March 29, 2026

NASA's Moon Base Ignition: A New Era in Lunar Exploration

NASA's Moon Base Ignition: A New Era in Lunar Exploration
Spotify podcast player badge
Apple Podcasts podcast player badge
Youtube Music podcast player badge
iHeartRadio podcast player badge
Spreaker podcast player badge
PocketCasts podcast player badge
Amazon Music podcast player badge
YouTube podcast player badge
Castbox podcast player badge
Deezer podcast player badge
TuneIn podcast player badge
Rumble podcast player badge
Overcast podcast player badge
Podcast Addict podcast player badge
Podchaser podcast player badge
JioSaavn podcast player badge
Castro podcast player badge
RSS Feed podcast player badge
Spotify podcast player iconApple Podcasts podcast player iconYoutube Music podcast player iconiHeartRadio podcast player iconSpreaker podcast player iconPocketCasts podcast player iconAmazon Music podcast player iconYouTube podcast player iconCastbox podcast player iconDeezer podcast player iconTuneIn podcast player iconRumble podcast player iconOvercast podcast player iconPodcast Addict podcast player iconPodchaser podcast player iconJioSaavn podcast player iconCastro podcast player iconRSS Feed podcast player icon
Season 29
SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 38 *Gateway space station axed in favour of a base on the Moon – Part 1 In this special report, we’ll look at NASA’s decision to pause construction of the Lunar Gateway space station project in favour of accelerating plans to build a permanent base at the Moon’s south pole. Forget everything you’ve heard until now! NASA is shifting focus totally on a new endeavour named Ignition which is designed to achieve US President Donald Trump’s National Space Policy with the aim of establishing a permanent human presence on the Moon. The seven year 20 billion dollar project will see more than thirty spacecraft sent to the Moon to deploy rovers, equipment, habitat modules and of course people. *A New Artemis Mission As part of these changes the cadence of Artemis flights to the Moon will increase to at least one surface landing every year. And the configuration of the 98 metre tall SLS Space Launch System moon rocket will be standardised with the use of a Centaur V upper stage replacing both the current Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage and the planned Exploration Upper Stage. *Cosmonauts forced take control of a Russian Progress cargo ship Cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station were forced to take control of a Russian Progress cargo ship and dock the spacecraft manually after two of its KURS automated rendezvous antennas failed to deploy. *The Science Report Planet Earth has just experienced its 11 hottest years on record. Scientist have created a novel organism which has developed a primitive nervous system. Study shows people have been living with dogs as companions for over 14 thousand years. Skeptics guide to the ghost face in the northern lights

Our Guests This Week: NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman Dr. Lori Glaze acting associate administrator for NASA's Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate Carlos Garcia-Galan program executive in charge of NASA’s Moon Base Project. Jasmin Plattner from ZARM -- the Center for Applied Space Technology and Microgravity ZARM research scientist Tiago Ramalho from the University of Bremen. And our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌ If you’d like to support the podcast and gain access to bonus content by becoming a SpaceTime crew member, you can do just that through premium versions on Patreon, Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Details on the Support page on our website https://www.bitesz.com/show/spacetime/support/ For more SpaceTime and show links: https://linktr.ee/biteszHQ

The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.

WEBVTT

1
00:00:00.240 --> 00:00:03.680
This is Spacetime Series twenty nine, Episode thirty eight, for

2
00:00:03.799 --> 00:00:07.440
broadcast on the thirtieth of March twenty twenty six. Coming

3
00:00:07.519 --> 00:00:12.199
up on space Time, huge changes as NASA's Gateway space

4
00:00:12.279 --> 00:00:15.640
Station project is axed in favor of a base on

5
00:00:15.679 --> 00:00:19.239
the Moon. The changes mean new missions for the Artemis

6
00:00:19.280 --> 00:00:23.359
program and cosmonauts forced to take control of a Russian

7
00:00:23.399 --> 00:00:27.239
Progress cargo ship. All that and more coming up on

8
00:00:27.320 --> 00:00:28.039
space Time.

9
00:00:29.519 --> 00:00:52.759
Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.

10
00:00:48.799 --> 00:00:51.280
And we begin tonight show with the first of a

11
00:00:51.320 --> 00:00:54.920
special two part report looking at NASA's decision to pause

12
00:00:54.960 --> 00:00:58.679
construction of the Lunar Gateway space Station project in favor

13
00:00:58.679 --> 00:01:01.920
of accelerating plans to build a permanent base at the

14
00:01:01.920 --> 00:01:06.319
moon South Pole. Forget everything you've heard until now, NASA

15
00:01:06.439 --> 00:01:09.680
a shifting focus totally on a new endeavor named Ignition,

16
00:01:09.840 --> 00:01:13.159
which is designed to achieve US President Donald Trump's National

17
00:01:13.200 --> 00:01:16.879
Space Policy the aim of establishing a permanent human presence

18
00:01:16.959 --> 00:01:20.920
on the lunar surface. The seven year, twenty plus billion

19
00:01:20.959 --> 00:01:24.840
dollar project will see will Over sixty spacecraft center the Moon,

20
00:01:25.000 --> 00:01:29.799
deploying rovers, equipment, habitat modules, and of course people. NASA

21
00:01:29.840 --> 00:01:33.840
Administrator Jared Isacman says the agency is committed to returning

22
00:01:33.879 --> 00:01:36.680
to the Moon before the end of President Trump's term,

23
00:01:36.959 --> 00:01:39.840
build a moon base at the lunar South Pole, establish

24
00:01:39.879 --> 00:01:42.840
and enduring presence, and do the other things needed to

25
00:01:43.159 --> 00:01:47.719
ensure American leadership in space. Isacman says, the clock is

26
00:01:47.799 --> 00:01:51.000
running and success or failure will be measured in months

27
00:01:51.280 --> 00:01:52.040
nine years.

28
00:01:52.280 --> 00:01:54.959
Artemis two in the days ahead will send NASA and

29
00:01:54.959 --> 00:01:58.239
a CSA astronaut into the lunar environment, the first crude

30
00:01:58.239 --> 00:02:00.640
step of the Artemis program to pick up where Gene,

31
00:02:00.680 --> 00:02:03.519
Harrison and Ronald left off on Apollo seventeen. At the

32
00:02:03.560 --> 00:02:06.439
same time, we are standardizing the SLS architecture with the

33
00:02:06.480 --> 00:02:09.919
Center five Upper stage. We're rebuilding and focusing expertise on

34
00:02:10.080 --> 00:02:13.560
mL one pad turnaround, and establishing the muscle memory required

35
00:02:13.599 --> 00:02:16.639
to support a higher launch cadence. The programs we left

36
00:02:16.680 --> 00:02:19.439
behind in this effort were not success stories. NASA takes

37
00:02:19.439 --> 00:02:23.080
ownership for the shortcomings, but contributings billions more and time

38
00:02:23.159 --> 00:02:25.800
that we do not have was not a pathway to success.

39
00:02:25.960 --> 00:02:28.360
As we move forward, we intend to launch Artemis three

40
00:02:28.360 --> 00:02:31.080
in twenty twenty seven to test the integrated operations of

41
00:02:31.080 --> 00:02:33.919
Orion and One are both lunar landers in Earth orbit.

