S26E50: Ingenuity Half Century // Curiosity Software Update // Biggest Brown Dwarf

100:00:00,009 --> 00:00:03,420Stuart Gary: This is Space Timeseries 26 episode 50 for200:00:03,430 --> 00:00:08,819broadcast on the 26th of April2023. Coming up on Space Time300:00:09,130 --> 00:00:13,699ingenuity achieves its halfcentury Curiosity gets a major400:00:13,710 --> 00:00:19,120software update and the biggestBrown Dwarf ever seen all that500:00:19,129 --> 00:00:22,020and more coming up on SpaceTime.600:00:22,959 --> 00:00:43,639Generic: Welcome to Space Timewith Stuart Garry NASA's Mars700:00:43,650 --> 00:00:44,229ingenuity.800:00:44,240 --> 00:00:47,099Stuart Gary: Helicopters reachedthe half century Mark completing900:00:47,110 --> 00:00:51,220its 50th flight on the redplanet. The journey was a major1000:00:51,229 --> 00:00:54,540achievement for the tiny tissuebox sized aircraft which was1100:00:54,549 --> 00:00:57,939only ever designed to undertakea handful of test flights simply1200:00:57,950 --> 00:01:01,680to see if it was possible to flyon another planet. After all,1300:01:01,689 --> 00:01:04,930the Martian atmosphere isincredibly thin, just one per1400:01:04,940 --> 00:01:07,300cent of air pressure at sealevel on earth.1500:01:07,690 --> 00:01:10,819The history making Rodic Cota'slatest journey involved1600:01:10,830 --> 00:01:13,319negotiating some of the mosthazardous threat it's1700:01:13,330 --> 00:01:17,190encountered on Mars so far theflight covered a distance of1800:01:17,199 --> 00:01:24,099322.2 m in 145.7 seconds in theprocess setting your altitude1900:01:24,110 --> 00:01:29,379record of 18 m before landingnear the 800 m wide Velva crater2000:01:29,760 --> 00:01:32,790with flight 50 Now in themission logbooks, the helicopter2100:01:32,800 --> 00:01:36,050team plan on performing anotherrepositioning flight before they2200:01:36,059 --> 00:01:39,529explore the full river passregion of Jero Crater.2300:01:39,879 --> 00:01:42,989Laurie Glees, the Director ofthe Planetary Science Division2400:01:43,000 --> 00:01:45,769at NASA headquarters inWashington says, just as the2500:01:45,779 --> 00:01:47,949Wright Brothers continue theirexperiments.2600:01:47,959 --> 00:01:51,480Well, after that momentous dayat Kitty Hawk in 19 oh three,2700:01:51,489 --> 00:01:55,089the ingenuity team will continueto pursue and learn from their2800:01:55,099 --> 00:01:59,069flight operations of the firstaircraft on another world2900:01:59,370 --> 00:02:03,099ingenuity landed on the redplanet's Jero Crater in February3000:02:03,110 --> 00:02:07,3302021 attached to the underbellyof NASA's Mars perseverance3100:02:07,339 --> 00:02:11,000Rover and has just marked thesecond anniversary of its first3200:02:11,009 --> 00:02:14,710flight which took place on Aprilthe 19th 2021.3300:02:15,089 --> 00:02:18,380It was designed as a technologydemonstrator that wasn't meant3400:02:18,389 --> 00:02:22,470to fly more than four or fivetimes. The helicopter was simply3500:02:22,479 --> 00:02:25,639intended to prove that poweredcontrolled flight on another3600:02:25,649 --> 00:02:29,500planet was possible, butingenuity has exceeded3700:02:29,509 --> 00:02:32,570expectations and has nowtransitioned into being an3800:02:32,580 --> 00:02:34,300operations demonstration.3900:02:34,710 --> 00:02:38,350Every time ingenuity getsairborne, it covers new ground,4000:02:38,360 --> 00:02:41,759providing a perspective that noprevious planetary mission could4100:02:41,770 --> 00:02:44,029ever achieve imagery from.4200:02:44,039 --> 00:02:47,529The helicopter has demonstratedhow aircraft could serve as4300:02:47,539 --> 00:02:50,539forward scouts for futureplanetary expeditions,4400:02:50,550 --> 00:02:53,639identifying both hazardousterrain to be avoided and4500:02:53,649 --> 00:02:57,020interesting objects to bestudied by testing this4600:02:57,029 --> 00:02:58,210helicopter's limits.4700:02:58,220 --> 00:03:01,050Engineers are gathering flightdata which will be used by4800:03:01,059 --> 00:03:04,229scientists working on designsfor future possible Mars4900:03:04,240 --> 00:03:07,289helicopters and that includesthe people designing the5000:03:07,300 --> 00:03:10,809choppers for the Mars samplereturn campaign which proposes5100:03:10,820 --> 00:03:15,059to use