Feb. 19, 2026
Primordial Black Holes and Saturn's Ring Origins: Unveiling Cosmic Mysteries
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 22 In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the formation of the universe's most enigmatic objects, explore the origins of Saturn's iconic rings, and get updates on NASA's Artemis 2 mission. Black...
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 22
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the formation of the universe's most enigmatic objects, explore the origins of Saturn's iconic rings, and get updates on NASA's Artemis 2 mission.
Black Holes and Exotic Cosmic Structures
A groundbreaking study suggests that some of the universe's most exotic entities, including black holes and cannibal stars, may have formed just seconds after the Big Bang. Researchers from the International School of Advanced Studies propose that subatomic particles condensed into halos of matter, which then collapsed to create these fascinating cosmic structures. Their findings, published in Physical Review D, indicate that even in the earliest moments of the universe, complex physical phenomena were already taking shape, paving the way for our understanding of cosmic evolution.
The Formation of Saturn's Rings
New research proposes that Saturn's largest moon, Titan, may have formed from the collision of two older moons, potentially linking this event to the creation of Saturn's spectacular ring system. The study, reported in the Planetary Science Journal, utilizes computer simulations to explore the dynamics of Saturn's moons and their interactions, suggesting that Titan's merger could explain its unique orbit and the age of the rings, estimated to be around 100 million years.
NASA's Artemis 2 Mission Update
Following the recent scrubbing of the Artemis 2 launch due to hydrogen leaks, NASA has made significant repairs and is preparing for another attempt. Engineers have replaced seals in the mobile launcher's umbilical area and are conducting further testing to ensure the rocket's readiness. With multiple launch windows available in March, the Artemis 2 mission aims to test key systems aboard the Orion spacecraft, setting the stage for future lunar exploration and the eventual return of humans to the Moon.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Physical Review D, Planetary Science Journal
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support.
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the formation of the universe's most enigmatic objects, explore the origins of Saturn's iconic rings, and get updates on NASA's Artemis 2 mission.
Black Holes and Exotic Cosmic Structures
A groundbreaking study suggests that some of the universe's most exotic entities, including black holes and cannibal stars, may have formed just seconds after the Big Bang. Researchers from the International School of Advanced Studies propose that subatomic particles condensed into halos of matter, which then collapsed to create these fascinating cosmic structures. Their findings, published in Physical Review D, indicate that even in the earliest moments of the universe, complex physical phenomena were already taking shape, paving the way for our understanding of cosmic evolution.
The Formation of Saturn's Rings
New research proposes that Saturn's largest moon, Titan, may have formed from the collision of two older moons, potentially linking this event to the creation of Saturn's spectacular ring system. The study, reported in the Planetary Science Journal, utilizes computer simulations to explore the dynamics of Saturn's moons and their interactions, suggesting that Titan's merger could explain its unique orbit and the age of the rings, estimated to be around 100 million years.
NASA's Artemis 2 Mission Update
Following the recent scrubbing of the Artemis 2 launch due to hydrogen leaks, NASA has made significant repairs and is preparing for another attempt. Engineers have replaced seals in the mobile launcher's umbilical area and are conducting further testing to ensure the rocket's readiness. With multiple launch windows available in March, the Artemis 2 mission aims to test key systems aboard the Orion spacecraft, setting the stage for future lunar exploration and the eventual return of humans to the Moon.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Physical Review D, Planetary Science Journal
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support.
The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
WEBVTT
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This is Spacetime Series twenty nine, episode twenty two for
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broadcasts in the twentieth February twenty twenty six. Coming up
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on space Time, Could the first black holes in the
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universe have formed within seconds of the Big Bang? A
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possible origin for Satin's iconic rings, and NASA getting ready
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for another Otamus two man moonlaunch attempt. All that and
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more coming up on space Time.
