:18:14,275
comes from left wing media
sources, we know that something

310
00:18:14,285 --> 00:18:17,655
like 70 per cent of Google
search finds are the result of

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00:18:17,665 --> 00:18:21,094
pro woke programming. This is
just the latest example of that.

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00:18:21,104 --> 00:18:24,074
ALEX ZAHAROV REUTT: This is
where open source models for A I

313
00:18:24,084 --> 00:18:27,234
and search engines and the
ability for you to control your

314
00:18:27,244 --> 00:18:30,140
A I to control the information
that you're seeing based on your

315
00:18:30,150 --> 00:18:32,449
preferences. I mean, some people
will want a super woke

316
00:18:32,459 --> 00:18:34,780
environment to deal in, they
want to raise their kids like

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00:18:34,790 --> 00:18:34,819
that.

318
00:18:34,829 --> 00:18:37,140
I don't know why, but some
people want that. So this is a

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00:18:37,150 --> 00:18:40,130
great wake up call. There's a
huge outrage about it. Google

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00:18:40,140 --> 00:18:43,160
has had to, you know, take their
system offline and people are

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00:18:43,170 --> 00:18:43,339
now.

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00:18:44,060 --> 00:18:46,050
STUART GARY: Google unless they
sack people unless Google

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00:18:46,060 --> 00:18:49,109
actually get rid of this work
agenda, they've fallen for,

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00:18:49,130 --> 00:18:51,359
they're going to wind up and
they're a multi billion dollar

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00:18:51,369 --> 00:18:54,400
company now. But we've seen go
work, go broke.

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00:18:54,410 --> 00:18:56,390
ALEX ZAHAROV REUTT: And nobody
talks about, nobody talks about

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00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:59,425
myspace anymore. You know,
Facebook is always at risk. I

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00:18:59,435 --> 00:19:01,555
mean, why do you think Facebook
spend billions of dollars to buy

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00:19:01,564 --> 00:19:03,685
WhatsApp and Instagram? Because
they're trying to broaden their

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00:19:03,694 --> 00:19:05,944
horizons in terms of their
products and services. This is

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00:19:05,954 --> 00:19:08,704
the big challenge of our
generation in a few years.

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00:19:08,714 --> 00:19:10,875
Hopefully all this is settled
and we don't have to worry about

333
00:19:10,885 --> 00:19:11,275
it any more.

334
00:19:11,285 --> 00:19:13,724
But as Ronald Reagan said,
freedom is not passed down

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00:19:13,734 --> 00:19:16,214
through the bloodline. It has to
be fought for by every single

336
00:19:16,224 --> 00:19:19,094
generation and it's up to us to
make sure that we leave a better

337
00:19:19,104 --> 00:19:21,454
world for the next generation
and we give that next generation

338
00:19:21,464 --> 00:19:23,844
the tools that are required to
do the same for the future

339
00:19:23,854 --> 00:19:24,964
generations that will follow
them.

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00:19:24,974 --> 00:19:28,744
STUART GARY: That's Alex Sahara
Reut from Tech Advice dot life.

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00:19:44,229 --> 00:19:47,910
And that's the show for now.
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00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:51,540
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