at least two recoveryhelicopters since leaving the5200:03:15,070 --> 00:03:17,869relatively flat confines of JeroCrater's floor.5300:03:17,880 --> 00:03:21,929On January the 19th ingenuityhas flown 11 times in the5400:03:21,940 --> 00:03:26,059process setting a new speedrecord of 6.5 m per second as5500:03:26,070 --> 00:03:29,630well as its new altitude record.Although the deep chill of5600:03:29,639 --> 00:03:33,300winter and regional dust stormswhich can block the sun's rays5700:03:33,309 --> 00:03:36,460from reaching the helicopter.Solar panels have now abated.5800:03:36,470 --> 00:03:39,610Ingenuity continues to Brown outat night.5900:03:39,960 --> 00:03:43,550As a result, the helicopter'sbase station on the Rover needs6000:03:43,559 --> 00:03:46,979to search for ingenuity signalevery morning at the time, the6100:03:46,990 --> 00:03:50,679rotocop that's predicted to wakeup and when the helicopter does6200:03:50,690 --> 00:03:54,580fly, it now needs to navigaterugged and relatively uncharted6300:03:54,589 --> 00:03:58,160terrain and often landing inspots that can be surrounded by6400:03:58,169 --> 00:03:59,009hazards.6500:03:59,410 --> 00:04:02,649Ingenuity is flying over thedried up remains of an ancient6600:04:02,660 --> 00:04:06,210river that's filled with sanddunes, boulders and rocks6700:04:06,220 --> 00:04:10,600surrounded by hills. The flightsare still white knuckle rides6800:04:10,610 --> 00:04:12,839for the mission managers back onearth.6900:04:13,110 --> 00:04:17,040Beyond facing more challengingterrain, ingenuity will also fly7000:04:17,049 --> 00:04:20,730at a greater frequency in thecoming days. That's because the7100:04:20,739 --> 00:04:24,480chopper needs to remain withinelectronic air shut of the Rover7200:04:24,850 --> 00:04:26,920with its auto nav capabilities.7300:04:26,929 --> 00:04:30,959A perseverance Rover can travelhundreds of meters every day and7400:04:30,970 --> 00:04:34,839ingenuity relies on perseveranceto act as a communications relay7500:04:34,850 --> 00:04:38,769base between it and missioncontrollers back at NASA's Jet7600:04:38,779 --> 00:04:42,589Propulsion Laboratory inPasadena, California. If the7700:04:42,600 --> 00:04:45,510Rover gets too far ahead ordisappears behind a hill,7800:04:45,519 --> 00:04:47,399communications could be lost.7900:04:47,839 --> 00:04:51,170The Rover team has its job to doand is scheduled to keep. So8000:04:51,179 --> 00:04:54,279it's imperative for theingenuity team to keep up and to8100:04:54,290 --> 00:04:57,880lead wherever possible.Perseverance. Recently completed8200:04:57,890 --> 00:05:00,989exploring Fold dragon, ascientific target that may8300:05:01,000 --> 00:05:04,630contain hydrated silica which isof strong astro biological8400:05:04,640 --> 00:05:05,459interest.8500:05:05,470 --> 00:05:08,410And it's currently headed forMount Julian which will provide8600:05:08,420 --> 00:05:12,989a panoramic view onto the nearbyBel Crater built with lots of8700:05:13,000 --> 00:05:16,260off the shelf components such assmartphone processors and8800:05:16,269 --> 00:05:20,750cameras. Ingenuity is now 23earth months and 45 flights8900:05:20,760 --> 00:05:22,859beyond its expected lifetime.9000:05:23,390 --> 00:05:28,410So far, the rooters flowed over89 minutes and more than 11.69100:05:28,420 --> 00:05:32,420kilometers. But surpassingexpectations like this comes at9200:05:32,429 --> 00:05:36,779a cost, some of the helicopter'scomponents are showing signs of9300:05:36,790 --> 00:05:40,510wear and tear and the terrain isbecoming more challenging.9400:05:40,890 --> 00:05:45,119Of course, the ingenuity teamrealizes that ultimately every9500:05:45,130 --> 00:05:48,690great mission must come to anend. But as to whether9600:05:48,700 --> 00:05:51,880ingenuity's mission endstomorrow next week or in a9700:05:51,890 --> 00:05:55,179couple of months time from now,that's something that no-one can9800:05:55,190 --> 00:05:58,570predict at present. But they allknow it will happen.9900:05:59,059 --> 00:06:03,209Generic: This report from NASATV, two years ago, ingenuity10000:06:03,220 --> 00:06:05,679proved that we could do theimpossible we can fly on Mars.10100:06:06,339 --> 00:06:13,809Let's talk about what's nexthere at the surface.10200:06:13,820 --> 