S26E15: Milky Way More Unique Than Thought // Boeing Starliner Calypso // World’s Biggest Magnets

100:00:00,250 --> 00:00:12,446This is Spacetime Series 26, episode 15 for broadcast on the 3 February 2023 coming up on Spacetime the Milky Way found to be more unique than previously thought.200:00:12,628 --> 00:00:19,866Boeing's starliner Calypso ready to fly in April, and we look at some of the world's biggest magnets.300:00:20,058 --> 00:00:23,520All that and more coming up on Space Time.400:00:24,530 --> 00:00:27,474Well, to space time with Stuart.500:00:44,030 --> 00:00:53,338A new study has found that the Milky Way galaxy is too big for its cosmological war, something not yet seen in any other galaxy.600:00:53,514 --> 00:01:05,230The large scale cosmic weblike structure of the universe is composed of filaments connecting nodes of gas galaxies and galaxy clusters all surrounding vast nearempty voids.700:01:05,390 --> 00:01:11,102A cosmological wall is the flattened arrangement of galaxies that border on these voids.800:01:11,246 --> 00:01:18,130For some reason, the voids seem to squash galaxies together into a pancake like shape, resulting in a flattened arrangement.900:01:18,290 --> 00:01:38,346The new findings reported in the Journal of the Monthly Notices, the Royal Astronomical Society, suggest that the wall environment, in this case called the Local sheet, influences how the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies rotate around their axes in a more organized way than if they were, say, in a random place in the universe without a nearby wall.1000:01:38,528 --> 00:01:44,010Typically, galaxies located next to a cosmological wall are physically a lot smaller.1100:01:44,170 --> 00:01:50,750But by comparison, the Milky Way is surprisingly massive, and that makes it a rare cosmic occurrence.1200:01:51,090 --> 00:01:55,090The new findings are all based on state of the art computer simulations.1300:01:55,590 --> 00:02:03,646The study's authors simulated a volume of the universe of nearly a billion light years across a region containing millions of galaxies.1400:02:03,838 --> 00:02:17,810And they found that only a handful, about a millionth of all the galaxies in the simulation were as unique as the Milky Way, meaning they were both embedded in a cosmological war like the Local Sheet, and they were as massive as our own galaxy.1500:02:17,970 --> 00:02:33,118The authors say the findings mean it may be necessary to take into account the special environment around the Milky Way when running future simulations in order to avoid a Socalled Copernican bias in making scientific inferences from galaxies around us.1600:02:33,284 --> 00:02:44,798This bias describes the successive removal of our special status in the nearly 500 years since the astronomic Copernicus first demoted the Earth from being at the center of the cosmos.1700:02:44,974 --> 00:02:54,062Since then, this bias has described the successive removal of our special status assuming that we reside in a completely average place in the universe.1800:02:54,206 --> 00:03:03,846See, to simulate observations, especially on a cosmological scale, astronomers sometimes assume that any point in the universe in the simulation is as good as any other.1900:03:04,028 --> 00:03:11,286But what the team's findings indicate is that it may be really important to use very precise locations when making such measurements.2000:03:11,478 --> 00:03:20,394The study's lead author, Maguille Aragon from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, says the findings indicate that the Milky Way galaxy is different.2100:03:20,592 --> 00:03:31,086He says the Earth's very obviously a special place because it's home to the only known life forms in the universe, but it's not the center of the universe or even the center of the solar system.2200:03:31,268 --> 00:03:36,750And the sun is just an ordinary star among billions in the Milky Way galaxy.2300:03:36,910 --> 00:03:44,190Even our galaxy seemed to be just one spiral galaxy among billions of other galaxies in the observable universe.2400:03:44,350 --> 00:03:48,110The Milky Way does have a particularly special mass or type.2500:03:48,280 --> 00:03:56,450There are lots of spiral galaxies that look very similar to it, but now we know it becomes rare once you take into account its surroundings.2600:03:56,610 --> 00:04:07,740If you could see the nearest dozen or so large galaxies easily in the sky, you'd see that they all nearly lie on a ring embedded in the Local Sheet that's a little bit special in itself.2700:04:08,190 --> 00:04:19,198What the authors have discovered in their simulation is that other walls of galaxies in the universe, like the Local