Nov. 7, 2025
Phosphine Mysteries and Lunar Returns: Unveiling Secrets of Wolf 1130C and the Moon
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore remarkable discoveries and hypotheses that could redefine our understanding of planetary atmospheres and our journey back to the Moon.
Phosphine Discovery in Brian Dwarf Wolf 1130C
For the first time, astronomers have detected phosphine in the atmosphere of the brown dwarf Wolf 1130C, raising intriguing questions about its presence and the chemistry of such celestial bodies. This discovery, reported in the journal Science, highlights the significance of phosphorus as a potential biosignature for life and challenges previous theories regarding the abundance of phosphine in other brown dwarfs and gas giants. The episode delves into the implications of this finding and what it means for our understanding of phosphorus chemistry in the universe.
A New Hypothesis for Planetary Water Formation
A groundbreaking hypothesis suggests that some planets may produce water during their formation through reactions between rocks and hydrogen under extreme pressure. This new perspective, discussed in the journal Nature, could explain the presence of liquid water on exoplanets located close to their host stars, challenging traditional views of water's origins. The episode examines the laboratory experiments that led to this hypothesis and its potential impact on our understanding of planetary habitability.
Preparing for Humanity's Return to the Moon
As NASA gears up for the Artemis 2 mission, which aims to send humans around the Moon, we discuss the significance of returning to the lunar south pole. This area is believed to contain more water than any other region on the Moon, making it a crucial target for future exploration. The episode highlights the advancements in technology and international collaboration that will pave the way for a sustained human presence on the Moon, furthering our exploration of the solar system.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Science
https://www.sciencemag.org/
Nature
https://www.nature.com/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Phosphine Discovery in Brian Dwarf Wolf 1130C
A New Hypothesis for Planetary Water Formation
Preparing for Humanity's Return to the Moon
The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
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This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, episode one hundred and
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thirty one, for broadcast on the seventh of November twenty
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twenty five. Coming up on Space Time, the detection of
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phosphoed in the brown dwarf atmosphere of raising questions, a
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new hypothesis to explain how some planets get their water,
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and preparing for our return to the surface of the Moon.
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All that and more coming up on space Time.
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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
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Astronomers have for the first time discovered phostpheed in the
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atmosphere of the brown dwarf Wolf eleven thirty C. Phosphorus
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is one of the six key elements necessary for life
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on Earth, and when combined with hydrogen, phosphorus forms the
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molecular phosphene and explosive, highly toxic gas. But the new discovery,
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reported in the journal Science, raises questions about why this
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elusive gas isn't more prevalent in other brown dwarfs studied.
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Brown dwarfs are failed stars, objects which don't have enough
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mass to sustain the core hydrogen fusion process which makes
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stars like our sun shine. However, some brown dwarfs do
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fuse deterium or lithium under certain conditions. While many brown
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dwarfs are born as such, others start their lives as
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spectral type M red dwarf stars, which have lost most
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of their mass during their evolution, thereby ceasing core fusion
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and turning them from red dwarfs into brown dwarfs.
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Brown dwarfs fit.
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In a category between the largest planets, which have about
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thirteen times the mass of Jupiter, and the smallest, spiritual
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type M red dwarf stars, which are about seventy five
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to eighty times the mass of Jupiter or about zero
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point zero eight solar masses. The Wolf eleven thirty ABC
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stars is located some fifty four light years away in
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the constellation of Signus the Swan. The brown dwarf Wolf
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eleven thirty C follows a wide orbit arount, a tight
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double star system composed of a red dwarf star Wolf
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eleven thirty A and a more massive white dwarf Wolf
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eleven thirty B. Wolf eleven thirty C has been a
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popular source for brown dwarf astronomers due to its low
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abundance of metals compared to the Sun. Astronomers call all
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elements other than hydrogen helium metals. Phosphine had previously been
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detected in the atmospheres of the gas giants Jupiter and Satin,
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and it's long been recognized as a possible biosignature for
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anaerobic life. That's because there are a few natural sources
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of this gas in the atmospheres of terrestrial rocky planets
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like the Earth. In fact, on Earth, phosphine is a
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byproduct of decaying organic swamp matter. Phosphine was detected in
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the atmosphere of Wolf eleven thirty C using observations obtained
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by the web Space Telescope, the first timelescope with the
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sensitivity to look at these celestial objects in detail. The mystery, however,
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is not why phosphine was found, but why it's missing
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in other brown dwarfs and gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. The
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studies lead author Adam berg Asser from the University of California,
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San Diego, says understanding this problem with phosphine is one
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of his team's first goals. In the hydrogen rich atmospheres
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of gas giant planets like Satin and Jupiter, phosphine forms naturally.