00:06:18,140Robotics. Lab testing is beingdone on future Mars helicopters.10300:06:18,149 --> 00:06:21,250Teddy Santos is here with ustoday to talk about the10400:06:21,260 --> 00:06:25,019helicopter that started it allingenuity. Teddy, what's the10500:06:25,029 --> 00:06:26,970latest ingenuity is doing great.10600:06:27,040 --> 00:06:29,760Our baby still flying on thesurface of Mars. After two earth10700:06:29,769 --> 00:06:32,959years, one Mars year of totalflight racked up 10 kilometers10800:06:32,970 --> 00:06:37,075or 6.2 miles of total has flown.Our rotor system. Our little10900:06:37,084 --> 00:06:39,635cell phone processor on boardour off the shelf lithium ion11000:06:39,674 --> 00:06:42,434batteries are all doingfantastic. One area that we're11100:06:42,445 --> 00:06:44,394looking very closely at is oursolar panel.11200:06:44,404 --> 00:06:46,325You can imagine after two yearsof flying on the surface of11300:06:46,334 --> 00:06:48,984Mars, you'll get some dust ontop, but we still have an ample11400:06:48,994 --> 00:06:52,334margin and ample energy to keepup our flight operations and the11500:06:52,345 --> 00:06:55,315extended mission of continuingto scout and push the flat11600:06:55,325 --> 00:06:56,494envelope of what's possible.11700:06:56,855 --> 00:06:58,815The testing being done in thisroom is part of the next11800:06:58,825 --> 00:07:00,714helicopter mission to Marscalled the sample recovery11900:07:00,725 --> 00:07:05,399helicopters. The goal is to be aback up to get these samples12000:07:05,410 --> 00:07:08,299back to earth but simplyperseverance collects the sample12100:07:08,309 --> 00:07:08,739tubes.12200:07:08,750 --> 00:07:12,070The sample return Lander willretrieve those samples directly12300:07:12,079 --> 00:07:14,820for perseverance and thenthere's a rocket inside of that12400:07:14,829 --> 00:07:16,899Lander that's actually going tosend those samples back to earth12500:07:18,619 --> 00:07:22,670as a backup to getting thosesample tubes from Mars back to12600:07:22,679 --> 00:07:25,940the Lander. We're designing thenext generation of helicopters12700:07:25,950 --> 00:07:29,140to not only be able to pick upand carry a sample tube, but12800:07:29,149 --> 00:07:30,739also drive around on thesurface.12900:07:30,959 --> 00:07:34,410Are there any other waysingenuity is influencing future13000:07:34,420 --> 00:07:35,570Mars exploration?13100:07:35,920 --> 00:07:38,339We're looking at a researchconcept called Mars Science13200:07:38,350 --> 00:07:42,679helicopter. It's a helicopter.So six rotors and a ring around13300:07:42,690 --> 00:07:43,589a central structure.13400:07:44,540 --> 00:07:46,829It's about the size of theRover. And you can imagine in13500:07:46,839 --> 00:07:49,660the future, you will have fleetsof these Mars Science13600:07:49,670 --> 00:07:52,630helicopters flying aroundbringing important payloads to13700:07:52,640 --> 00:07:55,100areas of Mars that we've neverbeen able to access before.13800:07:55,880 --> 00:07:57,720What's next for ingenuity?13900:07:58,089 --> 00:08:01,929We're trying to fly faster,trying to fly higher. We've14000:08:01,940 --> 00:08:06,250added new software capabilities.We can now detect landing sites14100:08:06,260 --> 00:08:09,890airborne. Those sorts of windsare coming from the surface of14200:08:09,899 --> 00:08:13,029Mars directly into the design ofthe new sample recovery14300:08:13,040 --> 00:08:16,420helicopters and she's done afantastic job. Surpassed any14400:08:16,429 --> 00:08:19,000sort of metric of success thatanyone on the team could have14500:08:19,010 --> 00:08:22,350ever imagined for this littletiny £4 spacecraft.14600:08:27,149 --> 00:08:32,419Stuart Gary: This is Space Time.Still to come. Curiosity gets a14700:08:32,429 --> 00:08:36,440major software update andastronomers discover the biggest14800:08:36,450 --> 00:08:41,109Brown Dwarf ever seen all thatand more still to come on Space14900:08:41,119 --> 00:08:41,719Time.15000:08:56,619 --> 00:09:00,929NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover willdrive faster and reduce wear on15100:09:00,940 --> 00:09:04,780its wheels. Thanks to a majorsoftware download into the six15200:09:04,789 --> 00:09:08,760wheeled car size mobilelaboratory years in the making.15300:09:08,770 --> 