Sheet, very seldom have a galaxy inside them as massive as the Milky Way.2800:04:19,364 --> 00:04:32,126Aragon says you might need to travel half a billion light years from the Milky Way, past lots of galaxies to find another cosmological wall and a galaxy that's the same as the Milky Way in comparison to its companions.2900:04:32,318 --> 00:04:37,250And that's a couple of hundred times further away, the nearest large galaxy around us.3000:04:37,320 --> 00:04:40,180Andromeda this is space time.3100:04:40,490 --> 00:04:45,394Still to come, Boeing's starliner Calypso ready to fly in April.3200:04:45,522 --> 00:04:48,162And we look at the world's biggest magnets.3300:04:48,306 --> 00:04:51,820All that are more still to come on Space Time.3400:05:07,170 --> 00:05:11,674Okay, let's take a break from our show for a word from our sponsor, NordVPN.3500:05:11,802 --> 00:05:19,662Are you looking for a reliable and secure virtual private network? Well, you need look no further than NordVPN.3600:05:19,806 --> 00:05:26,834With NordVPN, you get to keep your online activities safe from hackers, ISPs and government surveillance.3700:05:26,962 --> 00:05:34,882Plus, with the great value deals we have available for you today, it's never been easier or more affordable to stay connected securely.3800:05:35,026 --> 00:05:40,266NordVPN really is the perfect choice if privacy is important to you.3900:05:40,368 --> 00:05:51,020It encrypts all your Internet traffic using the strongest encryption protocols available, making it so that no one can track or monitor the websites or services that you're accessing online.4000:05:51,390 --> 00:06:04,238Now, what this means is that even if someone was able to intercept your data packets as they made their way across the Internet, they still wouldn't be able to read them because they're all encrypted by NordVPN technology before they're sent out on the Web.4100:06:04,404 --> 00:06:21,334In addition to providing topnotch security features like this, NordVPN also offers fast speeds so that streaming videos won't buffer and browsing websites will remain snappy and responsive, regardless of how far from homebase server location you might be at any given time.4200:06:21,532 --> 00:06:36,438Moreover, customers who sign up today not only get access to Nord's wide network of servers, but they also receive additional benefits, like an automatic kill switch, which ensures user safety when the connection drops out unexpectedly.4300:06:36,534 --> 00:06:47,226And of course, there's also a 24/7 customer support team ready, willing, and able to answer any questions you might have regarding either the setup process or any related user queries.4400:06:47,338 --> 00:06:54,934And of course, by signing up through a special Spacetime URL, you'll get some great value subscription plans at really huge discounts.4500:06:55,002 --> 00:06:58,034Plus there are bonus gifts and a whole range of payment options.4600:06:58,152 --> 00:07:02,050And of course, it all comes with a 30 day money back guarantee.4700:07:02,470 --> 00:07:07,410Just go to Nordvpn.com Stuartgarry for all the details.4800:07:07,570 --> 00:07:08,886That URL again.4900:07:08,988 --> 00:07:12,290Nordvpn.com stuartgarry.5000:07:12,450 --> 00:07:21,302So why wait? Sign up today and enjoy peace of mind for both you and your family, knowing that your personal information will always be protected.5100:07:21,446 --> 00:07:25,994And of course, you'll find those URL details in the show notes and on our website.5200:07:26,192 --> 00:07:28,620And now it's back to our show.5300:07:29,070 --> 00:07:42,902You're listening to Spacetime with Stuart gary Boeing's CST 100 Starliner Calypso is now expected to carry its first human crew to the International Space Station in April.5400:07:43,066 --> 00:07:50,110The trouble plague program is years behind schedule, with software glitches coming close to destroying the spacecraft.5500:07:50,270 --> 00:07:59,254Once operational, Starliner will join SpaceX's Dragon in transporting crew to the space station as part of NASA's Commercial Crew program.5600:07:59,452 --> 00:08:09,974The Reusable capsule was mated to its new service module inside Boeing's Commercial Crew and cargo processing facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida last week.5700:08:10,172 --> 00:08:24,442Next, the combined spacecraft will be integrated on top of the United Launch Alliance Atlas Five rocket in coming weeks prior to final checkouts, and then its rollout to Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.5800:08:24,586 --> 00:08:31,006NASA and Boeing recently completed a full start to finish mission dress rehearsal for the crew flight test.5900:08:31,188 --> 