42
00:02:34.000 --> 00:02:36.520
What we learned from that mission will ideally give us

43
00:02:36.599 --> 00:02:39.439
the confidence to begin lunar landing attempts starting with Artemis

44
00:02:39.439 --> 00:02:41.879
four in twenty twenty eight. I'm pleased with the proposals

45
00:02:41.879 --> 00:02:44.479
from both SpaceX and Blue Origin to accelerate progress on

46
00:02:44.520 --> 00:02:47.879
their landers alongside Axiom on the EVA suit development. Should

47
00:02:47.879 --> 00:02:50.319
we fail and should we look on as our rivals

48
00:02:50.400 --> 00:02:52.800
achieve their lunar goals ahead of our own, We are

49
00:02:52.840 --> 00:02:56.240
not going to celebrate our adherents to access requirements, policy

50
00:02:56.280 --> 00:02:59.960
or bureaucratic process. This revised, step by step approach to learn,

51
00:03:00.080 --> 00:03:02.639
to build muscle memory, to bring down risk and gain

52
00:03:02.759 --> 00:03:05.560
confidence is exactly how NASA achieved the near impossible in

53
00:03:05.599 --> 00:03:07.960
the nineteen sixties. But this time the goal is not

54
00:03:08.080 --> 00:03:11.080
flags and footprints. This time the goal is to stay. Today,

55
00:03:11.080 --> 00:03:14.120
we are providing a demand signal for frequent crude missions

56
00:03:14.120 --> 00:03:16.599
well beyond Artemis five. We intend to work with no

57
00:03:16.680 --> 00:03:19.159
fewer than two launch providers with the aim of crude

58
00:03:19.240 --> 00:03:22.840
landings every six months, with additional opportunities for new entrants

59
00:03:23.000 --> 00:03:25.639
in the years ahead. America will never again give up

60
00:03:25.680 --> 00:03:27.840
the moon that brings us to the next step building

61
00:03:27.840 --> 00:03:30.400
the Moon base. It should not really surprise anyone that

62
00:03:30.439 --> 00:03:33.000
we are pausing Gateway in its current form and focusing

63
00:03:33.039 --> 00:03:36.960
on infrastructure that supports sustained operations on the lunar surface.

64
00:03:37.039 --> 00:03:39.520
Despite some of the very real hardware and schedule challenges,

65
00:03:39.599 --> 00:03:43.280
we can repurpose equipment and international partner commitments to support

66
00:03:43.439 --> 00:03:46.639
surface and other program objectives. It's worth pointing out that

67
00:03:46.719 --> 00:03:49.680
shifting NASA workforce priority to the surface, which has lots

68
00:03:49.680 --> 00:03:52.919
of advantages for safety, tech demonstration, and science, it's really

69
00:03:52.960 --> 00:03:55.960
the proving ground for future Mars initiatives, does not preclude

70
00:03:56.039 --> 00:03:58.719
revisiting the orbital outpost in the future. We will build

71
00:03:58.759 --> 00:04:01.520
the moon base in three phases. Phase one endeavors to

72
00:04:01.520 --> 00:04:04.919
support industry by moving from infrequent bespoke efforts to a

73
00:04:05.000 --> 00:04:08.800
templated approach that will generate significant learning through experimentation. We

74
00:04:08.840 --> 00:04:11.520
will dramatically expand lunar landings through the CLIPS in the

75
00:04:11.599 --> 00:04:15.840
LTV program, delivering rovers instruments and technology payloads the test

76
00:04:15.879 --> 00:04:19.040
mobility power systems, such as working with international partners and

77
00:04:19.079 --> 00:04:23.120
industry on the production of RUSE and RTGs, communications, navigation,

78
00:04:23.319 --> 00:04:25.800
surface operations, and all the science.

79
00:04:25.480 --> 00:04:26.959
Payload that can be incorporated.

80
00:04:27.079 --> 00:04:31.199
Phase two transitions from experimentation to semi habitable infrastructure and

81
00:04:31.319 --> 00:04:34.680
routine logistics, with the aim of supporting regular astronaut operations

82
00:04:34.680 --> 00:04:37.279
on the surface. It's at this point we anticipate seeing

83
00:04:37.279 --> 00:04:41.399
the significant contributions from our great partners, like Jackson's pressurized rover.

84
00:04:41.519 --> 00:04:44.160
Phase three takes advantage of the affordable mass to surface

85
00:04:44.199 --> 00:04:47.800
capabilities that cargo hls will inevitably provide in the years ahead,

86
00:04:47.839 --> 00:04:51.839
and enables the permanent infrastructure necessary to sustain a human presence,

87
00:04:51.920 --> 00:04:55.360
such as Italy's proposed habitation module. The Moon base will

88
00:04:55.399 --> 00:04:58.560
not appear overnight. We will invest approximately twenty billion dollars

89
00:04:58.600 --> 00:05:00.800
over the next seven years and build that through dozens

90
00:05:00.839 --> 00:05:04.279
of missions, working together with commercial and international partners, towards

91
00:05:04.279 --> 00:05:06.000
a deliberate and achievable plan.

92
00:05:06.319 --> 00:05:08.279
Just as there was mercury Inngemity.

93
00:05:07.879 --> 00:05:10.959
Before Apollo, there will be an evolutionary path to building

94
00:05:11.000 --> 00:05:14.240
humanity's first permanent surface outposts beyond Earth, and we will

95
00:05:14.279 --> 00:05:16.800
take the world along with us as they follow along

96
00:05:16.839 --> 00:05:19.399
on the NASA Moon based website and watch the assembly

97
00:05:19.439 --> 00:05:22.519
through lunar relay and observation satellites. At the same time,

98
00:05:22.720 --> 00:05:25.199
NASA will never give up its presence in lower thorbit.

99
00:05:25.240 --> 00:05:27.879
The International Space Station has served humanity well, but it

100
00:05:27.879 --> 00:05:31.319
will not operate forever. The transition to commercial stations must

101
00:05:31.360 --> 00:05:34.439
be thoughtful and set up industry for success now, regardless

102
00:05:34.439 --> 00:05:37.160
of the pathway, NASA will invest the limited budget available

103
00:05:37.199 --> 00:05:39.759
over the years to work with commercial providers to build

104
00:05:39.759 --> 00:05:44.040
the future LEO presence, which includes maturing capabilities, expanding commercial

105
00:05:44.079 --> 00:05:46.959
opportunities through the PAM program, while creating what we hope

106
00:05:46.959 --> 00:05:50.600
is an achievable glidepath to commercially operated space stations. We

107
00:05:50.639 --> 00:05:52.879
will further signal demand for what we hope will be

108
00:05:52.959 --> 00:05:56.839
multiple crew and cargo transportation providers to support LEO requirements

109
00:05:56.839 --> 00:05:59.639
for decades into the future. Now, NASA cannot force an

110
00:05:59.720 --> 00:06:02.240
orbital economy to exist, for we will certainly do all

111
00:06:02.240 --> 00:06:03.199
we can to ignite one.

112
00:06:03.399 --> 00:06:08.160
That's NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman. The urgency comes as Beijing

113
00:06:08.240 --> 00:06:11.040
moves forward with its own Man Moon program, which it

114
00:06:11.120 --> 00:06:14.079
claims will see tigernaughts walking on the lunar surface by

115
00:06:14.120 --> 00:06:17.680
twenty thirty, and that'll be followed shortly thereafter by a

116
00:06:17.800 --> 00:06:21.160
joint SONO Russian base built at the Luna South Pole.

117
00:06:22.040 --> 00:06:41.240
This is space time, as his latest announcement follows on

118
00:06:41.360 --> 00:06:44.279
from the recent changes to the Artemis program, which will

119
00:06:44.319 --> 00:06:47.439
see next year's Artemis three mission change from a manned

120
00:06:47.519 --> 00:06:50.199
lunar landing to a test flight in low Earth orbit,

121
00:06:50.399 --> 00:06:53.680
with Artemis four to now host the long awaited return

122
00:06:53.720 --> 00:06:56.800
of humans of the lunar surface early in twenty twenty eight.