00:09:12,099The new update introduces 100and 80 changes to the Rover's15400:09:12,109 --> 00:09:13,289operating system.15500:09:13,549 --> 00:09:18,400Curiosity landed in the redplanet scale crater back in 201215600:09:18,409 --> 00:09:21,590on a mission to see if Marscould once have been habitable15700:09:21,599 --> 00:09:25,549and able to support life and itquickly answered that question15800:09:25,559 --> 00:09:29,840with a resounding yes, providingclear and indisputable evidence15900:09:29,849 --> 00:09:33,349of minerals that could only formin liquid water and pebbles that16000:09:33,359 --> 00:09:36,760could only be rounded by flowingwater in streams.16100:09:37,130 --> 00:09:40,520The groundwork supported theevidence from earlier rovers and16200:09:40,530 --> 00:09:45,000orbital observations that Marswas once a warm wet world16300:09:45,010 --> 00:09:49,130capable of supporting life. Aswe know it, Curiosity is now16400:09:49,140 --> 00:09:50,469making its way up.16500:09:50,510 --> 00:09:54,280Gel crater's central peak mountsharp, a five kilometer high16600:09:54,289 --> 00:09:57,150geological layer cake ofdifferent strata which is16700:09:57,159 --> 00:10:00,190providing scientists with atextbook history of the red16800:10:00,200 --> 00:10:04,580planet's evolution Curiosityproject manager, Katia Samora16900:10:04,590 --> 00:10:07,440Garcia from NASA's JetPropulsion Laboratory in17000:10:07,450 --> 00:10:11,340Pasadena, California says thenew flight software is essential17100:10:11,349 --> 00:10:13,580to the mission planning for thisupdate.17200:10:13,590 --> 00:10:17,489Goes back to 2016 when Curiosityreceived its last software17300:10:17,500 --> 00:10:21,489overhaul, some of the changesthis time round are fairly minor17400:10:21,500 --> 00:10:24,440like making corrections tomessages. The Rover sends back17500:10:24,450 --> 00:10:26,179to mission managers on earth.17600:10:26,190 --> 00:10:29,880Others simplify computer codethat's been modified by multiple17700:10:29,890 --> 00:10:34,440patches since Curiosity toucheddown back in 2012. But the17800:10:34,450 --> 00:10:37,570biggest changes will keepCuriosity rolling more17900:10:37,580 --> 00:10:41,479efficiently for years to come.The Rover can now do more of18000:10:41,489 --> 00:10:45,169what mission managers callthinking while driving. That's18100:10:45,179 --> 00:10:46,270something NASA's newest.18200:10:46,280 --> 00:10:49,630Mars Rover perseverance canperform in a more advanced way18300:10:49,640 --> 00:10:53,510to navigate around rocks andsand dunes. When perseverance18400:10:53,520 --> 00:10:57,260drives, it constantly takesimages of the terrain ahead and18500:10:57,270 --> 00:11:00,349then processes them with adedicated computer. So it can18600:11:00,359 --> 00:11:03,760autonomously navigate during onecontinuous drive.18700:11:04,030 --> 00:11:07,599Although they're siblings,Curiosity is much older. And so18800:11:07,609 --> 00:11:10,489it doesn't have a dedicatedcomputer for this purpose.18900:11:10,849 --> 00:11:14,890Instead it drives in segments,halting to process image of the19000:11:14,900 --> 00:11:18,719train ahead after each segment.And that means it needs to19100:11:18,729 --> 00:11:22,440constantly start and stop overthe course of a long drive.19200:11:22,739 --> 00:11:25,960The new software will help theRover process images faster,19300:11:25,969 --> 00:11:29,789allowing it to spend more timeon the move. Now, it still won't19400:11:29,799 --> 00:11:33,849let Curiosity drive as quicklyas perseverance, but instead of19500:11:33,859 --> 00:11:37,330stopping for a full minute aftereach drive segment, it will now19600:11:37,340 --> 00:11:41,169halt for just a moment or twoand spending less time idling19700:11:41,179 --> 00:11:44,520between drive segments alsomeans using less energy every19800:11:44,530 --> 00:11:45,070day.19900:11:45,309 --> 00:11:48,369Another factor the team areconcerned about is the need to20000:11:48,380 --> 00:11:51,690maintain the health ofCuriosity's aluminum wheels20100:11:51,700 --> 00:11:56,200which began showing signs ofbroken treads back in 2013.20200:11:56,570 --> 00:12:00,109When engineers realized thatsharp rocks were chipping away20300:12:00,119 --> 00:12:03,710at the treads, they came up withan algorithm to