Sept. 25, 2025
Red Dots and Black Hole Stars: Unraveling Cosmic Secrets
In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into the cosmos to uncover the secrets of the early universe, explore the potential for black hole atmospheres, and examine the intriguing history of habitability on Mars, alongside the launch of a new deep space antenna by the European Space Agency.
Mysterious Red Dots in the Early Universe
Astronomers have identified a population of enigmatic red dots in the early universe, potentially representing exotic stellar atmospheres around ancient black holes. These findings, published in Astronomy and Astrophysics, could bridge the gap in understanding the rapid growth of supermassive black holes. The Webb Space Telescope's observations suggest these objects might be a new class of celestial body, challenging existing models of galaxy formation and offering insights into the origins of galaxies.
Multiple Episodes of Habitability on Mars
NASA's Perseverance rover has provided compelling evidence that Mars's Jezero Crater experienced multiple episodes of liquid water flooding, each capable of supporting life. By analysing geochemical data, scientists have identified various minerals that reveal a dynamic history of volcanic activity and water interactions, suggesting a complex aqueous past that could have fostered life on the Red Planet.
European Space Agency's New Deep Space Dish
The European Space Agency is set to inaugurate its latest Australian deep space antenna at the Norcia tracking station in Western Australia. This 35-metre parabolic dish will enhance ESA's deep space communications capabilities, supporting missions and ensuring robust data transmission from spacecraft exploring our solar system. The new facility complements ESA's existing network of antennas worldwide, reinforcing their commitment to deep space exploration.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astronomy and Astrophysics
https://www.aanda.org/
Journal of Geophysical Research Planets
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21699356
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Mysterious Red Dots in the Early Universe
Multiple Episodes of Habitability on Mars
European Space Agency's New Deep Space Dish
The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
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This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, episode one hundred and sixteen,
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for broadcast on the twenty sixth of September twenty twenty five.
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Coming up on Spacetime, mysterious red dots in the early
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universe could there be black hole atmospheres? The discovery of
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mudible episodes of habitability on the red planet Mars, and
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the European Space Agency's newest Australian deep space dish about
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to begin operations. All that and more coming up on
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space Time.
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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
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Astronomers believe that a population of mysterious red dots spotted
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in the very early universe could be exotic stellar atmospheres
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around ancient black holes. The findings were a port order
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of the journal Astronomy. In astrophysics might represent a missing
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link the rapid growth of super massive black holes. Stellar
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mass black holes are created through the supernova deaths of
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massive stars, and those stellar massholes can get bigger and
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bigger through mergers. But the discovery of super massive black
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holes in the early universe has remained a problem. See
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there's no way enough stellar mass black holes could have
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merged back then in the amount of time available since
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the universe began, and that's where these tiny red objects
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come in. They were spotted by NASA's web Space telescope
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and there offering scientists new insights to the origins of
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galaxies in the universe, and they may represent an entirely
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new class of celestial object, a black hole swallowing massive
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amounts of matter spitting out light. Using the first data
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set released byweb back in twenty twenty two, astronomers who
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first discovered those mysterious little red dots suggested the objects
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might be galaxies. They were as mature as our current
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Milky Way is, but at a time when the universe
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itself was only five hundred to seven hundred million years old.
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That suggests that these so called universe breakers are far
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older than anyone expected in the infant universe, and that
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calls in the question what scientists had previously understood about
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galaxy formation. This new hypothesis suggested that dots may not
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be galaxies, but an entirely new class of object known
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as a black hole star. The authors say their analysis
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indicates these tiny pinpoints of light may be giant spheres
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of hard gas that are so dense they look like
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the atmospheres of a typical nuclear fusion powered star. However,
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instead of fusion, they're being powered by super massive black
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holes at their centers, which are rapidly pulling in matter
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and converting into energy in the process, giving off light.
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One of the studies authors, Joel Leega from Penn State University, says,
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as his team studied the red dots, they eventually found
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one that had so much atmosphere around it it couldn't
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simply be explained as a typical star. They originally thought
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it could be a tiny galaxy full of many spectrotype
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M red dwarf stars, but instead it's actually effectively just
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one giant, very cold star. Most stars are low mass
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spectral type M red dwarf stars. In fact, that population
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makes up about three quarters of all stars in our galaxy.