123
00:06:57.079 --> 00:07:00.199
That's some fifty six years after man last will on

124
00:07:00.240 --> 00:07:03.120
the Moon during the Apollo seventeen mission back in nineteen

125
00:07:03.199 --> 00:07:06.800
seventy two. As part of these changes, the cadence of

126
00:07:06.839 --> 00:07:09.519
Atomis flights to the Moon will increase to at least

127
00:07:09.560 --> 00:07:13.079
one surface landing every year, and the configuration of the

128
00:07:13.160 --> 00:07:16.399
ninety eight meter tall SOLS Space Launch System Moon rocket

129
00:07:16.480 --> 00:07:19.959
will be standardized with the use of Centaur upper stages

130
00:07:20.079 --> 00:07:23.680
to replace both the current interim cryogenic propulsion stage and

131
00:07:23.720 --> 00:07:29.319
the planned Expiration upper stage. Laurie Glaze, acting Associate Administrative

132
00:07:29.360 --> 00:07:33.279
for NASA's Expiration Systems Development Mission Directorate, says following the

133
00:07:33.319 --> 00:07:36.199
success of the unmanned Atomis one mission back in twenty

134
00:07:36.240 --> 00:07:39.959
twenty two, work on Atomus two is proceeding smoothly. For

135
00:07:40.000 --> 00:07:41.279
this week's launch.

136
00:07:41.079 --> 00:07:44.319
Artemis two, as we all are aware, will demonstrate Orian

137
00:07:44.399 --> 00:07:48.399
crude operations, including critical tests of environmental control and life

138
00:07:48.399 --> 00:07:52.079
support systems, manual spacecraft maneuvering as part of a proximity

139
00:07:52.120 --> 00:07:56.839
operations demonstration prior to the translunar injection. Artemis three is

140
00:07:56.879 --> 00:08:01.000
now being replanned as an Earth orbit test flight, demonstrating

141
00:08:01.040 --> 00:08:05.839
integrated launches with rendezvous and docking demonstrations with one or

142
00:08:06.160 --> 00:08:10.040
both of the lander providers. Artemis four will perform the

143
00:08:10.079 --> 00:08:13.800
first crude landing in early twenty twenty eight, and Artemis

144
00:08:13.800 --> 00:08:16.800
five is targeted later in twenty twenty eight to further

145
00:08:16.959 --> 00:08:20.920
accelerate towards establishing the lunar base. I'm going to take

146
00:08:20.959 --> 00:08:23.600
a couple of moments to talk about Artemis two. This

147
00:08:23.639 --> 00:08:26.160
is the very first critical step in the success of

148
00:08:26.199 --> 00:08:29.480
this plan. We've got to successfully complete Artemis two. I

149
00:08:29.480 --> 00:08:31.480
can tell you I was just out at the pad

150
00:08:31.680 --> 00:08:34.960
last Friday as we rolled the spacecraft back out to

151
00:08:35.039 --> 00:08:37.840
the pad. We've been tracking it day by day in

152
00:08:37.879 --> 00:08:40.480
the preparations leading up to launch, and I can tell

153
00:08:40.519 --> 00:08:42.320
you that as of this moment right now, there are

154
00:08:42.320 --> 00:08:44.919
no major issues that we're working. We are doing everything

155
00:08:44.960 --> 00:08:47.519
according to plan. We're following the plan, and we'll also

156
00:08:47.559 --> 00:08:50.600
be saying alert for anything that may go a little austray.

157
00:08:50.720 --> 00:08:53.679
We want to assure that our astronauts are three American

158
00:08:53.759 --> 00:08:57.080
and Canadian crew are all safe for this mission. We've

159
00:08:57.120 --> 00:09:00.879
already passed our final big review, the flight Readiness Review,

160
00:09:01.200 --> 00:09:04.320
on March eleventh and twelfth, so that milestone is behind us,

161
00:09:04.399 --> 00:09:07.799
and we are now, as I said, aiming for April first.

162
00:09:07.879 --> 00:09:10.440
The launch window extends from the first through the sixth,

163
00:09:10.600 --> 00:09:14.120
and there should be about four attempts possible within that

164
00:09:14.200 --> 00:09:16.519
six day period. So I'll give you just a little

165
00:09:16.519 --> 00:09:19.480
bit about the mission plan for Artemis two. I like

166
00:09:19.559 --> 00:09:21.919
to basically break it up into about four phases.

167
00:09:21.919 --> 00:09:22.639
The first part of.

168
00:09:22.559 --> 00:09:24.639
The mission is the launch, and then we go into

169
00:09:24.679 --> 00:09:27.480
this twenty four hour high Earth orbit. While we're in

170
00:09:27.519 --> 00:09:29.840
that high Earth orbit, we are going to check out

171
00:09:29.919 --> 00:09:32.960
the environmental control and life support systems. This is the

172
00:09:32.960 --> 00:09:35.840
newest piece for Artemis two and the critical piece for

173
00:09:35.960 --> 00:09:39.000
supporting our crew and keeping them safe and healthy throughout

174
00:09:39.039 --> 00:09:41.600
the mission. While we're in that twenty four hour orbit,

175
00:09:41.679 --> 00:09:45.639
we will also conduct the proximity operations demonstration. Once we

176
00:09:45.679 --> 00:09:49.519
have separated from the ICPS, the interim cryogenic propulsion stage,

177
00:09:49.519 --> 00:09:52.480
our upper stage. We will use the manual controls in

178
00:09:52.519 --> 00:09:55.919
Orion to approach and then regress, and then approach the

179
00:09:56.519 --> 00:09:59.519
ICPS to see and get better feel for how those

180
00:09:59.639 --> 00:10:03.559
control respond to the cruise direction. Once we're confident that

181
00:10:03.639 --> 00:10:06.919
all the systems are operating within the Orion spacecraft, it's

182
00:10:06.919 --> 00:10:09.559
the completion of that twenty four hour orbit. We will

183
00:10:09.600 --> 00:10:12.679
perform the translunar injection, which sets us on the path

184
00:10:12.879 --> 00:10:15.240
to the Moon, around and back, where we'll use the

185
00:10:15.279 --> 00:10:18.200
Moon's gravity to bring us back. It's a free return trajectory,

186
00:10:18.440 --> 00:10:21.480
so that second phase is about four days out to

187
00:10:21.600 --> 00:10:23.960
the Moon, and then we have the third phase, which

188
00:10:24.039 --> 00:10:26.840
is the lunar flyby, where we'll get to observe the

189
00:10:26.919 --> 00:10:29.639
far side of the Moon and hopefully break the record,

190
00:10:29.720 --> 00:10:32.200
the Apollo record for the farthest any human has ever

191
00:10:32.240 --> 00:10:34.720
flown from Earth, and then we begin the cruise back

192
00:10:34.879 --> 00:10:37.759
about another four days back to Earth. The final part

193
00:10:37.799 --> 00:10:41.000
of the mission is the re entry to Earth's atmosphere

194
00:10:41.039 --> 00:10:43.519
and splash down off the coast of San Diego in

195
00:10:43.559 --> 00:10:46.399
the Pacific Ocean. We'll work closely with our partners at

196
00:10:46.399 --> 00:10:48.799
the Department of war to recover the crew, bring them

197
00:10:48.799 --> 00:10:51.360
safely to shore, and return them the Johnson Space Center.

198
00:10:51.639 --> 00:10:55.200
Artemis three, as we've mentioned, is now a new Earth

199
00:10:55.279 --> 00:10:58.600
orbit docking demonstration in twenty twenty seven. The hardware for

200
00:10:58.720 --> 00:11:01.840
Artemis three is very mature, and we're working to meet

201
00:11:01.879 --> 00:11:02.840
the twenty twenty.

202
00:11:02.600 --> 00:11:04.000
Seven launch readiness.

203
00:11:04.080 --> 00:11:06.960
As soon as we complete the launch of Artemis two,

204
00:11:07.240 --> 00:11:09.720
we will assess the condition of the mobile launch pad.