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As such, scientists have long predicted that phosphine shall also
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be present in the atmospheres of gas giants orbiting other
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stars and in their more massive cousins, brown dwarfs. Yet
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phosphine has largely alluded detection even prior to the WEB observations,
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and that suggests problems with sciences understanding of phosphorus chemistry.
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Prior to WEB, phosphine was expected to be abundant in
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exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres following theoretical predictions based on
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the turbulent mixing that occurs in these bodies. But every
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observation obtained with WEB challenged this theoretical prediction. That was
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until Wolf eleven thirty C. Unlike other brown dwarves, Bergas
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Are and colleagues easily spotted phosphine in Wolf eleven thirty
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SS infrared spectral data. To fully understand the implications of
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their findings, the author is needed to quantify the abundances
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of this gas in the brown dwarf's atmosphere. The authors
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used a modeling technique known as atmosphere retrievals. This uses
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the WEB data to determine how much of each molecular
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gas species should be in the atmosphere. The models showed
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that abundant phosphine was in Wolf eleven thirty C at
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the predicted theoretical abundances of about one hundred parts per billion,
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but it raises an issue why is phosphine present in
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the atmosphere of this specific brown dwarf and not others.
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One possibility is the low abundance of metals in Wolf
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eleven thirty ce's atmosphere, which may change its underlying chemistry.
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It may be that under normal conditions, phosphorus is bound
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up in other molecules, such as phosphorus trioxide, but in
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the middle of depleted atmosphere of Wolf eleven thirty C,
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there isn't enough oxygen to take up the phosphorus, allowing
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phosphine to form from the abundant hydrogen instead. Another possibility
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is that the phosphorus was generated locally in the Wolf
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eleven thirty ABC system, specifically by its white dwarf binary
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Wolf eleven thirty B. A white dwarf is the leftover
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core of a sun like star that's finished fusing hydrogen.
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They're so dense that when they create material on their surface,
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they can undergo runaway nuclear reactions, which astronomers detectors nervae.
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While astronomers haven't seen any evidence of such events in
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the Wolf eleven thirty ABC system in recent history, nerveate
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typically of outburst cycles which could be thousands to tens
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of thousands of years long. And this system has only
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been known for just over a century, and so early
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unseen outbursts could have left a legacy of phosphorus pollution.
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Earlier studies have proposed that a significant fraction of phosphorus
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in the Milky Way could have been synthesized by this
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very process. Understanding why this one brown dwarf show is
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such a clear signature for phosphine may lead to new
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insights into the synthesis of phosphorus in the Milky Way
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and its chemistry in planetary atmospheres. This is space time
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still to come, a new hypothesis to explain how some
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planets get their water, and preparing for our return of
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humans to the Moon. All that and more still to
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come on space time. A new study claims that some
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planets may produce water during their formation through reactions between
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their rocks and hydrogen under pressure. The findings, reported in
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the journal Nature, offer new insights and so why some
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exoplanets have water on their surfaces. The presence of water
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is a key ingredient in determine a planet's habitability, and
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water has been thought to form through condensation from space
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as ice or snow at low temperatures. Its process has
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typically been observed in exit planets between the size of
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Earth and Neptune, which are located far away from the
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host stars. However, NASA's Kepler mission It's found exit planets
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between the sizes of Earth and Neptune with liquid water
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that orbits close to the host stars, calling this process
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into question. The new hypothesis follows laboratory experiments using pulsed
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lasers and high pressure to heat rock samples. The authors
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found that hydrogen reacted with melted silicates from the rocks,
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releasing oxygen that bonded with leftover hydrogen to form water.
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This reaction could occur in the high pressure, high temperature
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core envelope boundary of exoplanets larger than Earth, places where
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the denser rocky core meets an outer envelope of gaseous
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elements over billions of years. However, the speed of these
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reactions is determined by how much hydrogen is available and
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how the core envelope boundary would be this is space
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time still to come preparing for humanity's return to the
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surface of the Moon, and later in the Science report,
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a new way to make chocolate taste even better. All
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that and more still to come on space time. More
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than half a century ago, humans stepped onto the Moon
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for the first time in a set of sorties that
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awed the world, and now they're finally preparing to go back.
