April 2, 2026
Reconnecting with Proba 3: Europe's Solar Mission Resumes
SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 40 *Using archaeology to study the history of galaxies like the Milky Way Astronomers have for the first time used what they’re calling galactic archaeology to trace the history of a galaxy beyond our own galaxy the Milky Way. *Europe reconnects with its lost Proba-3 spacecraft The European Space Agency has finally re-established contact with one of the spacecraft in its Proba 3 mission. *Using blue-green algae to grow food on Mars Scientists have used a cyanobacteria-based fertilizer could grow food in a simulated Mars environment. *The Science Report A new study warns that abstinence could affect sperm quality. Scientists recover ancient Pinot Noir grape pips almost 600 years old. New study shows many birds are boozing on the human equivalent of a beer every day. Skeptics guide to Age of Disclosure. Our Guests This Week: NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman Dr. Lori Glaze acting associate administrator for NASA's Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate Carlos Garcia-Galan program executive in charge of NASA’s Moon Base Project. Jasmin Plattner from ZARM -- the Center for Applied Space Technology and Microgravity ZARM research scientist Tiago Ramalho from the University of Bremen. And our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌ If you’d like to support the podcast and gain access to bonus content by becoming a SpaceTime crew member, you can do just that through premium versions on Patreon, Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Details on the Support page on our website https://www.bitesz.com/show/spacetime/support/ For more SpaceTime and show links: https://linktr.ee/biteszHQ
The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
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This is Spacetime Series twenty nine, Episode forty, for broadcast
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on the third of April twenty twenty six. Coming up
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on Space Time, Using archaeology to study the history of
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galaxies like the Milky Way, Europe re establishes contact with
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its lost pe spacecraft, and using blue green algae to
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grow food on the red planet Mars. All that and
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more coming up on space Time.
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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
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Astronomers have for the first time used what they call
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it galactic archaeology to trace the history of a galaxy
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beyond our own galaxy, the Milky Way. The findings are
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reported in the journal Nature Astronomy, demonstrate a new way
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to reconstruct the evolution of galaxies using their detailed chemical fingerprints.
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The studies lead author LEAs Acurely from the Harvard Smithsonian
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Center for Astrophysics, says it's the first time that a
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chemical archaeology method has been used with such fine detail
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outside our Solar system. She says the work will help
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astronomers better understand how we got here, how our own
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Milky Way galaxy formed, and why we ended up breathing
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oxygen the very same oxygen we're breathing right now. Using
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data from the Typhoon survey of the last Campanos observatory,
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authors examined the nearby spiral galaxy called MNGC thirteen sixty five,
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also known as the Propeller Galaxy or the Great Barred Spiral,
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located some fifty six million light years away in the
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constellation Formax. The galaxy's wide disc shape is oriented so
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we see it face on from Earth. The author's achieved
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resolution sharp enough to separate and study individual star forming,
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molecular gas, and dust clouds in the galaxy. When they're young,
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hot stars shine brightly in ultra violet, and that intense
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light can excite nearby gases. Each element in that gas,
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such as oxygen, can then be identified by its spectral
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signature as a series of bright, narrow lines of light.
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The centers of galaxies usually have more heavy elements, including oxygen,
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while they are outer parts of less The oxygen pattern
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is shaped by several factors, including where the stars formed
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and exploded a supernovae, how gas flowed in or out
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of the galaxy, and pass mergers with other galaxies. By
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measuring how the oxygen patterns changed across the galaxy and
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then comparing that to state of the art computer galaxy simulations,
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the authors were able to see how the galaxy grew
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and merged with other galaxies over its twelve billionere cosmic history.
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The computer simulations tracked the motion of gas, star formation,
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black holes, and chemical evolution in galaxy from shortly after
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the Big Bang right through to the present day. The
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authors searched through simulations of some twenty thousand galaxies, eventually
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finding one one they closely matched NGC thirteen sixty fives
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observed properties, and from this they were able to infert
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the galaxies likely merger and growth history. The authors found
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that NGC thirteen sixty five central region formed early in
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the galaxy's history and developed a large amount of oxygen. Meanwhile,
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the gas further out built up over twelve billion years
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through collisions with smaller dwarf galaxies. The gas in the
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utter spiral arms of the galaxy probably formed relatively late
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over the last few billion years, and was also fed
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by gas and stars from merging dwarf galaxies. The findings
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confirmed that the astronomical processes astronomers model on computers really
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do represent how galaxies like NGC thirteen sixty five evolve
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over billions of years. Overall, the sturdy shows that ENNGC
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thirteen sixty five began as a relatively small galaxy and
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slowly grew into a giant spiral through modible mergers with
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other small dwarf galaxies. By studying galaxies like NGC thirteen
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sixty five, which bears similarities to our own Milky Way galaxy,
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astronomers will be at to gain an insight into how
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typical or unusual our Milky Way galaxy is and the
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different pathways galaxies can take to reach their current states.