205
00:11:09.840 --> 00:11:13.639
We made significant changes to ruggedize the mobile launcher following

206
00:11:13.759 --> 00:11:16.480
Artemis one, and so we anticipate the ability to turn

207
00:11:16.519 --> 00:11:19.919
the pad around very quickly and begin preparations for stacking

208
00:11:19.919 --> 00:11:23.159
of the Artemis three rocket. The space launch system hardware,

209
00:11:23.360 --> 00:11:25.559
the rocket hardware, most of it. A lot of it's

210
00:11:25.600 --> 00:11:27.679
already at Kennedy's Space Center. We'll have a lot more

211
00:11:27.679 --> 00:11:30.480
of it there very very soon. The intern cryogenic propulsion

212
00:11:30.519 --> 00:11:34.039
stage on the ICPS is ready. We may need it

213
00:11:34.039 --> 00:11:36.559
for Artemis three, we may save it for Artemis.

214
00:11:36.200 --> 00:11:37.519
Four, but it is ready.

215
00:11:37.720 --> 00:11:40.159
The boosters, the solid rocket boosters, have been ready for

216
00:11:40.200 --> 00:11:42.080
a while. They were just waiting for space in the

217
00:11:42.159 --> 00:11:45.519
Vehicle Assembly building. We anticipate shipping those and receiving them

218
00:11:45.600 --> 00:11:49.639
at KSC in April. Later in April, the engine section

219
00:11:49.960 --> 00:11:53.080
for the core stage for Artemis three is already in

220
00:11:53.120 --> 00:11:56.559
the Vehicle Assembly Building undergoing integration work. The RS twenty

221
00:11:56.639 --> 00:11:59.039
five engines are ready and they're shipping in April. The

222
00:11:59.080 --> 00:12:02.200
top four to fifth of the Core Stage I should

223
00:12:02.200 --> 00:12:05.120
be shipping from the Mishute Assembly Facility week or two

224
00:12:05.159 --> 00:12:08.080
after the Artemis two mission completes. We expect to receive

225
00:12:08.120 --> 00:12:11.600
those down at Kennedy Space Center. The core stage the

226
00:12:11.679 --> 00:12:14.039
launch vehicle stage adapter is also ready in storage at

227
00:12:14.080 --> 00:12:16.480
Marshall Space Flight Center and we anticipate that shipping to

228
00:12:16.559 --> 00:12:19.799
KSC as well. Our Ryan team is also working hard

229
00:12:19.879 --> 00:12:21.960
to meet the challenge of a twenty twenty seven launch.

230
00:12:22.159 --> 00:12:25.759
All elements are already at the Neil Armstrong Operations in

231
00:12:25.840 --> 00:12:29.240
Checkout Building at Kennedy Space Center, and significant progress is

232
00:12:29.279 --> 00:12:33.200
already underway. The Orion Service Module is in testing and

233
00:12:33.320 --> 00:12:36.679
checkout making great progress. The heat shield has completed its

234
00:12:36.720 --> 00:12:41.000
fabrication and assembly and in its final preparations to be

235
00:12:41.080 --> 00:12:44.720
ready to be integrated into the Arian Crewe module. The

236
00:12:44.799 --> 00:12:48.080
service module is also being integrated and tested. So we've

237
00:12:48.080 --> 00:12:50.120
got the service module, the crew module, We've got all

238
00:12:50.120 --> 00:12:53.360
the piece parts. We are in that integration stage, of course.

239
00:12:53.360 --> 00:12:57.279
In order to perform this important docking demonstration, we are

240
00:12:57.279 --> 00:12:59.960
going to partner closely with both of our Human Landing

241
00:13:00.080 --> 00:13:02.919
System providers. The goal for this mission is for Orian

242
00:13:03.000 --> 00:13:05.480
to dock with one or both of those landers, and

243
00:13:05.639 --> 00:13:08.559
both of the HLS providers already have been given a

244
00:13:08.600 --> 00:13:11.360
task to assess the options for this new Artemis three

245
00:13:11.440 --> 00:13:15.399
mission profile. In preparations, we're watching closely the development of

246
00:13:15.519 --> 00:13:19.039
both lander systems. The Starship flight test number twelve we

247
00:13:19.279 --> 00:13:22.960
anticipate happening in April, hopefully no earlier than but hopefully

248
00:13:23.000 --> 00:13:25.320
in April, will be the first flight of their Version three,

249
00:13:25.399 --> 00:13:28.120
which is a major step towards the lunar landing capability

250
00:13:28.320 --> 00:13:31.879
of the Blue Origin Mark one, which is their predecessor

251
00:13:31.919 --> 00:13:34.399
to the Mark two human Lander. They've invested a great

252
00:13:34.440 --> 00:13:36.960
deal in the Mark one Lander and anticipate launching that

253
00:13:37.039 --> 00:13:39.080
within a few months, and we'll be watching.

254
00:13:39.120 --> 00:13:39.759
There's a lot of.

255
00:13:39.679 --> 00:13:43.320
Commonalities with the systems needed for the Human Lander that

256
00:13:43.360 --> 00:13:46.000
will buy down risk with this Mark one mission. Back

257
00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:49.159
in the fall of twenty twenty five, NASA already began

258
00:13:49.279 --> 00:13:52.159
working with both of the providers to accelerate the human

259
00:13:52.240 --> 00:13:53.559
landing to twenty twenty eight.

260
00:13:53.720 --> 00:13:55.519
Those accelerated landers.

261
00:13:55.159 --> 00:13:57.320
Are what we will be using for the Artemis three

262
00:13:57.320 --> 00:13:59.320
rendezvous and docking demonstration to.

263
00:13:59.279 --> 00:14:00.240
Buy down the risk.

264
00:14:00.679 --> 00:14:03.200
So as soon as the Administrator made his announcement, we

265
00:14:03.279 --> 00:14:07.600
began actively assessing the specifics of the mission profile and

266
00:14:07.639 --> 00:14:09.840
the objectives that can be addressed.

267
00:14:09.360 --> 00:14:10.080
In this mission.

268
00:14:10.360 --> 00:14:13.639
The new mission will endeavor to include a rendezvous and

269
00:14:13.759 --> 00:14:16.279
docking with one or both commercial landers, as I said

270
00:14:16.279 --> 00:14:19.000
from SpaceX and Blue Origin. It will include in space

271
00:14:19.120 --> 00:14:22.120
tests of the docked vehicles and integrated checkout of life

272
00:14:22.200 --> 00:14:27.200
support the docked vehicles, the communications and the propulsion systems.

273
00:14:27.399 --> 00:14:30.399
We also really hope to be able to include the new.

274
00:14:30.279 --> 00:14:33.799
Extra vehicular activity suits in the Landers to help reduce

275
00:14:33.840 --> 00:14:36.759
future risks on their development. Now, so we'll further define

276
00:14:36.759 --> 00:14:40.600
this test flight after we complete the detailed reviews that

277
00:14:40.679 --> 00:14:43.679
we are conducting right now actively between NASA and our

278
00:14:43.679 --> 00:14:46.679
industry partners, and the agency will of course share the

279
00:14:46.720 --> 00:14:50.519
specifics the specific objectives for the updated Artemis three mission

280
00:14:50.759 --> 00:14:53.799
very in the very very near future. The primary objectives

281
00:14:53.840 --> 00:14:57.000
that we're considering as part of this mission profile include

282
00:14:57.039 --> 00:14:59.879
things like demonstrating the multi launch campaign coordination.

283
00:15:00.080 --> 00:15:00.879
This is not simple.

284
00:15:00.919 --> 00:15:03.960
We need to have multiple rockets launching in a coordinated

285
00:15:04.000 --> 00:15:06.080
fashion such that we can all meet up together in

286
00:15:06.120 --> 00:15:08.399
space at the same time and place. Of course, the

287
00:15:08.399 --> 00:15:11.559
Orion rendezvous and proximity operations with the landers in orbits

288
00:15:11.600 --> 00:15:14.320
one of the primary objectives we want to work through

289
00:15:14.559 --> 00:15:18.039
crude docking operations. We would really like to test those

290
00:15:18.039 --> 00:15:22.440
surface suits if possible. We'll be testing the critical lander

291
00:15:22.480 --> 00:15:25.679
systems and lander vehicle performance while in Earth orbit, and

292
00:15:25.759 --> 00:15:28.320
we'll be looking at performance of the new Orion permeable

293
00:15:28.360 --> 00:15:31.080
heat shield. We have the new more permeable heat shield.