improve traction20400:12:03,719 --> 00:12:06,460and reduce wheel wear byadjusting the Rover's speed20500:12:06,469 --> 00:12:08,710depending on the rocks it'srolling over.20600:12:09,000 --> 00:12:12,580The new software goes further byintroducing two new mobility20700:12:12,590 --> 00:12:16,020commands that reduce the amountof steering Curiosity needs to20800:12:16,030 --> 00:12:19,580do while driving in and outtowards a specific way point20900:12:19,890 --> 00:12:23,169with less steering required. Theteam can now reach the drive21000:12:23,179 --> 00:12:26,770target quicker and decrease theamount of wear and tear that21100:12:26,780 --> 00:12:28,830inherently comes with steering.21200:12:29,119 --> 00:12:32,080Overall, the new software willstreamline the task of21300:12:32,090 --> 00:12:35,570Curiosity's human drivers whohave to write complex plans21400:12:35,580 --> 00:12:39,530containing hundreds of commands.The new software update will21500:12:39,539 --> 00:12:42,669also allow them to uploadsoftware patches more easily21600:12:42,679 --> 00:12:46,479than in the past. And it willhelp engineers plan the motions21700:12:46,489 --> 00:12:50,119of Curiosity's robotic arm moreefficiently as well as pointing21800:12:50,130 --> 00:12:52,270its mast camera more accurately.21900:12:52,619 --> 00:12:57,640This Space Time still to come,the biggest Brown Dwarf ever22000:12:57,650 --> 00:13:01,599discovered. And later in thescience report, Elon Musk22100:13:01,609 --> 00:13:05,159announced plans to develop abetter kinder artificial22200:13:05,169 --> 00:13:09,719intelligence. All that and morestill to come on Space Time.22300:13:24,760 --> 00:13:28,599Astronomers have discovered whatthey think may be the largest22400:13:28,609 --> 00:13:33,140Brown Dwarf ever seen. Thegigantic subs stellar object was22500:13:33,150 --> 00:13:36,450discovered using NASA'stransiting exoplanets survey22600:13:36,460 --> 00:13:41,200satellite tests. The Brown Dwarfhas some 77 times the mass of22700:13:41,210 --> 00:13:44,650Jupiter, placing it near thetheoretical upper limit of what22800:13:44,659 --> 00:13:47,890Brown dwarfs can be. Were itmuch bigger?22900:13:47,900 --> 00:13:50,760It would have so much mass itwould trigger core nuclear23000:13:50,770 --> 00:13:55,380fusion. And instead of being aBrown Dwarf, it will be a star.23100:13:55,390 --> 00:13:59,330A report on the pre pressphysics website archive dot org23200:13:59,340 --> 00:14:03,119says the Brown Dwarf is orbitinga spectral type M red dwarf star23300:14:03,130 --> 00:14:09,460known as TII 50,375 located some400 light years away. Brown23400:14:09,469 --> 00:14:13,869dwarfs are failed stars objectswithout enough mass to trigger23500:14:13,880 --> 00:14:16,109the core nuclear fusion process.23600:14:16,119 --> 00:14:20,510Which make stars like our sunshine while some Brown dwarfs23700:14:20,520 --> 00:14:23,799are born as such, othersactually do start their lives23800:14:23,809 --> 00:14:28,409out spectra type M red dwarfstars. But over the course of23900:14:28,419 --> 00:14:31,369their existence, they burn awayenough mass during their24000:14:31,380 --> 00:14:35,539evolution to cease core nuclearfusion. Turning them from red24100:14:35,549 --> 00:14:37,140dwarfs into Brown dwarfs.24200:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,960Brown dwarfs fit into a categorybetween the largest planets24300:14:40,969 --> 00:14:44,390which have about 13 times themass of Jupiter and the smallest24400:14:44,400 --> 00:14:49,309spectra type m red dwarf stars,which is somewhere between 75 8024500:14:49,320 --> 00:14:55,330times the mass of Jupiter orabout 0.8 solar masses at 7724600:14:55,599 --> 00:14:59,090Jovian masses. This Brown Dwarfcomes close to that limit.24700:14:59,330 --> 00:15:02,599The new found Brown Dwarfcompanion has been designated to24800:15:02,849 --> 00:15:08,640I 50,375 B. It's about the samephysical size as Jupiter with an24900:15:08,650 --> 00:15:14,820equilibrium temperature ofbetween 931 and 1107. Kelvin. It25000:15:14,830 --> 00:15:19,190orbits its host star every 1.72earth days at an average25100:15:19,200 --> 00:15:25,020distance of 0.25 astronomicalunits. An astronomical unit is25200:15:25,030 --> 00:15:28,179the average distance between theearth and