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They're typically hard to see because they're washed out by
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rare and more luminous massive stars. Still, astronomers can identify
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these stars by their glow, which is primarily in the
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red optical and their infrared end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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While the gas around supermassive black holes is typically very
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hot millions of degrees celsius, the light from these red
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dot black holes was instead dominated by very cold gas,
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and that's similar to the atmospheres of low mass red
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dwarf stars based on the wavelength of the light they're
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giving off. The most powerful telescope in space, Web was
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designed to see the genesis of the cosmos using infrared
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sensing instruments, which are capable of detecting light that was
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emitted by the most ancient stars and galaxies. Essentially, webs
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allowing scientists to see back in time roughly thirteen point
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five billion years, pretty well near the beginning of the
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universe as we know it, and from the moment the
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telescope turned on, astronomers around the world began seeing these
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little red dance objects that appeared to be far more
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massive than what galaxy models predicted. At first, they thought
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these objects must have been mature galaxies, which tend to
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get redder as the stars inside the age, but the
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objects were too bright to be explained. Those stars would
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need to be packed in side galaxies at impossible densities.
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If this interpretation holds, it implies that stars form through
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extraordinary processes that have never been observed before. To better
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understand the mystery, the authors needed spectra, a type of
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data that could provide information about how much slight the
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objects emitted at different wavelengths. So between January and December
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twenty twenty four, astronomers used nearly sixty hours of WEB
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observation time to obtain spectra from a total of four thousand,
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five hundred distant galaxy is and that makes this one
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of the largest spectroscopic databases yet obtained from WEB. In
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July twenty twenty four, the authors spotted an object with
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a specter that indicated a huge amount of mass, making
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it the most extreme case of such an early large object.
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Astronomer's nickname the object the Cliff, flagging it as the
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most promising test case yet to investigate exactly what these
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little red dots were. The extreme properties of the cliff
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forced astronomers to go back to the drawing boards and
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come up with entirely new models. This object was so
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distant that it took light almost eleven point nine billion
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years to reach the Earth. The spectral analysis of that
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light indicates it was actually a super massive black hole,
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pulling in surrounding material at such a rate that it
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cocooned itself in a fiery ball of hydrogen gas, so
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the light wasn't coming from a thick cluster of stars,
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but from just one single giant object. Super Massive black
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holes are found at the cet as of most, if
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not all galaxies. In some cases, those black holes are
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millions to beans, at times more massive than our Sun,
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pulling in nearby matter with such strength that it converts
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to energy it shines. No one's ever really known why
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or where these gigantic black holes are the centers of
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galaxies come from, and these black hole stars maybe will
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be the first face of formation for these super massive
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black holes. Webs already found evidence of high mass black
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holes in the early universe, and these new black hole
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star objects, which are essentially turbo charged mass builders, could
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help explain the early evolution of the universe and may
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therefore be a welcome addition to current models this space time.
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Still to come discovery of multiple episodes of habitability on
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the red planet Mars, and the European Space agencies newest
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Australian deep space antenna about to begin operations. All that
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and more still to come on space time NASAs Mars
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perseverance rovers discovered strong evidence the red planet's Jezro crater
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experienced modible episodes of liquid water flooding, each with conditions
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that could have supported life as we know it. By
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analyzing high resolution geochemical data from the six wild casseised
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mobile laboratory, scientists have identified two dozen types of minerals
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that help reveal a dynamic histuy of volcanic rocks which
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were altered during interactions with liquid water on the red planet.
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The new findings, reported in the Journal of Geophysical Research Planets,
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provides important clues about the ongoing search for ancient life
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on Mars. The studies lead author Elinor Moreland from Rice
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University says the minerals in Jezro support modible, temporarily distinct
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episodes of fluid alteration. She says it indicates there were
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several times in history when these volcanic rocks interacted with
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liquid water, and therefore more than one time when this
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location hosted environments which would have potentially been suitable for life.
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Minerals form in the very specific environmental conditions of temperature,
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pH and chemical makeup of fluids, and that makes them
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reliable storytellers of a planet's geologic history. In Jezro, the
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twenty four mineral species they're found reveal the volcanic nature
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of the Martian surface and its interactions with water over time.
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The water chemically weathers the rocks and creates salts or
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clay minerals, and the specific minerals that form depend on
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the environmental conditions. The identified minerals in Jezro reveal three
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types of fluid interactions, each with different applications for habitability.
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The first squid of minerals, including greenolite, is ingerlite, and
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ferro aluminous cellar dunite, indicate localized high temperature acidic fluids
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that are only found on rocks on the crater floor.