294
00:15:31.120 --> 00:15:34.039
We'll be flying on Orian for Artemis three, and while

295
00:15:34.120 --> 00:15:37.039
the Earth orbit won't put quite the demands on it

296
00:15:37.039 --> 00:15:39.200
that we would have returning from the Moon, we will

297
00:15:39.240 --> 00:15:41.919
gather important data on the performance of that heat shield.

298
00:15:42.080 --> 00:15:43.639
We'll also get practice.

299
00:15:43.279 --> 00:15:46.080
In increasing the mission cadence with a prompt turnaround of

300
00:15:46.120 --> 00:15:48.879
the pad and the ground systems really pushing that system

301
00:15:48.919 --> 00:15:52.200
to do a quick turnaround. With Artemis four in early

302
00:15:52.240 --> 00:15:55.000
twenty twenty eight, NASA has undertaken an effort to work

303
00:15:55.039 --> 00:15:58.200
with both of the HLS providers to request and assess

304
00:15:58.279 --> 00:16:03.159
their proposals to accelerate the lander development. This includes modifications

305
00:16:03.320 --> 00:16:07.519
to our requirements and then also to the surface of

306
00:16:07.639 --> 00:16:09.240
things that we want them to do on the surface

307
00:16:09.279 --> 00:16:11.799
and how we want them to work with us. We've

308
00:16:11.799 --> 00:16:15.240
got requirements to the hardware, the mission definitions, capabilities that

309
00:16:15.399 --> 00:16:16.720
enable us to move faster.

310
00:16:16.840 --> 00:16:19.080
We're really focusing on how can we move faster.

311
00:16:19.279 --> 00:16:22.120
The intent with this change, with trying to pull these

312
00:16:22.159 --> 00:16:24.360
forward and working with both for fighters is to fly

313
00:16:24.440 --> 00:16:27.799
with whichever provider is ready first. For twenty twenty seven,

314
00:16:27.919 --> 00:16:31.600
we've already made significant progress on the government side of

315
00:16:31.639 --> 00:16:33.919
the hardware that's required for Artemis.

316
00:16:33.480 --> 00:16:35.720
Four, both on the SOLS and the Orion.

317
00:16:35.960 --> 00:16:38.919
The solid rocket booster segments are complete, the apskirts for

318
00:16:38.960 --> 00:16:42.039
the boosters are in their final production. The core stage

319
00:16:42.080 --> 00:16:46.240
engine section for Artemis four is actually already at Kennedy

320
00:16:46.279 --> 00:16:48.879
Space Center. The RS twenty five engines are in storage,

321
00:16:48.960 --> 00:16:52.600
The top four fifths of the core stage are in

322
00:16:52.639 --> 00:16:56.200
their manufacturing at Mischuet Assembly Facility, and the Iran cru

323
00:16:56.279 --> 00:16:59.200
module is also in its final assembly at onc IT

324
00:16:59.320 --> 00:17:03.600
Kenny Space and the Orion service module that's provided by

325
00:17:03.600 --> 00:17:08.160
our European partners is also well into its integration at KC.

326
00:17:08.480 --> 00:17:12.000
As I mentioned, we only have one more ICPS. We're

327
00:17:12.079 --> 00:17:14.279
in the process of determining whether it would be used

328
00:17:14.279 --> 00:17:16.400
for Artemis three or four. But as part of the

329
00:17:16.440 --> 00:17:20.279
plan to standardize production of the transportation system, the exploration

330
00:17:20.359 --> 00:17:23.200
upper stage that was previously planned for Artemis four has

331
00:17:23.240 --> 00:17:25.920
been replaced with the Centaur five, which is a proven

332
00:17:26.039 --> 00:17:29.599
capability as part of the ULA Vulcan launch system. Right now,

333
00:17:29.680 --> 00:17:32.960
all of our programs are actively engaged in understanding what

334
00:17:33.079 --> 00:17:36.079
modifications will be needed to be implemented in order to

335
00:17:36.079 --> 00:17:39.400
transition from ICPS to the Centaur five upper stage.

336
00:17:39.480 --> 00:17:41.519
The new generation suits are.

337
00:17:41.400 --> 00:17:45.079
Being developed by Axiom to support NASA's lunar surface extra

338
00:17:45.160 --> 00:17:49.119
vehicular activities. This is a significant effort and critical to

339
00:17:49.160 --> 00:17:52.400
our ability to execute the first landed mission. NASA is

340
00:17:52.480 --> 00:17:56.559
accelerating this effort and we're providing direct support at Axiom

341
00:17:56.599 --> 00:18:01.200
facilities and suppliers to increase the collaboration excel rate hardware production.

342
00:18:01.440 --> 00:18:04.519
The Axiom suits are being planned for checkout, as I said,

343
00:18:04.519 --> 00:18:08.480
hopefully on Artemis three or possibly additionally on the ISS.

344
00:18:08.599 --> 00:18:10.920
The suits for the mission for Artemis four will be

345
00:18:10.960 --> 00:18:14.920
delivered to the Human landing system for integration. Again, both

346
00:18:14.960 --> 00:18:19.160
of our providers for Artemis four are working on simplifying

347
00:18:19.160 --> 00:18:23.759
their profiles to accelerate the initial landings and those surface capabilities.

348
00:18:23.960 --> 00:18:25.160
The primary goal.

349
00:18:25.240 --> 00:18:28.480
Of this mission for Artemis four is to execute the

350
00:18:28.519 --> 00:18:33.240
first crude landing since nineteen seventy two. While in orbit

351
00:18:33.319 --> 00:18:35.799
around the Moon, the crew will have two crew transfer

352
00:18:35.880 --> 00:18:39.039
from Orion to the commercial lander, which will safely transport

353
00:18:39.079 --> 00:18:41.200
those two crew to the surface of the Moon and

354
00:18:41.240 --> 00:18:44.039
then ultimately bring them back to rendezvous with Orion in

355
00:18:44.160 --> 00:18:46.960
lunar orbit. While they're on the Moon, the two crew

356
00:18:47.119 --> 00:18:51.160
will demonstrate surface operations, including deployment of science instruments and

357
00:18:51.200 --> 00:18:54.920
conducting an integrated surface science campaign. Both of the providers

358
00:18:55.039 --> 00:18:58.799
are required to complete a successful uncrewed landing prior to

359
00:18:58.880 --> 00:19:01.319
carrying any of our crew. We've been looking and talking

360
00:19:01.319 --> 00:19:05.200
with both of the providers. SpaceX has been considering alternatives

361
00:19:05.200 --> 00:19:08.720
of the HLS starship design while implementing a more streamlined

362
00:19:08.759 --> 00:19:11.200
approach to try and speed things up and pull things forward.

363
00:19:11.279 --> 00:19:14.599
The Blue Origin approach implements existing capabilities that they have

364
00:19:14.720 --> 00:19:18.440
today as a stepping stone toward their eventual full capacity architecture.

365
00:19:18.599 --> 00:19:21.599
We've asked both teams for feedback, how can we help

366
00:19:21.680 --> 00:19:23.319
simplify these missions and how.

367
00:19:23.200 --> 00:19:24.799
Can we speed up the landing?