00:08:42,398The rehearsal took several days at Boeing's Avionics and Software Integration Lab in Houston, testing software and computer systems as well as crew systems along with operations teams.6000:08:42,574 --> 00:08:51,618The all important crew test flight follows two unmanned orbital test flights, the first of which, in December 2019, was a total disaster.6100:08:51,794 --> 00:09:07,962Problems began when the mission clock triggered an orbital insertion burn at the wrong altitude, and that caused the attitude control thrusters to consume more fuel than planned, leaving the spacecraft too low to reach the space station safely and forcing the mission to be aborted early.6200:09:08,096 --> 00:09:26,750However, while they were orbiting the Earth waiting to return, two more software issues were uncovered, one of which would have prevented the spacecraft from docking to the space station anyway, but the other would have affected the thruster firing sequence needed to safely jettison the service module prior to the crew capsule reentering the atmosphere.6300:09:26,910 --> 00:09:34,510Instead of maneuvering the service module away from the capsule, it would have caused it to collide into the capsule, destroying both spacecraft.6400:09:34,670 --> 00:09:43,090Luckily, the issue was rectified before reentry, and the spacecraft did eventually land safely at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.6500:09:43,250 --> 00:09:51,222A major mission review identified 80 issues, which needed to be modified before another unmanned test flight could be held.6600:09:51,366 --> 00:10:05,578By August 2021, Boeing were ready to try again, but further delays and bad weather somehow caused moisture to interact with the propellant, triggering corrosion in 13 propulsion system valves in the service module.6700:10:05,754 --> 00:10:15,938Attempts to repair these on the launch pad were unsuccessful, and it was decided to return the launch vehicle to the assembly building and then strip down the spacecraft to better access the issue.6800:10:16,104 --> 00:10:22,974However, the problem was so bad, boeing eventually decided to replace the entire service module, further delaying the test flight.6900:10:23,102 --> 00:10:27,730The Orbital flight test two mission finally launched on May 19, 2022.7000:10:27,800 --> 00:10:35,750Docking with the space station on May 22 and the rest of the mission also went smoothly, including a perfect touchdown at White Sands.7100:10:36,170 --> 00:10:38,760Now it's time to get people on board.7200:10:39,070 --> 00:10:47,318Starliner is compatible with the Atlas Five rocket, as well as the Delta Four Falcon Nine and the future Vulcan Centre launch vehicle.7300:10:47,494 --> 00:10:52,558The Delta Four has now been retired and the Atlas Five will retire next year.7400:10:52,724 --> 00:10:58,298The United Launch Alliance says they've allocated seven Atlas five boosters for Starliner missions.7500:10:58,394 --> 00:11:02,750That's enough for the upcoming crew test flight, as well as six operational missions.7600:11:03,090 --> 00:11:07,680After that, Starliner will transfer to Vulcan central boosters instead.7700:11:08,130 --> 00:11:09,840This is space time.7800:11:10,150 --> 00:11:13,198Still to come, we look at the world's biggest magnets.7900:11:13,294 --> 00:11:22,310And later in the Science report, does your dog understand your intentions? We'll find out all that and more, still to come on Spacetime.8000:11:38,190 --> 00:11:51,310One of the world's most powerful magnets is slowly being assembled at the heart of ita the International thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, the world's largest fusion reactor project now being constructed in southern France.8100:11:51,650 --> 00:12:00,994Sustained nuclear fusion could open the door to unlimited renewable energy, slashing carbon emissions, and pretty well ending climate change.8200:12:01,192 --> 00:12:09,560Estimated to cost over $150,000,000,000, the projects described as the most expensive scientific experiment of all time.8300:12:09,930 --> 00:12:15,570It dwarfs the Square Kilometer Array project now being built in Australia in South Africa.8400:12:15,650 --> 00:12:18,082It's bigger than the Large Hadron Collider.8500:12:18,226 --> 00:12:28,326It'll be the most complicated engineering project in human history, and one of the most ambitious human collaborations since the development of the International Space Station.8600:12:28,518 --> 00:12:41,050When it goes online sometime around 2027, ITER's massive reactor will fuse hydrogen isotopes to Tumin tritium plasma in a special magnetic donut shaped vacuum chamber called Tokamac.8700:12:41,210 --> 00:12:46,158The Tokimac