the sun about 100 and25300:15:28,190 --> 00:15:31,89050 million kilometers or 8.3light minutes.25400:15:32,270 --> 00:15:35,500Astronomers say the discoveryprovides them with important25500:15:35,510 --> 00:15:40,179data about the boundary regionbetween Brown dwarfs and true25600:15:40,190 --> 00:16:01,130stars. This is Space Time andtime matter. Once again, take a25700:16:01,140 --> 00:16:03,559look at some of the otherstories making news in science.25800:16:03,570 --> 00:16:04,190This week.25900:16:04,200 --> 00:16:08,789With the science report, a newstudy has shown how vaping acts26000:16:08,799 --> 00:16:12,770as a gateway to cigarettesmoking. The findings reported26100:16:12,780 --> 00:16:16,609in the journal tobacco controlshow that early teen smokers who26200:16:16,619 --> 00:16:20,950used e cigarettes were morelikely to continue smoking later26300:16:20,960 --> 00:16:24,559in their teens and adult years.The study looked at young26400:16:24,570 --> 00:16:27,789smokers in the United Kingdomand the United States.26500:16:28,200 --> 00:16:31,770Researchers selected teen whobegan smoking tobacco before the26600:16:31,780 --> 00:16:35,539age of 15 and then examinedtheir vaping and smoking habits.26700:16:35,549 --> 00:16:41,070Over time, they say 57 per centof UK and 58 per cent of us26800:16:41,080 --> 00:16:46,219early smokers respectively alsovaped as this cohort moved into26900:16:46,229 --> 00:16:48,900their late teens. Theresearchers say those who would27000:16:48,909 --> 00:16:52,719use both tobacco and vapes werefar more likely to continue27100:16:52,729 --> 00:16:54,229smoking frequently.27200:16:55,599 --> 00:16:58,570Now, while we're on the subject,a new study shows that people27300:16:58,580 --> 00:17:02,409exposed to second hand tobaccosmoke may need to eventually use27400:17:02,419 --> 00:17:06,290allergy and asthma medication.The findings reported in the27500:17:06,300 --> 00:17:09,819journal nature are based on thestudy of waste water in a town27600:17:09,829 --> 00:17:12,729with a population of around halfa million people in Southern27700:17:12,739 --> 00:17:13,439China.27800:17:13,828 --> 00:17:16,879Scientists were trying todetermine whether ambient air27900:17:16,889 --> 00:17:19,999pollution and exposure totobacco smoke impacted the28000:17:20,009 --> 00:17:23,168amount of allergy and asthmamedications used within the28100:17:23,178 --> 00:17:23,958town.28200:17:24,208 --> 00:17:27,218They say that while days of highair pollution were not28300:17:27,229 --> 00:17:30,649associated with increased levelsof medication in wastewater,28400:17:30,659 --> 00:17:34,558they did find biomarkers forexposure to more tobacco smoke28500:17:34,568 --> 00:17:38,939and a higher use of medications.They say the findings clearly28600:17:38,949 --> 00:17:42,800suggest that reducing exposureto second hand tobacco smoke28700:17:42,810 --> 00:17:45,060would help people manage theirallergies.28800:17:46,530 --> 00:17:50,780A new study warns that one infive native Australian mammals28900:17:50,790 --> 00:17:54,199living in Southern and easternAustralia now faced a threat of29000:17:54,209 --> 00:17:58,439extinction because of populationincrease, altered land use and29100:17:58,449 --> 00:18:02,300climate change. The findingsreported in the journal current29200:18:02,310 --> 00:18:06,030biology show that Australiananimals are among those most at29300:18:06,040 --> 00:18:08,739risk of becoming endangered inthe future.29400:18:09,060 --> 00:18:12,560The study's authors useconservation data to analyze how29500:18:12,569 --> 00:18:16,599future risks caused by climatechange, land use change and29600:18:16,609 --> 00:18:20,040human population increasesinteract with the resilience of29700:18:20,050 --> 00:18:24,449specific species and say thatone in five land mammals are now29800:18:24,459 --> 00:18:27,750likely to face two or morethreats within the next 8029900:18:27,760 --> 00:18:31,959years. They say Southern andeastern Australia together with30000:18:31,969 --> 00:18:35,910Sub Saharan Africa are thepotential hotspots for future30100:18:35,920 --> 00:18:37,489endangered species.30200:18:38,869 --> 00:18:42,739Elon Musk has announced plans tolaunch his own artificial30300:18:42,750 --> 00:18:46,859intelligence