368
00:19:24.960 --> 00:19:28.680
And the overarching themes that we've heard from both SpaceX

369
00:19:28.720 --> 00:19:32.000
and Blue Origin were, first off, can we please avoid

370
00:19:32.359 --> 00:19:35.720
the near rectilinear halo orbit? Can we please avoid RHO

371
00:19:36.079 --> 00:19:40.039
to help reduce the HLS workload, what's required of that system,

372
00:19:40.240 --> 00:19:44.359
and also improve lunar surface mission planning flexibility. We've also

373
00:19:44.440 --> 00:19:48.640
heard that simplifying the mission requirements for this initial mission

374
00:19:48.680 --> 00:19:51.960
while maintaining their long term capability is also a strong desire.

375
00:19:52.000 --> 00:19:54.079
We want to simplify, but we also want to make

376
00:19:54.079 --> 00:19:57.279
sure we're building towards the future, so it's important to

377
00:19:57.319 --> 00:19:59.680
assure that whatever architecture we're using.

378
00:19:59.440 --> 00:20:02.240
For our four feeds forward to what's going to be

379
00:20:02.319 --> 00:20:03.480
needed in the future.

380
00:20:03.799 --> 00:20:07.039
In response to the feedback that we've received from SpaceX

381
00:20:07.039 --> 00:20:10.440
and Blue Origin, we are indicating, and we have indicated

382
00:20:10.480 --> 00:20:12.240
to both of them, that we are open to other

383
00:20:12.559 --> 00:20:16.480
non RHO lunar orbits. Some of these orbits could reduce

384
00:20:16.519 --> 00:20:19.720
our crew risk with abord opportunities that are available in

385
00:20:19.880 --> 00:20:22.400
hours versus up to a week if we were in

386
00:20:22.559 --> 00:20:26.200
NRHO parking orbit. It also opens up flexibility and surface

387
00:20:26.200 --> 00:20:29.480
mission planning, allowing us perhaps access to different sites on

388
00:20:29.519 --> 00:20:32.359
the surface, or flexibility in the timing of when we land.

389
00:20:32.599 --> 00:20:34.680
The intent of offering alternate.

390
00:20:34.400 --> 00:20:37.559
Orbits is to balance the orion and lander performance by

391
00:20:37.559 --> 00:20:39.920
parking closer to the Moon and being able to have

392
00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:43.319
that more frequent or easier access. We're also looking at

393
00:20:43.400 --> 00:20:46.680
the surface requirements, trying to make them simple and sustainable.

394
00:20:46.880 --> 00:20:51.079
We're looking at more flexible surface planning that supports simplified interfaces,

395
00:20:51.160 --> 00:20:55.079
leading to accelerated development. Moving on to Artemis five, which

396
00:20:55.079 --> 00:20:57.880
would be the second landed mission in late twenty twenty eight,

397
00:20:57.920 --> 00:21:00.240
as we begin our preparations for a lunar base. Yes,

398
00:21:00.519 --> 00:21:04.799
there's significant hardware again already in development for Artemis five.

399
00:21:05.240 --> 00:21:08.119
Ryan Crewe Module European Service module. This one is in

400
00:21:08.200 --> 00:21:10.920
Germany still, but we expect it to be delivered next fall.

401
00:21:10.920 --> 00:21:14.680
They're on an excellent yearly cadence of providing those service modules.

402
00:21:15.079 --> 00:21:17.960
We've got engines in production, boosters and productions and the

403
00:21:17.960 --> 00:21:20.039
core stage already also in manufacturing.

404
00:21:20.160 --> 00:21:24.200
That's doctor Laurie Glaze, the acting Associate Administrator v NASA's

405
00:21:24.279 --> 00:21:29.880
Expiration Systems Development Mission, Directorate. Looking beyond ITEMUS five, NASA

406
00:21:29.920 --> 00:21:34.079
plans to incorporate more commercially obtained and reusable hardware in

407
00:21:34.200 --> 00:21:37.359
order to undertake more frequent man missions to the lunar surface,

408
00:21:37.559 --> 00:21:41.960
initially targeting and manned landing every six months. The ignission

409
00:21:42.000 --> 00:21:45.599
plan will see regular commercial lunar payload service or clip

410
00:21:45.640 --> 00:21:49.000
deliveries to the Moon, carrying a regular stream of new rovers,

411
00:21:49.039 --> 00:21:53.519
instruments and technology demonstrators in order to test mobility, power generation,

412
00:21:53.720 --> 00:21:59.519
including both radioisotope heeds and thermoelectric generators, communications and navigation systems,

413
00:21:59.640 --> 00:22:03.119
human habitat modules, and the commencement of both manned and

414
00:22:03.240 --> 00:22:08.400
automated scientific surface operations and construction work. More on this

415
00:22:08.680 --> 00:22:12.640
in our next episode of space Time. Still to Come.

416
00:22:13.079 --> 00:22:16.559
Cosmonauts forced to take control of a Russian Progress cargo ship,

417
00:22:16.759 --> 00:22:19.559
and later in the science report, a new study shows

418
00:22:19.599 --> 00:22:22.519
people have been living with dogs as companions for over

419
00:22:22.599 --> 00:22:25.920
fourteen thousand years. All that and more still to come

420
00:22:26.200 --> 00:22:45.720
on Space Time. Cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station were

421
00:22:45.759 --> 00:22:48.720
forced to take control of a Russian Progress cargo ship

422
00:22:48.720 --> 00:22:52.279
and Doctor spacecraft manually after two of its cur's automated

423
00:22:52.279 --> 00:22:56.039
rendezvous antennas failed to deploy once the vehicle was in orbit.

424
00:22:56.640 --> 00:22:59.640
The progress MS thirty three was successfully docked to the

425
00:22:59.680 --> 00:23:02.759
Russian space facing port of the Poist module after a

426
00:23:02.799 --> 00:23:05.680
thirty four orbit flight from the bikan Or Cosmodrome in

427
00:23:05.720 --> 00:23:09.920
the Central Asian Republic of Kazakhstan. The spacecraft is carrying

428
00:23:09.920 --> 00:23:12.640
some eight hundred and thirty kilograms of fuel, six hundred

429
00:23:12.640 --> 00:23:15.559
and twenty kilograms of food, four hundred and twenty kilograms

430
00:23:15.559 --> 00:23:18.599
of water, three hundred ninety three kilograms of spare parts,

431
00:23:18.640 --> 00:23:21.640
one hundred and thirty five kilograms of crew hygiene supplies,

432
00:23:21.799 --> 00:23:25.880
fifty two kilograms of space science equipment, fifty kilograms of air,

433
00:23:26.079 --> 00:23:30.119
and twelve kilograms of medical equipment. This was the first

434
00:23:30.200 --> 00:23:32.720
launch from Site thirty one at baik and All since

435
00:23:32.720 --> 00:23:35.079
the pad was badly damaged during the lift of of

436
00:23:35.119 --> 00:23:38.720
the SOE's MS twenty eight mission last November. Much of

437
00:23:38.759 --> 00:23:42.759
the infrastructure collapsed during the launch. The Russian Federal Space

438
00:23:42.799 --> 00:23:46.119
agency eros Cosmos initially claimed the damage was so bad

439
00:23:46.160 --> 00:23:48.319
it would take more than a year to repair and

440
00:23:48.400 --> 00:23:51.440
that would have prevented all manned Russian space missions. As

441
00:23:51.480 --> 00:23:53.920
SIT thirty one is the only launch pad designed to

442
00:23:54.000 --> 00:23:59.200
handle Soyuz and progress spacecraft. Without it, Russia had lost

443
00:23:59.279 --> 00:24:02.440
manned access to space for the first time since nineteen

444
00:24:02.519 --> 00:24:22.039
sixty one. This is Space Time and Time Out to

445
00:24:22.039 --> 00:24:23.599
take a brief look at some of the other stories

446
00:24:23.599 --> 00:24:26.440
speaking US and science this week with a science report

447
00:24:27.200 --> 00:24:30.359
fine at Earth has just experienced its eleven hottest years

448
00:24:30.400 --> 00:24:33.920
on record. The latest State of the Global Climate report