will heat the plasma to over 150,000,000 degrees Celsius.8800:12:46,254 --> 00:12:49,154That's ten times hotter than the core of the sun.8900:12:49,352 --> 00:13:00,710At this temperature, the plasma will undergo fusion, giving off large amounts of energy, which can then be used to create electricity by heating water and creating steam to spin turbines.9000:13:01,050 --> 00:13:06,726The ultimate aim is to produce ten times more energy than what's needed to power the system.9100:13:06,908 --> 00:13:22,778ITER's thermonuclear fusion reactor will use over 300 electrical power to cause the plasma to absorb 50 thermal power, creating 500 heat from fusion for periods of between 400 and 600 seconds.9200:13:22,954 --> 00:13:28,842At the heart of the facility will be the world's largest magnet, known as the Central solenoid.9300:13:28,986 --> 00:13:35,290When fully assembled, the central solenoid will be 18 meters tall and some 4.3 meters wide.9400:13:35,450 --> 00:13:39,950It will be capable of producing a magnetic field measuring 13 tesla.9500:13:40,030 --> 00:13:44,242That's around 280,000 times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field.9600:13:44,376 --> 00:13:49,298In fact, it'll be strong enough to lift an aircraft carrier weighing 100,000 tons.9700:13:49,474 --> 00:13:57,122Built by General Atomics, the central solenoid will be the largest and most powerful pulsed electromagnet ever constructed.9800:13:57,266 --> 00:14:03,910It's actually made up of six individual solenoid modules, which will be stacked inside the center of the tokamac.9900:14:04,070 --> 00:14:09,890The entire magnet will be as tall as a four story building and weigh roughly 1000 tons.10000:14:10,070 --> 00:14:17,834Each individual module is essentially a humongous coil containing around 5.6 kilometres of steel jacketed neobium.10100:14:17,882 --> 00:14:19,898Ten superconducting cable.10200:14:20,074 --> 00:14:28,318Faraday's Law of Induction tells us that electricity passing through a wire generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the wire.10300:14:28,494 --> 00:14:38,014When that wire is coiled into a circle, the electric current produces a circular magnetic field and each coil amplifies the magnetic field strength.10400:14:38,142 --> 00:14:41,880A solenoid is created by coiling a wire many times.10500:14:42,330 --> 00:14:53,450The central solenoid will create powerful magnetic fields, physically pinning the superheated plasma in place and preventing it from touching and vaporizing the tokamax walls.10600:14:53,790 --> 00:14:59,450But as impressive as this all sounds, it isn't the biggest, almost powerful magnet ever built.10700:14:59,600 --> 00:15:09,710That on it goes to the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, MagLab, which has just received over $195,000,000 in funding from the National Science Foundation.10800:15:10,050 --> 00:15:20,430MagLab's facilities are spread over three campuses, including Florida State University, the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and the University of Florida.10900:15:20,590 --> 00:15:30,818Nearly 2000 scientists from around the world use Maglev's facilities each year, undertaking groundbreaking research across multiple scientific disciplines.11000:15:30,834 --> 00:15:45,318In magnetic field research, these include condensed matter, physics, biology, bioengineering, chemistry, geochemistry, biochemistry, material science, power generation and environmental studies.11100:15:45,494 --> 00:15:53,882To facilitate the research, MagLab has a wide array of different types and sizes of magnets, including some of the world's biggest and most powerful.11200:15:54,026 --> 00:16:02,954Florida State's Mag Lab in Tallahassee currently holds the record for the world's most powerful magnet, a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments.11300:16:03,082 --> 00:16:14,110The 33 tones connected hybrid magnet set the record in a series of experiments in 2016 when the instrument reached its full field of 36 Tesla.11400:16:14,270 --> 00:16:25,282Its sister facility at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico hosts a pulse field facility which provides researchers with experimental capabilities for a wide range of experiments and measurements.11500:16:25,346 --> 00:16:33,866In nondestructive pulse fields up to 101 Tesla, pulse filled magnets create high magnetic fields, but only for fractions of a second.11600:16:34,048 --> 00:16:42,938Power comes from a pulse power infrastructure, which includes a 1.43 megawatt motor generator and 564 megawatt power supplies.11700:16:43,114 --> 00:16:55,502The 1200 ton motor generator sits on a 4800 ton inertia block, which rests on 