platform. Thedecision follows growing fears30400:18:46,869 --> 00:18:50,229that Ais being developed byMicrosoft and Google are30500:18:50,239 --> 00:18:53,239politically biased that theycould eventually pose a30600:18:53,250 --> 00:18:58,079terminator style threat tomankind. The founder of spacex30700:18:58,089 --> 00:19:02,819and Tesla told Tucker Carlson onFox News that his new truth GPT30800:19:03,030 --> 00:19:05,180AI will provide acounterbalance.30900:19:05,560 --> 00:19:08,949Musk says it'll challenge theofferings of Microsoft's Chat,31000:19:08,959 --> 00:19:13,140GPT and also Google's Bard whichhas burnt the company's lamb,31100:19:13,150 --> 00:19:16,329the large language modelplatform which last year was31200:19:16,339 --> 00:19:19,630rumored to have achievedsingularity and become sentient31300:19:19,640 --> 00:19:23,430or self aware, the multibillionaire accused Google co31400:19:23,439 --> 00:19:27,819founder Larry Page of not takingAI safety seriously.31500:19:28,260 --> 00:19:31,810In fact, he criticized Open AIsuggesting that they're training31600:19:31,819 --> 00:19:37,369their Chat GPT chatbot to lie.He says truth GP T will try to31700:19:37,380 --> 00:19:40,189understand the nature of theuniverse as this will be the31800:19:40,199 --> 00:19:43,800best path to safety and unlikelyto annihilate human31900:19:43,810 --> 00:19:48,589civilization. With the detailswith Jo biology editor Alex32000:19:48,599 --> 00:19:53,150Zaharov-Reuttt from itwire.com,Elon Musk actually was one of32100:19:53,160 --> 00:19:54,760the co founders of Open AI.32200:19:54,819 --> 00:19:56,660Alex Zaharov-Reutt: He wassupposed to, according to the32300:19:56,670 --> 00:20:00,219reports, I read donate about abillion dollars to the cause. It32400:20:00,229 --> 00:20:03,119was non profit. In fact, ElonMusk was saying, I'm not sure32500:20:03,130 --> 00:20:06,329how I ended up donating to a nonprofit and suddenly it's getting32600:20:06,339 --> 00:20:09,650$10 billion plus from Microsoftas a for profit organization.32700:20:09,828 --> 00:20:12,248He was saying that's quite anincredible thing. He'd love to32800:20:12,258 --> 00:20:15,208figure out how to get onto thatgravy train. And in 2018,32900:20:15,218 --> 00:20:17,878according again to the reportsthat I read, he was having a33000:20:17,887 --> 00:20:21,567power struggle with Sam Altman,the current chair and one of the33100:20:21,578 --> 00:20:24,527top people at Open AI and ElonMusk lost that fight.33200:20:24,537 --> 00:20:27,588And so he, according to thereports abruptly withdrew his33300:20:27,598 --> 00:20:29,567support. And even though he wassupposed to keep on giving33400:20:29,578 --> 00:20:32,177money, he stopped so open eyesand had to scramble to find33500:20:32,187 --> 00:20:34,066other sources of income. Theyfound a white knight in33600:20:34,076 --> 00:20:34,796Microsoft.33700:20:34,806 --> 00:20:39,755He's also concerned that many ofthese people are of the left33800:20:39,765 --> 00:20:43,546persuasion and they arecustomizing the eyes for their33900:20:43,556 --> 00:20:46,135philosophies, not for thephilosophies of America's34000:20:46,145 --> 00:20:48,735founding and the constitutionthere, they're making it woke34100:20:48,745 --> 00:20:52,375and Elon wants to have truth dotAI an AI that you can trust.34200:20:52,385 --> 00:20:56,345And he says, look, he wants theAI that he has to understand the34300:20:56,355 --> 00:20:59,754universe and to understand thathuman, a part of this universe.34400:20:59,764 --> 00:21:02,313And we're probably one of themost interesting things about34500:21:02,323 --> 00:21:04,973this universe. I mean, sureplanets and black holes and34600:21:04,984 --> 00:21:07,634Galaxies and gravity and all therest is pretty interesting.34700:21:07,644 --> 00:21:11,063But in the absence of aliens, Imean, humans are the most34800:21:11,073 --> 00:21:13,504interesting thing about thisuniverse and an eye that34900:21:13,514 --> 00:21:15,723understands that and wants tohelp nurture us is not going to35000:21:15,734 --> 00:21:18,904be the one that wants to kill uslike Skynet has.35100:21:18,913 --> 00:21:21,433And as I've said many times andI said to you on this program,35200:21:21,443 --> 00:21:25,151I'd like to think of sciencefiction movies as a