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This is space time still to come. Europe re establishes
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contact with its lost PROA three spacecraft and using blue
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green algae to grow food on the red planet Mars.
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All that and more still to come on space time.
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The European Space Agency has successfully re established contact with
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one of the spacecraft and its Proba three mission mission
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managers lost contact with the prob a month ago when
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it mysteriously went silent. The twin Proba three spacecraft launched
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back in twenty twenty four on a two year mission
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to study the Sun's little understood autter atmosphere, the Corona.
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The Corona is several million kilometers thick, but it's normally
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hidden by the bright glare coming from the Sun. It's
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usually only able to be studied for a few minutes
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at a time when the Earth experiences a total solar eclipse,
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during which time the Moon passes directly in front of
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the Sun, locking out the sunlight and exposing the milky
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white corona in all its glory. While total eclipses on
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Earth lasts just a few minutes and only occur a
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couple of times a year, Probe three was capable of
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securing ten to twelve hours of observations every week over
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its two year mission. See. The two probes are designed
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to fly together in formation, but have to be very precise,
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allowing them to artificially simulate a solar eclipse. One of
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the satellites is equipped with a one point four meter
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sunshade that directly blocks out the Sun from its sister spacecraft,
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which is fitted with cameras. By flying in precise formation
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sixty thousand kilometers above the Earth, with one spacecraft hiding
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the Sun's glare from the other, scientists can study the
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corona in detail. However, on February fourteenth, the second spacecraft,
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one which has the crucial chronograph instrument, suddenly lost communications
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and this triggered a cascade reaction, causing it to lose orientation,
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resulting in its solar array panel facing away from the sun,
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training the batteries. The spacecraft then entered a survival mode
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and it's been silently tumbling through space ever since. The
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European Space Agency's director, Joseph Aschenbacher says, by some miracle,
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contact with the way with spacecraft was restored. The other spacecraft,
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the one with a shield, had been following and observing
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its lost twin Ashenbacher says, as the faulty spacecraft tumbled,
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its solar panel must have positioned itself just right for
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a few moments to grab enough sunlight generate enough power
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to allow communications to be restored, and that gave ease
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emission managers the time they needed to send up new instructions.
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The good news is the spacecraft solar panels are now
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facing the sun, allowing it to recharge its batter is. Meanwhile,
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mission managers are now trying to determine what went wrong
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in the first place, and they're carrying out tests to
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find out how much damage has been done. This is
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space time still to come Using blue green algae to
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grow food on the red planet Mars, and later in
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the Science report, a new study warns that abstinence could
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affect sperm quality. All that and more still to come
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on space time. Scientists have used the cienobacteria based fertilizer
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to grow food in a simulated Martian environment. When humans
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eventually undertake that long, arduous journey to the red planet,
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they'll need to take enough food, water, and air with
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them for what's likely to be a two year mission
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a logistical nightmare. Or alternatively, they'll need to be so
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sufficient and throw their own food along the way and
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when they arrive on the Martian surface. Now, scientists at
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the University of Bremen and the German Aerospace Centered DLR
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have developed a fertilizer which can be produced solely with
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Martian resources. The fertilizer is based on cyanobacteria, also known
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as blue green algae. A report in the Chemical Engineering
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Journal claims blue green algae has several properties that make
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it especially suitable feace on the red planet. The algae
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uses carbon dioxide from the Martian atmosphere to produce oxygen
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and extract important nutrients directly from the Martian soil. The
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cyanobacteria were cultivated with simulated Martian resources, including an artificially
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produced regular that mimics Martian dust. The cianobacteria are then
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converted into a nutrient rich product. This is done by
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microbes using an anaerobic fermentation process without any oxygen and
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using only materials which are potentially already available on the
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Martian surface. The authors were interested in investing getting how
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to optimize this fermentation process. They found that heating the
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biomass before processing that the fast decomposition and an operating
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temperature of thirty five degrees celsius proved to be ideal
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for the fermentation process. Also, the ratio between the amount
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of biomass used and the amount of ammonium yield was
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important as it informs how much cyanobacterial biomass needs to
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be added to get the right concentration of ammonium in
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the fertilizer. A mass dust simulant was used as the
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main source of mineral nutrients, showing that the fermentation can
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be done using local Martian resources alone. The resulting fertilizer
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was used to grow duck weed, a fast growing protein
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rich aquatic plant that's been consumed as a food across
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Southeast Asia for centuries. From just one gram of dry cyanobacteria,
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twenty seven grams of fresh edible plant biomass was obtained.