60 springs to minimize Earth trimmers and is the centerpiece of the pulse field laboratory.11800:16:55,646 --> 00:17:03,234The facility's magnets also include a 60 tesla long pulse magnet, which is the most powerful controlled pulse magnet in the world.11900:17:03,432 --> 00:17:05,658It's all very impressive.12000:17:05,854 --> 00:17:09,670This report from the National Science Foundation's, Mars O'Brien.12100:17:10,090 --> 00:17:11,254That from you.12200:17:11,292 --> 00:17:14,614Here is the sound of science at work.12300:17:14,812 --> 00:17:19,642It's coming from magnets, some of the most powerful in the world.12400:17:19,776 --> 00:17:22,022So we are indeed a world class facility.12500:17:22,086 --> 00:17:29,922There are many different kinds of magnets superconducting magnets, big resistive electromagnets, pulsed magnets.12600:17:30,006 --> 00:17:42,750With support from the National Science Foundation, the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory mag Lab, as it is called, is a mecca for groundbreaking research across scientific disciplines.12700:17:43,270 --> 00:17:58,260So I direct a very unique laboratory to bring high magnetic fields to researchers who come to our lab every year to study important research topics in the areas of materials, of energy and of life.12800:17:59,450 --> 00:18:07,762The magnets here are of a different kind altogether, millions of times more powerful than anything you would stick on your fridge.12900:18:07,906 --> 00:18:18,342You should think of a high field magnet, a powerful magnet, as a research tool, much like a high powered laser is being used by scientists, much like an atom smasher.13000:18:18,406 --> 00:18:19,820We're a research tool.13100:18:21,730 --> 00:18:29,070Analytical chemist Amy McKenna is a staff scientist working on the ion cyclotron residence magnet.13200:18:29,570 --> 00:18:36,558She's all about oil, how to refine it more efficiently and how to better clean it up when it spills.13300:18:36,734 --> 00:18:40,174Every crude oil in the world is unique.13400:18:40,302 --> 00:18:47,586It is a function of the temperature, the pressure, and the organisms that died and created that mixture.13500:18:47,698 --> 00:18:51,522Petroleum is what's called a complex mixture.13600:18:51,666 --> 00:18:57,182Think on the order of 40,000 different chemical compounds in every drop.13700:18:57,346 --> 00:19:07,722We analyze the compounds in crude oils, in dissolved organic matter, in water, and we measure their mass very accurately to do it.13800:19:07,776 --> 00:19:11,882This magnet functions as a highly precise molecular scale.13900:19:12,026 --> 00:19:16,650In order to measure molecular weight, you need these types of scales.14000:19:16,730 --> 00:19:25,330And that's what we do here, is we measure a fundamental property of molecules very accurately to six decimal places.14100:19:27,110 --> 00:19:39,410In another part of the Mag lab, physicist Cory Dean is using the DC field facility to research the properties of a relatively newly isolated material called graphene.14200:19:39,570 --> 00:19:45,026It's a flat sheet of carbon molecules laid out in a chicken wire shaped pattern.14300:19:45,138 --> 00:19:47,618It's unique in almost every metric that you can define.14400:19:47,714 --> 00:19:49,410It's been called the strongest material.14500:19:49,490 --> 00:19:53,606It's the thinnest conductor, it has one of the best thermal transport properties.14600:19:53,718 --> 00:19:59,770It's so unusual, in fact, that physicists are still trying to figure out the basics of how it works.14700:19:59,920 --> 00:20:07,514One of the things that we want to know is when we put this device in the presence of a very large magnetic field combined with very low temperatures, both of these things are critical.14800:20:07,642 --> 00:20:16,714Can we access what we call the quantum properties of this material? That level of understanding is needed before engineers can really start making things out of graphene.14900:20:16,842 --> 00:20:30,022We can discover, for example, new electronic behaviors which to a physicist might be very interesting, but to an engineer means that you can design a brand new material that maybe solves a problem that is facing challenges for how to make a better computer.15000:20:30,076 --> 00:20:40,106For example, Dean is one of nearly 2000 scientists from institutions around the world who use the Mag lab facilities every year.15100:20:40,288 --> 00:20:52,410Magnetic field testing can benefit many fields of research petroleum and materials for sure, but also human health and medicine batteries, biofuels, and much more.15200:20:52,560 --> 00:21:02,186So we know how to bring in newcomers to high magnetic