449
00:24:34.000 --> 00:24:37.000
by the Word Meteorological Organization has found that the years

450
00:24:37.039 --> 00:24:40.160
twenty fifteen to twenty twenty five have resulted in the

451
00:24:40.160 --> 00:24:44.079
hottest continuous stretch of high temperatures ever recorded. Now for

452
00:24:44.119 --> 00:24:47.039
the first time, this latest study also included a measure

453
00:24:47.079 --> 00:24:50.960
called Earth's energy imbalance, that's the difference between incoming energy

454
00:24:51.000 --> 00:24:53.519
from the Sun and the amount of energy radiated back

455
00:24:53.559 --> 00:24:55.759
out into space, and it was found to be at

456
00:24:55.759 --> 00:24:58.599
its highest level since records of this factor began in

457
00:24:58.680 --> 00:25:03.359
nineteen sixty Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels also reached the highest

458
00:25:03.359 --> 00:25:06.440
concentration in the last two million years, at around four

459
00:25:06.519 --> 00:25:11.440
hundred and thirty parts per million. Scientists have created a

460
00:25:11.480 --> 00:25:15.279
novel organism which has developed a primitive nervous system. A

461
00:25:15.400 --> 00:25:18.480
report in the journal Advanced Science claims the new organisms,

462
00:25:18.519 --> 00:25:22.119
called neurobots are made from frog cells and exhibit complex

463
00:25:22.200 --> 00:25:26.759
movements with simple neural networks. Back in the year twenty twenty,

464
00:25:26.960 --> 00:25:30.960
scientists that Tufts University created novel life forms called xenobots

465
00:25:30.960 --> 00:25:35.319
from frog cells. These were capable of traversing a water environment,

466
00:25:35.440 --> 00:25:38.359
healing their own injuries, and even gathering other cells to

467
00:25:38.359 --> 00:25:42.359
build up xenobot siblings. Now the researchers have taken that

468
00:25:42.640 --> 00:25:46.079
one step further, adding nerve cells and observing how they

469
00:25:46.200 --> 00:25:50.839
self organize and alter zenobot behavior. The new research could

470
00:25:50.839 --> 00:25:55.160
pave the way for advances in synthetic biology and regenerative medicine.

471
00:25:55.400 --> 00:25:58.519
The authors started with cells from early embryos of African

472
00:25:58.559 --> 00:26:02.400
calored frogs. When the precursor skin cells from these embryos

473
00:26:02.400 --> 00:26:04.759
are removed and allowed to develop in a dish, they

474
00:26:04.799 --> 00:26:08.920
spontaneously form small cerical structures covered in tiny hair like

475
00:26:08.960 --> 00:26:12.880
projections called cilia. By coordinating the beating of these cilia,

476
00:26:13.039 --> 00:26:17.200
the zenobots, a kind of biobot, swims through water. Now

477
00:26:17.279 --> 00:26:21.039
these life forms are fully biological formed without any scaffolding

478
00:26:21.119 --> 00:26:24.880
materials or other genetic manipulation, capable of self healing, and

479
00:26:24.960 --> 00:26:27.599
able to survive for between nine and ten days on

480
00:26:27.720 --> 00:26:31.680
nutrients stored in the original embryonic cells. The authors wanted

481
00:26:31.720 --> 00:26:34.039
to know how these would change if they added neurons,

482
00:26:34.720 --> 00:26:38.000
so they implanted clusters of neural precursor cells into the

483
00:26:38.039 --> 00:26:40.759
center of the developing structure during a brief window when

484
00:26:40.759 --> 00:26:45.240
the theerical biobots were forming. The implanted cells matured into

485
00:26:45.359 --> 00:26:50.000
neurons and then extended branching projections axioms and dendrites throughout

486
00:26:50.039 --> 00:26:52.960
their interior. Even towards the outer surface of the bots,

487
00:26:53.519 --> 00:26:58.200
the authors identified protein markers typically associated with synapses, the

488
00:26:58.279 --> 00:27:02.640
contact points wheen neurons commune Calcium imaging showed that the

489
00:27:02.680 --> 00:27:07.160
neurons inside neurobots were electrically active and functioning in primitive

490
00:27:07.200 --> 00:27:11.680
neural networks, so adding neurons changed the neurobots in both

491
00:27:11.759 --> 00:27:16.440
visible and measurable ways. Compared to non neural biobots, neurobots

492
00:27:16.559 --> 00:27:20.720
tend to grow larger and more elongated. They also moved differently.

493
00:27:21.279 --> 00:27:24.160
While both types could swim, neurobots were less likely to

494
00:27:24.200 --> 00:27:27.839
sit still and were more likely to display complex, repeating

495
00:27:27.839 --> 00:27:31.920
movement patterns rather than simple circles or straight lines. To

496
00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:35.440
test whether neural signaling was influencing their behavior. The authors

497
00:27:35.480 --> 00:27:38.119
exposed the bots to a drug known to affect brain

498
00:27:38.200 --> 00:27:41.960
activity and induce seizures, and the drug did alter the

499
00:27:42.000 --> 00:27:45.519
movement patterns of the neurobots, suggesting that the newly formed

500
00:27:45.559 --> 00:27:49.759
nervous systems were actively shaping behavior. In addition to seeing

501
00:27:49.880 --> 00:27:53.200
genes activated for majure brain receptors, the authors also found

502
00:27:53.279 --> 00:27:57.640
activation of genes associated with visual perception, including those associated

503
00:27:57.640 --> 00:28:00.640
with light sensitive cells and eyes, and this could eventually

504
00:28:00.720 --> 00:28:04.279
pave the way for neurobots to perceive and respond to light.

505
00:28:04.960 --> 00:28:08.599
It is, indeed a dangerous but fascinating new world we're entering.

506
00:28:10.200 --> 00:28:12.599
A new study shows that humans have been living with

507
00:28:12.680 --> 00:28:17.279
dogs as companions for more than fourteen thousand years. The findings,

508
00:28:17.400 --> 00:28:20.920
reported in the journal Nature, examined archaeological evidence across two

509
00:28:21.039 --> 00:28:23.880
studies in Western Eurasia. See how long people have been

510
00:28:23.960 --> 00:28:28.480
keeping canine pets. In one study, scientists analyzed doglike remains

511
00:28:28.519 --> 00:28:31.839
from across Europe dating back to the Paleolithic and Mesolithic,

512
00:28:31.960 --> 00:28:35.359
errors sorting out the walls from true dogs through their DNA.

513
00:28:35.960 --> 00:28:38.400
The ordest dog remains they found from a site in

514
00:28:38.440 --> 00:28:42.359
Switzerland dating back some fourteen thousand two hundred years and

515
00:28:42.440 --> 00:28:45.400
this dog shared the genetic similarities which we find in

516
00:28:45.480 --> 00:28:47.640
the dogs we have as pets in our homes today.