warning from35300:21:25,161 --> 00:21:28,291the minds of science fictionwriters as a warning to35400:21:28,302 --> 00:21:31,291humanity. Don't let this happento you, don't build the AI35500:21:31,302 --> 00:21:33,182that's going to kill you. Makesure there's a kill switch.35600:21:33,192 --> 00:21:36,501Stuart Gary: Muske admitsthere's really no off switch.35700:21:36,511 --> 00:21:38,472Alex Zaharov-Reutt: Well, Imean, there was that famous35800:21:38,482 --> 00:21:41,781documentary where the machinesturned us all into batteries35900:21:41,791 --> 00:21:44,991called the Matrix. I mean, itwas a documentary, wasn't it? Or36000:21:45,001 --> 00:21:46,862was that science fiction? I'mnot really sure.36100:21:48,140 --> 00:21:51,329I mean as wrote the three lawsof robotics because he was sick36200:21:51,339 --> 00:21:54,010to death of all these sci fistories of the robots wanted to36300:21:54,020 --> 00:21:56,479kill everybody on the planet.What are the three laws of36400:21:56,489 --> 00:22:00,270robotics? So the three laws ofrobotics are that a robot may36500:22:00,280 --> 00:22:04,199not injure a human being orthrough an action allow a human36600:22:04,209 --> 00:22:05,540being to come to harm.36700:22:05,579 --> 00:22:10,084The second rule, a robot mustobey orders, given it by human36800:22:10,094 --> 00:22:14,724beings, except where such orderwith the first law. And the36900:22:14,734 --> 00:22:17,864third is that a robot mustprotect its own existence. As37000:22:17,875 --> 00:22:21,824long as such protection does notconflict with the first or37100:22:21,834 --> 00:22:22,834second law.37200:22:22,844 --> 00:22:26,454Stuart Gary: That's Alex SaharaRoit from it dot com.37300:22:42,079 --> 00:22:45,790And that's the show for now.SpaceTime is available every37400:22:45,800 --> 00:22:49,489Monday, Wednesday and Fridaythrough Apple Podcasts, itunes,37500:22:49,500 --> 00:22:54,699Stitcher, Google Podcast, pocketcasts, Spotify, a cast Amazon37600:22:54,709 --> 00:22:59,319music bites dot com, Soundcloud,YouTube, your favorite podcast37700:22:59,329 --> 00:23:03,300download provider and from SpaceTime with Stewart Gary dot com.37800:23:03,579 --> 00:23:06,390SpaceTime is also broadcastthrough the National Science37900:23:06,400 --> 00:23:10,479Foundation on Science Zone Radioand on both iheart Radio And38000:23:10,489 --> 00:23:11,579Tune in radio.38100:23:11,890 --> 00:23:14,989And you can help to support ourshow by visiting the SpaceTime38200:23:15,000 --> 00:23:18,770Store for a range of promotionalmerchandizing goodies or by38300:23:18,780 --> 00:23:22,040becoming a SpaceTime patron,which gives you access to triple38400:23:22,050 --> 00:23:24,869episode commercial, freeversions of the show as well as38500:23:24,880 --> 00:23:28,199lots of bonus audio contentwhich doesn't go to air access38600:23:28,209 --> 00:23:32,219to our exclusive Facebook groupand other rewards just go to38700:23:32,229 --> 00:23:35,560Space Time with Stewart Gary dotcom for full details.38800:23:35,810 --> 00:23:38,689And if you want more Space Time,please check out our blog where38900:23:38,699 --> 00:23:41,500you'll find all the stuff wecouldn't fit in the show as well39000:23:41,510 --> 00:23:45,020as heaps of images, newsstories, loads of videos and39100:23:45,030 --> 00:23:48,140things on the web. I findinteresting or amusing. Just go39200:23:48,150 --> 00:23:51,260to Space Time with Stewart Garydot tumblr dot com.39300:23:51,660 --> 00:23:55,589That's all one word and that'sTumbler without the e you can39400:23:55,599 --> 00:23:59,300also follow us through at StuartGarry on Twitter at Space Time39500:23:59,310 --> 00:24:02,859with Stewart Garry on Instagramthrough our Space Time YouTube39600:24:02,869 --> 00:24:06,619channel and on Facebook, just goto Facebook dot com forward39700:24:06,630 --> 00:24:10,489slash SpaceTime with StewartGary and SpaceTime is brought to39800:24:10,500 --> 00:24:13,020you in collaboration withAustralian Sky and Telescope39900:24:13,030 --> 00:24:15,560Magazine. Your Window on theUniverse.40000:24:16,010 --> 00:24:18,819Generic: You've been listeningto Space Time with Stuart Garry.40100:24:19,030 --> 00:24:22,410This has been another qualitypodcast production from bites40200:24:22,420 --> 00:24:23,180dot com.