field research, help to make their experiments successful so they can then publish their results and get the information they're seeking.15300:21:02,298 --> 00:21:06,622Visiting scientists don't even need to have experience working with magnets.15400:21:06,766 --> 00:21:09,460All they need to bring is a worthy project.15500:21:09,830 --> 00:21:13,458Experts like Jamie McKenna are on hand to help.15600:21:13,624 --> 00:21:16,862That's the crux of a successful user facility.15700:21:17,006 --> 00:21:27,778You've got to have the magnets, you've got to have the instrumentation, but most of all, you've got to have the talented people putting the power of high magnetic fields to work, breaking through the boundaries of scientific knowledge.15800:21:27,874 --> 00:21:45,150And in that report by the National Science Foundation's Mars O'Brien, we heard from National High Magnetic Field Laboratory director Greg Bobinger, ion cyclotron resonance facility scientist Amy McKenna and Corey Dean from the Dean Lab in Experimental Condensed Matter Physics at Columbia University.15900:22:02,850 --> 00:22:03,866and time matter.16000:22:03,908 --> 00:22:09,240Take another brief look at some of the other stories making news in science this week with the Science Report.16100:22:09,930 --> 00:22:17,090A new study suggests that people with schizophrenia may have abnormal activity in twelve hour cyclic genes.16200:22:17,250 --> 00:22:32,026The findings, reported in the journal Plus Biology are based on evidence of twelve hour cycles in gene activity in the human brain and signs that some of these twelve hour cycles are either missing or altered in the brains of schizophrenic people.16300:22:32,208 --> 00:22:40,650Researchers search for twelve hour rhythms in gene activity in the brains of people who were recently deceased, focusing on areas of the brain associated with abnormalities.16400:22:40,730 --> 00:22:57,922Normally seeing people with schizophrenia, they found gene activity levels related to building connections between neurons tended to peak in the afternoon or night or those related to mitochondrial function, and therefore cellular energy supply tended to peak in the morning and evening.16500:22:58,066 --> 00:23:01,570But this wasn't the case for people with schizophrenia.16600:23:01,730 --> 00:23:10,302The brains of people with schizophrenia had fewer genes with twelve hour activity cycles and genes related to neural connections were missing entirely.16700:23:10,466 --> 00:23:15,500They also found that the genes that were present didn't reach PEC activity at the normal times.16800:23:15,950 --> 00:23:29,630The authors say further studies are now required to determine if these abnormal rhythms underlie behavioral abnormalities in people with schizophrenia or whether they result from medications, nicotine use, or sleep disturbances.16900:23:30,770 --> 00:23:42,174The publishers of some of the world's leading scientific journals have formally banned Chat GPT from authoring scientific papers, the Artificial Intelligence Chatbot.17000:23:42,222 --> 00:23:47,586Chat GPT has so far been listed as a co author on four papers and preprints.17100:23:47,698 --> 00:23:56,390The decision to ban AI authorship is based on the simple fact that Chatbots can't take responsibility for a paper's content or integrity.17200:23:56,730 --> 00:24:06,010Some publishers say that Chatbots use, however, should be documented in the Methods or Acknowledgements section, and that not doing so could be considered plagiarism.17300:24:07,070 --> 00:24:15,338Does your puppy dog understand your intentions? Well, a new study suggests that they probably do, at least to some extent.17400:24:15,514 --> 00:24:25,822The findings, reported in the journal of the royal society B, are based on tests to see whether dogs were able to distinguish if people were unwilling or unable to give them treats.17500:24:25,966 --> 00:24:42,022During the study, dogs encountered a human who would regularly give them treats, but sometimes the food transfer failed, either because the human acted as if she was unwilling by pulling back on the treat in a teasing manner, or because she was unable by clumsily dropping the treat.17600:24:42,076 --> 00:24:53,370Instead, the author's computer analyzed the dog's reactions, finding that dogs tended to react more impatiently to actions signaling unwillingness rather than those signaling an inability.17700:24:54,910 --> 00:25:05,630Scientists have confirmed that despite the claims commonly appearing on social media and made by some conspiracy theorists, the flu is not more deadly than COVID-19.17800:25:06,050 --> 00:25:16,538David Muscatillo, associate professor in infectious diseases