517
00:28:48.319 --> 00:28:51.480
In the second study, authors analyzed remains from sites in

518
00:28:51.559 --> 00:28:54.960
Turkey and the UK, finding evidence of a specific dog

519
00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:58.519
population with similar genetics spread across the continent during the

520
00:28:58.599 --> 00:29:01.960
late Upper Paleolithic. They say that a peas still have

521
00:29:01.960 --> 00:29:05.759
been an influx of Eastern Eurasian dog ancestry coinciding with

522
00:29:05.920 --> 00:29:09.079
human hunter gatherer migration from the same region, and that

523
00:29:09.200 --> 00:29:13.960
suggests that these dogs migrated alongside humans. It's long been

524
00:29:14.039 --> 00:29:18.039
speculated that having dogs as pets allowed Homo sapiens to

525
00:29:18.079 --> 00:29:21.839
become more successful than the Anderthals, as both homeited species

526
00:29:21.960 --> 00:29:27.519
colonized Europe. While most of us have seen Voldemort's face

527
00:29:27.599 --> 00:29:30.599
during the Cretitch World Cup and Gobblet of Fire, imagine

528
00:29:30.640 --> 00:29:33.119
if you thought you saw it for real. Well, that's

529
00:29:33.160 --> 00:29:36.200
the experience one Vancouver haight had while enjoying the Aurora

530
00:29:36.279 --> 00:29:40.559
borealist put on its slight display, recently described as an odd,

531
00:29:40.720 --> 00:29:43.720
misshapen Picassa like face. The image of the so called

532
00:29:43.759 --> 00:29:46.880
Auroral ghost was taken by a local British Columbian as

533
00:29:46.920 --> 00:29:48.880
she watched the Northern Lights put on one of the

534
00:29:48.960 --> 00:29:54.359
spectacular evening displays. The Skeptics Tremendum says seeing faces is

535
00:29:54.400 --> 00:29:57.759
the genetic trait all human share. It was a tool

536
00:29:57.799 --> 00:30:01.000
which helped them survive in ancient times and today it's

537
00:30:01.039 --> 00:30:04.519
all part of a common psychological phenomena known as paradolia.

538
00:30:04.799 --> 00:30:09.119
It's a vision photos of Aurora, burialis and in one

539
00:30:09.279 --> 00:30:12.079
frame or whatever, it looks like a face. I challenge

540
00:30:12.079 --> 00:30:14.039
anyone to go out there in the wilds of your

541
00:30:14.039 --> 00:30:16.599
local neighborhood and see something that doesn't look like a face.

542
00:30:16.720 --> 00:30:20.119
Paradolia is the effect of seeing shapes and forms that

543
00:30:20.200 --> 00:30:21.759
are recognizable but aren't really there.

544
00:30:21.799 --> 00:30:24.279
It was the famous fence posts at Mariver Beach once

545
00:30:24.359 --> 00:30:24.880
that that.

546
00:30:24.839 --> 00:30:26.680
Looked like that right, looked after a certain angle. It

547
00:30:26.759 --> 00:30:29.920
was Jesus, yes, tess in toasts. There's all sorts of faces.

548
00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:32.279
The man in the moon is paradalia. Seeing faces and

549
00:30:32.440 --> 00:30:35.440
shapes in clouds of paradalia common thing, nothing to be

550
00:30:35.480 --> 00:30:37.480
ashamed about. It happens all the time. Faces are the

551
00:30:37.559 --> 00:30:39.640
things you recognize the most because they are the first

552
00:30:39.680 --> 00:30:41.319
things you see when you're lying in you're cut being

553
00:30:41.359 --> 00:30:43.599
horrified by all these people staring at you. You tend

554
00:30:43.599 --> 00:30:45.480
to see faces. Y'rey an easy thing too, doted in

555
00:30:45.559 --> 00:30:47.480
a line, it's a face and that's what this person

556
00:30:47.559 --> 00:30:49.480
saw in the in the Aurora burialis tell people are

557
00:30:49.519 --> 00:30:52.400
calling it an Aurora ghost. It's a shape. It looks

558
00:30:52.400 --> 00:30:54.160
like a face. It probably do look like a face,

559
00:30:54.240 --> 00:30:56.640
sort of ish, but I mean it's things that people

560
00:30:56.720 --> 00:30:58.839
do all the time, and Peo will swear by it.

561
00:30:58.960 --> 00:31:01.279
I saw this face there. Yeah. The funniest thing actually

562
00:31:01.319 --> 00:31:03.920
responds to it was a Peanuts caster, Charlie Brown line

563
00:31:03.960 --> 00:31:07.079
of Lucy is lying down on the grass kind of knoll,

564
00:31:07.160 --> 00:31:08.960
looking up at the sky and asking the line of

565
00:31:09.079 --> 00:31:10.599
what does he's see And he says, I think there's

566
00:31:10.599 --> 00:31:12.759
a map of Bulgaria there, and there's an image of

567
00:31:12.920 --> 00:31:17.200
some Peter casting a stone, all this sort of stuff.

568
00:31:17.319 --> 00:31:19.039
And then they asked Charlie Brown and said what did

569
00:31:19.079 --> 00:31:20.240
you see? He said, I was going to see a

570
00:31:20.279 --> 00:31:22.319
little piggy and a doggie, but I changed my mind.

571
00:31:22.440 --> 00:31:24.000
The more you can see, the more you want to see,

572
00:31:24.039 --> 00:31:26.000
the more you'll see. And that's what paradole here is

573
00:31:26.119 --> 00:31:28.920
looking for regular shapes, looking for a recognizable shape. But

574
00:31:29.039 --> 00:31:30.920
the real thing does not exist, so this is one

575
00:31:30.960 --> 00:31:33.599
of them there or moves on changing shape all the time.

576
00:31:33.759 --> 00:31:35.720
For a second day, you see something that looks like

577
00:31:35.759 --> 00:31:37.960
a face, you sort of thing. Why, what's the purpose?

578
00:31:38.119 --> 00:31:39.640
Why is he having a split second face?

579
00:31:39.839 --> 00:31:42.279
You know that fasting on the moon doesn't work in

580
00:31:42.319 --> 00:31:43.160
the southern hemisphere.

581
00:31:43.599 --> 00:31:43.759
I know.

582
00:31:43.920 --> 00:31:46.000
Yeah, we'll also actually in China is regarded as a

583
00:31:46.119 --> 00:31:48.319
as a as a rabbit. Another place is regarded as

584
00:31:48.319 --> 00:31:50.319
a man with a wheelbarrow, which is interesting. But yeah,

585
00:31:50.400 --> 00:31:52.400
I know it. Well, this is a northern chemisphere of

586
00:31:52.480 --> 00:31:54.599
centric world, you know, But yeah, I mean sort of.

587
00:31:54.680 --> 00:31:56.240
It depends on where you are, what you're looking at

588
00:31:56.279 --> 00:31:59.319
the time. Faces in knots in wood, that sort of thing.

589
00:31:59.440 --> 00:32:02.319
It's it's not an unusual thing at all. It's not

590
00:32:02.440 --> 00:32:06.119
a psychotic or psychiatric condition. It's quite normal. Can play that, seriously.

591
00:32:06.279 --> 00:32:25.039
That's the skeptics timendum, and this is space Time, and

592
00:32:25.240 --> 00:32:29.000
that's the show for now. Space Time is available every Monday,

593
00:32:29.119 --> 00:32:33.319
Wednesday and Friday through at bytes dot com, SoundCloud, YouTube,

594
00:32:33.480 --> 00:32:36.960
your favorite podcast download provider, and from space Time with

595
00:32:37.079 --> 00:32:40.880
Stuart Gary dot com. Space Time's also broadcast through the

596
00:32:40.960 --> 00:32:44.400
National Science Foundation on science Own Radio and on both

597
00:32:44.480 --> 00:32:47.920
iHeartRadio and tune in Radio. And you can help to

598
00:32:47.960 --> 00:32:50.799
support our show by visiting the space Time Store for

599
00:32:50.920 --> 00:32:54.519
a range of promotional merchandising goodies, or by becoming a

600
00:32:54.559 --> 00:32:58.200
Spacetime Patron, which gives you access to triple episode commercial

601
00:32:58.279 --> 00:33:00.480
free versions of the show. As well. There's lots of

602
00:33:00.559 --> 00:33:03.559
burnus audio content which doesn't go to wear, access to

603
00:33:03.640 --> 00:33:07.480
our exclusive Facebook group, and other rewards. Just go to

604
00:33:07.559 --> 00:33:10.599
space Time with Stewart Gary dot com for full details.

605
00:33:11.440 --> 00:33:14.640
You've been listening to space Time with Stuart Gary. This

606
00:33:14.759 --> 00:33:18.279
has been another quality podcast production from bytes dot com