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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
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A new study claims that some of the universe's most
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exotic stuff, things like cannibal stars, black holes, and boson stars,
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could have formed within the first seconds of the birth
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of the cosmos in the Big Bang thirteen point eight
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billion years ago. The findings, reported in the journal Physical
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Review D suggest that before the first atoms came together
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less than a second after the Big Bang, subatomic particles
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might have condensed to form what they call halos of matter.
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These halos might then have collapsed, creating the first black holes,
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objects called boson stars, and even more exotic objects called
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cannibal stars. The studies authors from the International School of
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Advanced Studies based their work on the hypothesis proposed in
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some cosmological models, namely that the earliest phases of the
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universe's existence after the Big Bang saw what was a
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brief early matter dominated era, So the authors investigated how
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particles might have interacted with each other during this period.
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They discovered that such interactions could give rise to a
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surprising variety of extremely exotic cosmic objects, some of which
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we know and a lot which we don't. The study
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suggests that even during the very first instances of the
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Big Bang, the universe could have already been a stage
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for rich, complex physical phenomena. Recent advances in cosmology have
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made it possible to reconstruct in detail the history of
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the universe from its rapid initial expansion known as inflation,
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to primordial nucleosynthesis, the formation of the first atomic nuclei
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heavier than hydrogen, which occurred between ten seconds and twenty
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minutes after the Big Bang. The immediate period, however, remains
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largely unexplored. An intriguing possibility during this interval was that
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matta temporarily dominated the universe. In this scenario, mata halos
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can naturally be formed, and if these particles could interact
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with one another, then the interactions could lead to a
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gravitherrmal collapse. Resulting in compact objects such as black holes
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and other exotic cosmic structures. Among these compact objects, the
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author suggests that cannibal stars could have been formed. Now.
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A cannibal star is similar to a traditional star, except
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that its particles self annihilate instead of causing the nuclear
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fusion that powers normal stars. At the same time, the
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authors also suggest circulled boson stars may have formed. These
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involved the quantum nature of particles supporting the star itself. Now,
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these stars may all have populated the newborn universe for
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only a few seconds before collapsing further the form primordial
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black holes. Now. Alternatively, the primordial black holes could have
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formed directly from the collapse of the matter halos now.
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According to the study, the haloes formed during an early
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matter dominated era had relatively small masses smaller than around
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ten to the power of twenty eight grams, and following
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grabo thermal collapse could have generated even smaller primordial black holes.
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Now.
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Using a simplified theoretical model, the authors showed that in
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some cases primordial black holes might have overproduced, violating observational constraints.
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In others, asteroid sized primordial black holes could have formed
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potentially accounting for all the dark matter in the universe today. Finally,
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some primordial black calls might have evaporated really quickly, disappearing
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before primordial nuclear synthesis could have taken place, that is,
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before the formation of light atoms such as hydrogen and helium.
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The authors say it'd be interesting to explore the formation
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of Cannibal stars and Boson stars in the present day
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universe through the collapse of self interacting dark matter halos
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and more. Speculative studying star formation and accretion in simple
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particle models could provide new insights into the complex astrophysical
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processes that shape our universe today. This is space time,
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still become a possible origin for Satin's iconic rings, and
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getting ready for another Artemis to Man moon launch attempt.
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All that and more still to come on space time.
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A new study suggests that Saturn's largest moon, Titan, could
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have formed from a collision between two older moons, and
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this event may also have been linked to the formation
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of Satin's iconic rings. The thirteen year mission of NASA's
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Cassini spacecraft and its European Space Agency Huygen's lander expanded
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science's understanding of the Saturnian System and some of its
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many moons, including Titan, where Huygens landed. Among those discoveries
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was the young age of Satin's spectacular ring system and
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the detection of Titan's rapidly shifting orbit. Now, a new
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study reported in the Plunetry Science Journal and on the
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pre press physics website archive dot org proposes a new
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explanation linking the formation of the Saturnian moons and rings,
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centering on the possibility that Titan is the product of
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a moon merger. Near the end of its mission, Gassini
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measured Satin's internal mass distribution, which governs the planet's slow
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spin axis wobble, or procession. For decades, scientists thought Saturn's
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processional period matched that of Neptune, enabling the two planets
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gravitational interactions to gradually tilt Satin, which lets us clearly
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see its rings. Later, as Jupiter and Saturn migrated out
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to the current orbital positions, their gravitational perturbations caused Neptune
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to be flung out of its original orbit and moved
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beyond Uranus into its current Arter Solar System position. Gassini's
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final trajectory showed Saturn's mass is slightly more concentrated at
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its center than what was expected, but that changes its
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precession rate, so it no longer matches that of Neptune now.