epidemiology at the university of New South Wales, says COVID has never had a survival rate greater than the flu.17900:25:16,714 --> 00:25:30,134Meanwhile, Alan Chang, professor of infectious diseases epidemiology at Monash university, also says the claim was false and that covert always had a higher mortality rate than influenza, except for very young children.18000:25:30,332 --> 00:25:37,410Claims that the figures included people dying with COVID as opposed to those dying of COVID are also untrue.18100:25:37,570 --> 00:25:45,830Tim Mendenham from Australian skeptic says the first six months of last year alone saw COVID killed 27 times more people than the flu.18200:25:45,910 --> 00:25:49,574The fact checking shows that COVID is more deadly than the flu.18300:25:49,622 --> 00:25:50,502Surprise, surprise.18400:25:50,566 --> 00:25:53,450Yeah, all the people who were the early days of COVID were saying, oh, it's just bad.18500:25:53,520 --> 00:26:00,634Flu is wrong, because the, the numbers bear out that the impact of COVID is far, far worse than the impact of the flu.18600:26:00,682 --> 00:26:09,854Just in the first six months of 2022 in Australia, there were 6651 COVID deaths, compared to 252 flu deaths.18700:26:09,902 --> 00:26:15,646That part of that might be that you could say it was that people aren't being tested for flu at this stage because they're all being tested for COVID.18800:26:15,678 --> 00:26:27,954But a death is a death, and if you know the reason for the death, then that shows that even in a particularly severe flu season, which there was a few years ago, 2017, I think there was only 1255 death due to influenza.18900:26:28,002 --> 00:26:32,042So already the COVID number is six times that for the half a year.19000:26:32,096 --> 00:26:45,226So the numbers just show pretty clearly, without any necessarily need to prevaricate on it, that the COVID is far, far more deadly than the flu, and it affects people who have been vaccinated and those who haven't been vaccinated.19100:26:45,258 --> 00:26:54,042Although the higher death rate is amongst the unvaccinated, quite significantly, someone was suggesting that about 40% of people who die of COVID are unvaccinated.19200:26:54,106 --> 00:27:01,506Seeing as only the adult population, only about two or 3% of people who have been unvaccinated, that indicates that the vaccination works pretty well.19300:27:01,608 --> 00:27:02,894Not entirely perfectly.19400:27:02,942 --> 00:27:04,258No vaccination does.19500:27:04,344 --> 00:27:16,034But yes, the issue is that COVID is far more deadly than the flu of multiples of deaths, and that the people who are unvaccinated are more inclined to die than those who are vaccinated that's timendum.19600:27:33,570 --> 00:27:35,614and that's the show for now.19700:27:35,812 --> 00:27:54,994Space time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcast, itunes, Stitcher, Google Podcast, PocketCasts, Spotify, Acast, Amazon Music Bites.com, SoundCloud, YouTube, your favorite podcast download provider and From Spacetime with Stuartgarry.com.19800:27:55,192 --> 00:28:09,634Spacetime is also broadcast through the National Science Foundation on Science Zone Radio and on both iHeartRadio and Tune In Radio, and you can help to support our show by visiting the Spacetime store for a range of promotional merchandising goodies.19900:28:09,762 --> 00:28:22,810Or by becoming a Spacetime patron, which gives you access to triple episode, commercial free versions of the show, as well as lots of bonus audio content which doesn't go to air, access to our exclusive Facebook group and other rewards.20000:28:23,150 --> 00:28:27,142Just go to Spacetime with Stuartgarry.com for full details.20100:28:27,286 --> 00:28:39,134And if you want more space time, please check out our blog, where you'll find all the stuff we couldn't fit in the show, as well as heaps of images, news stories, loads of videos and things on the web I find interesting or amusing.20200:28:39,262 --> 00:28:42,994Just go to spacetime with Stuartgarry Tumblr.com.20300:28:43,192 --> 00:28:46,662That's all one word and that's Tumblr without the e.20400:28:46,796 --> 00:28:56,018You can also follow us through at stuartgarry, on Twitter, at Spacetime with Stuart Gary, on Instagram, through our Spacetime YouTube channel and on Facebook.20500:28:56,114 --> 00:29:05,298Just go to Facebook.com spacetime with Stuartgarry and Spacetime is brought to you in collaboration with Australian Sky Telescope magazine.20600:29:05,394 --> 00:29:07,298Your window on the Universe.20700:29:07,474 --> 00:29:14,380You've been listening to Space time with Stuart Gary? This has been another quality podcast production from Bites.com.