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NASA's Artemis two mission was sent a crew of four
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around the Moon in April next year, although that could
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take place as soon as February, and that will hopefully
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be followed by Artemis three, which will land people at
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the Luna South Pole in twenty twenty seven. Over the
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years since those first Apollo missions, astronomers have explored our
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Solar System with robotic scouts and established a permanent human
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presence in space with the International Space Station. Now, Earth
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space agencies are looking to return to the Moon at
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a very different landing location from where the Apollo missions
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touched down more than half a century ago, the Lunar
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South Pole, Ach and Basin see. The five Apollo missions
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all landed in areas that corresponded roughly with the darker
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spots visible on the lunar surface. The samples of lunar
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rocks the astronauts brought back to Earth are still being
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investigated and analyzed by researchers all over the world, and
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new discoveries are being made as lab techniques improved to
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advance sciences understanding of the Moon's creation evolution. NASA, the
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European Space Agency, and the Chinese are targeting the Moon's
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southern regions because it's thought to be an area which
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contains more water than any other region on the lunar surface.
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Water is important because it can be broken down into
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hydrogen and oxygen, used for breathing and drinking, but also
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as rocket propellant. This report from a TV.
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The European Space Agency is working to take humans beyond
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low Earth orbit and deeper into the Cosmos. Our next
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destination on this journey is the Moon. The nineteen sixties
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and seventies were an incredible era for space exploration. The
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range of missions from the United States took close up
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images of the Moon before eventually impacting the surface. NASAs
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Surveyor missions demonstrated a controlled soft landing at the surface
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of the Moon and tested the properties of lunar soil
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to prepare for future human missions. A series of Soviet
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landers and rovers visited a number of locations, performing scientific investigations,
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driving across the surface and returning samples to Earth. But
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the pinnacle of this period of exploration was Apollo and
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the arrival of humans at the surface of another Solar
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System body for the first and only time in history.
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Looking back now, though, we see that only a tiny
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fraction of the Moon's surface has been explored, all on
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the side of the Moon that faces the Earth and
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in a region close to the equator. We've also discovered
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that all of the samples we have returned to Earth
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are from an unusual region with a complex and exotic
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chemistry of potassium, phosphor and rare Earth elements such as thorium.
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The vast majority of the Moon has yet to be explored,
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including the entire far side. One thing that we can
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say for certain is that if we want to understand
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the Moon, then we need to go back there. Now.
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After decades of waiting and our Marder emissions from around
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the world have returned to explore the Moon from orbit.
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Looking down from above, these missions are providing a wealth
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of new data, bringing a new understanding and raising new questions.
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They are giving us a global insight. The next destination
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will be the extreme and alien landscape of the lunar
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South Pole. Here we find areas of permanent darkness and
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extreme cold where water, ice, and other chemicals can become trapped.
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And as we come up from these lowlands, we see
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towering peaks basking in near constant light. On these polar mountains,
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the sun rarely sets below the horizon, providing the potential
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for near continuous solar power and a spectacular view over
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the rugged and cratered landscape below. In two thousand nine,
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the l Cross mission blasted water and other chemicals out
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of a permanently dark crater in the south Polar region,
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allowing it to be observed by nearby spacecraft for the
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very first time. We also now know that there are
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nearby locations with similar cold conditions. Is there water here too?
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If so, how much is there, where did it come from?
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And what can it teach us about the origins of
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water and life forming chemistry on Earth. This water may
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have been delivered by comets and asteroids impacting into the
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surface over billions of years. It may even have been
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created at the surface of the Moon. We now know
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that protons thrown out by the Sun in the solar
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wind arrive at the lunar surface. Here they react with
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oxygen in minerals to create a thin layer of water.
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These water molecules can be lifted by the Sun's heat
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before falling again to the surface. Over time, these particles
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may move to the polar regions, where they are trapped
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by the cold conditions. And as we stand at the
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Pole with the Earth in view, we can point our
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antennas to the sky to search for faint signals from
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deep out in space. But radio noise from the Earth
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is too loud and blocks out many cosmic radio sources.
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But as we move over the horizon, the Earth sets
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out of view, the noise disappears, and a new kind
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of radio sky emerges. We see our galaxy and the
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planets as never before, and beyond a quiet radio hum
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A signal from the cosmic dark ages more than thirteen
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billion years ago, when the first cosmic structures were formed,
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formed by a powerful impact around four billion years ago,
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the South Pole ache in Basin. Many believe that its
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formation marks the star part of a dramatic period of
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bombardment onto the Earth and the Moon, an era called
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the cataclysm. This era is recorded on the Moon's scarred surface,
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and its end coincides with the appearance of the earliest
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observed traces of life on Earth. In the coming years,
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we will see explorers at the lunar poles exploiting the
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extended sunlight for power and performing research to benefit life
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on Earth and to understand our place and the universe.
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This will begin with small robotic missions to understand the
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environment and prove new technologies to pave the way for
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the future. We will then move on to increasing the
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ambitious missions, with humans and robots working together, learning to
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live and work at the surface, and performing new and
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important scientific research. Eventually, we will see a sustained infrastructure
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