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To explain this, Situs proposed that Satin once had an
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extra moon, which was ejected after a close encounter with
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Titan and eventually broke up, forming Saturn's spectacular ring system.
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The study, led by the SETI Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute,
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used computer simulations that determine if an extra moon could
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get close enough to Satin to form the rings, but
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the models showed the most likely outcome was a collision
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of this extra moon with Titan. Now, Satin's small misshape
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and constantly tumbling moon, Hyperion has its orbit locked with
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that of Titan. The studies lead author match A. Cook
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from the City Institute, says Hyperion, the smallest among Satin's
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major moons, provided the most important clue about the history
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of the system. Cook says that in computer simulations where
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the extra moon became unstable, Hyperion was often lost, surviving
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only in rare cases. Cook and colleagues recognized that the
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Titan Hyperion lock is relatively young. Only a few hundred
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million years old, and this states to around the same
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period as when the extra moon would have disappeared. Perhaps
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Hyperion didn't survive this upheaval, but instead resulted from it.
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See if the extra moon merged with Titan, then it
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would likely have produced fragments knee Titan's orbit, and that's
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exactly where hyperion would have formed, and this provided the
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most important clue. The new model suggests that Titan form
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from a merger between two earlier moons, a sort of
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Prototitan nearly as large as Titan itself today, and a
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smaller proton Hyperion. Now this merger could well explain Titan's
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few impact craters, which would have been erased during the process,
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and Titan's eccentric orbit, which is now quickly becoming rounder
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suggest a recent disturbance from a possible proto hyperion. Before merging,
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Prototitan probably resembled Jupiter's Callisto, a created surface and lacking
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any atmosphere. The authors also found that before its disappearance,
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Proto Hyperion tilted the orbit of Saturn's distant moon Lapidus,
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solving another long standing mystery. Now, if the Titan we
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know today was formed through a merger. Where did the
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rings of Saturn come from? For earlier studies had suggested
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the rings were debris from collisions between medium sized moons
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luser into satin. That idea was later supported by simulations
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from the University of Edinburgh and NASA's Aims Research Center.
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They showed that most debris would reassemble into moons, but
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a fraction of debris would have been scaled it inwards,
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forming Saturn's rings. For years, it was thought that this
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inner moon collision was triggered by the Sun, but the
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new research finds that it was a further result from
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the Titan merger. See Titan's eccentric orbit would have destabilized
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the inner moons, a situation known as orbital resonance, where
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orbits a lion and gravitational influences increase. Titans expanding orbit
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sometimes creates these ratios, and the results for affected small
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emoons would be catastrophic. Their orbits would elongate, sending them
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towards collisions with their neighbors. While the timing of the
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second cataclysm is unclear, it must have occurred after Titan's merger,
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which is consistent with the rings estimated age of around
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one hundred million years this report from MAstV.
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Titan is surrounded by a partially transparent brown haze. Dark
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regions along Titan's equator are mostly dune fields. Brighter regions
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are highlands a few hundred meters high. Images taken from
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the Huygens probe show Titan's surface in more detail. The
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probe had spectrometers that measured small variations in the color
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of Titan's surface. Most of Titan's surface is brown. North
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of the landing site, a pair of parallel dark dunes
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stretch east west. A large highland of triangular shape lies
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to the northwest. Dark canyons a complicated network of channels
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where rivers of methane flowed at some time in the past.
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To the east of the landing site is a system
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of bright ridges standing out above the dark, dry lake bed.