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One of the studies authors, Thiago Ramelo from the University
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of Bremen, says the self sufficiency aspects important to make
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future mass settlements sustainable, but he says cianobacteria also has
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great potential beyond space missions. It grows quickly, it's nutrient rich,
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it's easy to cultivate, and it's completely edible. It's already
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approved as a food in the European Union, and it's
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considered a contender for a sustainable superfood of the future,
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both here on Earth and in space. In addition to
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food production, the system offers another advantage. The process produces methane,
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which can then be used as an energy source. Jasmine
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Planta from ZAM, the Center for Applied Space Technology in
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Microgravity is speaking here with ZAMB research at Thiego Romalo
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from the University of Bremen.
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How can we grow food on masks using only local resources?
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Growing food on masks sounds like science fiction, but you
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are working on making it reality. Can you tell us
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what the big challenge is?
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Yes, So the main challenge is that we cannot ship
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items from Earth. That means that we have to produce
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everything on site, including food, fertilizer, and water. And that's
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where our research comes in.
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You're using cyanobacteria. Why are so interesting from mass?
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So, cyanobacteria are incredibly versatile and resilient. In addition, they
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are capable of fixing carbon dioxide and nitrogen from the atmosphere,
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as well as extracting mineral nutrients from the regulif which
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is basically the Martian soil. In addition to that, they
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are capable of producing oxygen, which is super useful because
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you can give it to astronauts and create a closed
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loop ecosystem.
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And once you've grown the cyanobacteria, how do you turn
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them into fertilizer.
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We use a process called anaerobic digestion, which basically means
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that we use the community of microorganisms that work together
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to break down the biomass and convert it into a
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nutrient rich liquid that's called a digest state. This digest
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it contains ammonium as well as other important nutrients for
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plants to grow. And it's just made from cyanobacterio biomass
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and the Martian regulif, which we use a simulant of.
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As a bonus, which is really cool is that this
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process produces also methane which can be used as a
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fuel on Mars.
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And you tested different conditions to improve the process.
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Right exactly. So we looked into the preprocessing of the biomass,
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the operational temperature, and also the biomass concentration in order
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to make the process as efficient as possible and get
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as much nutrients as we can possibly for the plants.
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One important thing that we defined was the concentration of
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biomass that we needed to add in order to get
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the amount of ammonium that is suitable for a plant fertilizer.
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Afterwards with simulated Martian soil, how did that fit into
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the process.
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Again, we want to use as much resources on Mars
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as possible, and for mineral nutrients that means using the
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regul if that's available there. And so for this study
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we use the Martian reguli simulant and we tried to
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understand what's the best way to deliver its nutrients into
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the anaerobic digestion. So we found that instead of providing
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it directly into culture, it's best to first extract the
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nutrients and then giving it to the anerob digestion. When
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you add just a tiny bit of trace elements, then
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you get the best nutrient recovery for your fertilizer.
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Now, the big question does this digest it actually support
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plant growth?
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So yes, the great news is that we are actually
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capable of growing duck weed on the fertilizer that we produced.
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Duckweed is extremely interesting because it's fast growing and it
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has a high nutritional value, which makes it a perfect
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crop for Mars. In addition, it's also already approved for
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consumption here in the EU. And we are able to
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produce twenty seven grams of fresh duck weed biomass from
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just one gram of cyanobacterial dry biomass.
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And what does this mean for future mass missions?
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So this basically shows that we can potentially create self
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sufficient ecosystems on Mars which relies solely on the resources
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that are found there.
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Basically, you're building a circular ecosystem.
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For space exactly. So basically micro organisms and plants work
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together in order to support human life far away from.
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Earth and what's next for your research.
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Yes, so we're looking into scaling the system, testing it
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under more Mars relevant conditions, as well as looking at
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other crops that we can test the fertilizer on. Overall,
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the ming goal is that we make Martian habitats as
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independent from Earth as possible.
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That's Jasmine Platinum from ZAM the Center for Applied Space
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Technology in Microgravity speaking with scientist Thiago Romalo from the
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