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When these are interpreted as being some of the oldest
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rocks included in the study, the water involved in these
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episodes is considered the least habitable for life since research
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on Earth that's shown that high temperatures and low pH
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can damage biological structures. Now all these would be most
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challenging for life on Earth. Life can still persist even
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under these hot ascidic conditions. We're talking about the geothermal
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geyser pills of water at Yellowstone, so it doesn't rule
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out habitability. The second squad of minerals reflects moderate neutral
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fluids that support more favorable conditions for life, and which
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were present over a larger area. Minerals like minnesotaatee and
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Klinopdylo light formed at lower temperatures and neutral pH with
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minnesotype detected on both the crater floor and in the
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upper fan region of Gezo, while clinopdilo light was also
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detected on the crater floor. Finally, the third category represents
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low temperature alkaline fluids and is considered quite habitable from
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an Earth type perspective. Sepio light, a common auto mineral
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on Earth, formed under moderate temperatures and alkaline conditions and
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was widely found distributed right across Jezo. The presence of
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sepiolite in all these areas reveals a widespread episode of
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liquid water creating habitable conditions in Jezro crater and in
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filling sediments. Moreland says these minerals are telling scientists that
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Jezro experienced a shift from harsher hot acidic fluids to
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more neutral and alkaline ones over time, conditions increasingly supportive
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of life. Because Mars samples can't be prepared or scanned
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as precisely as Earth samples, the authors developed an uncertainly
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propagation model to strengthen their results. Using a statistical approach,
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Moreland colleagues repeatedly tested mirror identifications, considering the potential errors,
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similar to how meteorologists forecast hurricane tracks by running many models,
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and the results confirm that Jezro, once home of an
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ancient lake, experienced a complex and dynamic aqueous history. The
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new mineral discoveries not only brings scientists closer to answering
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whether Mars ever could have supported life, but it also
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sharpens perseverance of strategy for WIT samples to collect for
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a possible future return to Worth mission this space time
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still to come. The European Space Agency about the commission
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its newest Australian deep space dish, and later in the
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science report, researchers finally confirm that people really do see
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colors the same way. All that and more still to
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come on space time. The European Space Agency is about
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to inaugurate its fourth Australian deep space antenna at its
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new Nausea tracking station in Western Australia. The new thirty
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five meter parabolic dish will reinforce eas's deep space communications capabilities,
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supporting upcoming deep space missions and meeting a growing demand
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for the deep space network. The new Nouseier complex offers
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a strategic geographical position, complimenting aces deep space antennas in Sweden, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, French,
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Guiana and Argentina. They're all linked to ASA's European Space
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Operations Center in Damstadt, Germany. This report from ACTV LISA.
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The European Space Agency operates several missions in deep space
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and ensures that they meet their science objectives. Teams of
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specialized engineers design and deploy the technology needed to communicate
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with spacecraft that are exploring our Solar system.
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When designing space communications system we are confronted with strong
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constraints on board in terms of mass and power. Therefore,
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we try to move the complexity into the ground station
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where we can build much larger ground stations with much
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more performance.
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ISSA has deep space stations around the world organized in
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a network called s Track.
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We obviously need to receive data from the spacecraft. This
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is in particular scientific data coming from the instruments. It
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is navigation measurements and it is status information from the
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space cruft. On top of this, we need to command
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the spacecraft in order to navigate it and to operate it.
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When receiving data from deep space, we want to collect
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as much signal energy as possible, he says. Antennas are
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thirty five meters wide, with the same surface as an
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Olympic swimming pool. The dish alone weighs one hundred and
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thirty tons and we can point it with the accuracy
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of six milli degrees to any position in the sky.
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The mechanical design makes it possible to compensate for the
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rotation motion of the Earth or The received energy is
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captured by the large dish. It's focused on the so
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called sub reflector and the signal is then guided to
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the base of the antenna, where special dichroic mirrors separate
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the incoming frequency.
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Bands amplifies undertate the critical task of amplifying this week
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signal coming from the space using the high texts and
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conductor technology developed by European industry to woost this signal
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around one million times or sixty dep The use of
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Indian phosphi technology and pulling down to menus two hundred
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and sixty degrees celsius allows to genervate only five degree
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scalving of thermal noise that is only twice the cosmic
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background noise, the lowest nose you can find in the universe.
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The demodulated and decoded signal eventually goes through the Spacelink
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protocol processing, which outputs the data in a format we
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can easily handle. This is the telemetry data that includes
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the low rate data from the spacecraft platform and the
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high rate data from the scientific instruments. Communication also needs
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to be in the opposite direction. We need to transmit
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the so called telecommands to the spacecraft in order to
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activate thrusters or control our scientific payloads.
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Typically, we need to transmit around twenty kilo wards of
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radio frequency power. This is using clystone, is a high
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density energy debase that transforms around one hundred kilowatts of
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