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The ridges have intricate structures that tell stories about their past.
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The Huygens probe descended toward one of these ridges. Some
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regions were imaged with high resolution just before Huygens landed
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on Titan, especially the area to the west of the
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landing site. Most of Titan's surface is covered by dark
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organics that are produced in the atmosphere and slowly settled down.
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Bright spots may be exposed patches of water ice. While
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the probe rotated during the descent, its orientation after landing
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had the camera looking to the south. The camera saw
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a field of pebbles that were carried around by a
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river of methane in the past. Some pebbles are larger
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than a human hand. The descent immager spectral radiometer illuminated
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the surface, allowing spectral analysis. The lamp's spotlight stands out brightly.
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Since days on Titan are even darker than cloudy days
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on Earth, a little sunlight reaches Titan's surface due to
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its thick haze and large distance from the Sun.
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This is space time, still the calm getting ready for
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another possible launch of nassas Ittemis to man Moon mission,
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and later in the science report and you study shows
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that apes, just like people, have imaginations. Oh that and
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more still the calm on space time well in the
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work of last week scrubbing of the Artomus two man
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moon mission launched following hydrogen leaks discovered during a wet
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dress rehearsal at the Kennedy Space Center. NASA engineers have
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now replaced two seals in the tail service massed umbilical
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area of the mobile launcher, the location where the elevated
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hydrogen concentrations were detected during tanking. After draining the ninety
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eight meter tall Space Launch System SOLS rocket's cryogenic liquid
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hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants, technicians separated the rocket to
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ground interface plates and inspected the fueling lines before installing
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the new seals. Now, the same issue had developed during
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the Space Launch System's countdown for the unmanned Artomus I mission,
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which went round the Moon and back to Earth in
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twenty twenty two. The removed hardware from Artemis two is
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now being analyzed and additional testing will be conducted at
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NASA's Stenna Space Center in order to validate the repairs.
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NASA expects to reconnect the interfaces to the launch pad
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in the next few days. Changes planned for the next
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wet dress rehearsal, we'll see the Orion spacecraft's crew hatch
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closed prior to the test. A faulty valve and the
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hatch pressurization system was one of the other issues that
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came up during the test. That valve was replaced prior
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to the test. And it had to be retalked, adding
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additional time to the test, so the launch day closeout
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crew will not deploy to the pad and the crew
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axis arm will remain extended during the wet test. Also,
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two planned countdown holds, each gaining in additional thirty minutes,
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will be added to the pre launch rundown, providing more
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troubleshooting time and cleaner engineering data. NASA says none of
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these adjustments will affect launch day crew operations. Mission managers
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are now looking at other launch attempts in March, with
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five launch windows available during the month on the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth,
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and eleventh. If the mission can't make any of those dates,
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another launch window opens on April the first, with alternatives
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between April the third and the sixth, and again on
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April the thirtieth. Now, this wet dress rehearsal they're all
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working towards involves leading two point sixty five million liters
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of cryogetically cooled liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen into the
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rocket and then proceed with mimicking the final stages of
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the actual countdown, with automated systems taking control of countdown operations.
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Final checks of flight computers, engine bleed systems becoming operational
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ground support equipment all running, and the rocket itself transitioning
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to internal power with a countdown, then proceeding towards a
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simulated engine start. NASA last sent astronauts to the Moon
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during the Apollo era back in the nineteen sixties and seventies.
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The last humans to walk on the Moon were back
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in nineteen seventy two from the Apollo seventeen mission. The
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Artemis program aims to set the stage for returning humans
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to the Moon and providing a permanent presence on the
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lunar surface, including a new space station in cislunar orbit
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for the Lunar Gateway. Eventually, ittemists will send humans on
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longer missions to marsen Beyond. When it does finally launch,
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Ittemis two will test key systems aboard the rine SP basecraft,
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including its maneuverability and docking ability, its life support and
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radiation protection systems, its navigation systems, and its avionics. A
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number of experiments and the deployment of five satellites will
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also take place during the flight, which itself will travel
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