Dec. 30, 2025
Lunar Leap: Artemis 2's Historic Mission and the Future of Moon Exploration
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary - Series 28 Episode 154 In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore significant milestones in lunar exploration and the latest challenges in space technology. Accelerated Launch for Artemis 2 NASA has moved up the launch date...
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary - Series 28 Episode 154
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore significant milestones in lunar exploration and the latest challenges in space technology.
Accelerated Launch for Artemis 2
NASA has moved up the launch date for the historic Artemis 2 manned moon mission to early February, marking the first human journey to the moon in over 50 years since Apollo 17. The Orion spacecraft, named Integrity, will embark on a 10-day mission, completing a free return trajectory around the moon. This episode discusses the mission's objectives, including in-space demonstrations and the deployment of five cubesats, as well as the importance of this mission for future lunar exploration and potential Mars missions.
New Insights from Lunar Rock Samples
Recent studies of lunar rock samples have revealed a new timeline for lunar impacts, pushing back the history of Earth's nearest celestial neighbour by 300 million years. The Apollo 17 rock sample, known as 76535, has provided crucial insights into the moon's formation and its geological history. Advanced computer simulations suggest that the impact that formed the Serenitatis Basin may have brought this rock to the surface, reshaping our understanding of the moon's bombardment history and its implications for Earth.
Japan's H3 Rocket Failure
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has faced a setback with the failure of its new H3 rocket during a satellite launch. This follows a previous failure during its maiden flight. The H3 rocket, designed to replace the H2, aims to enhance Japan's capabilities in the global space market but has encountered significant technical challenges.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Geophysical Research Letters
NASA Reports
JAXA Updates
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
(00:00:00) This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 154 for broadcast on 31 December 2025
(00:00:47) NASA accelerates Artemis 2 moon mission launch
(00:12:30) New lunar rock samples shift timeline of impacts
(00:20:10) Japan's H3 rocket fails to deploy satellite
(00:25:00) Study reveals links between social media use and cognitive performance in children
(00:27:30) Coffee and tea's effects on bone health in older women
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore significant milestones in lunar exploration and the latest challenges in space technology.
Accelerated Launch for Artemis 2
NASA has moved up the launch date for the historic Artemis 2 manned moon mission to early February, marking the first human journey to the moon in over 50 years since Apollo 17. The Orion spacecraft, named Integrity, will embark on a 10-day mission, completing a free return trajectory around the moon. This episode discusses the mission's objectives, including in-space demonstrations and the deployment of five cubesats, as well as the importance of this mission for future lunar exploration and potential Mars missions.
New Insights from Lunar Rock Samples
Recent studies of lunar rock samples have revealed a new timeline for lunar impacts, pushing back the history of Earth's nearest celestial neighbour by 300 million years. The Apollo 17 rock sample, known as 76535, has provided crucial insights into the moon's formation and its geological history. Advanced computer simulations suggest that the impact that formed the Serenitatis Basin may have brought this rock to the surface, reshaping our understanding of the moon's bombardment history and its implications for Earth.
Japan's H3 Rocket Failure
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has faced a setback with the failure of its new H3 rocket during a satellite launch. This follows a previous failure during its maiden flight. The H3 rocket, designed to replace the H2, aims to enhance Japan's capabilities in the global space market but has encountered significant technical challenges.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Geophysical Research Letters
NASA Reports
JAXA Updates
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
(00:00:00) This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 154 for broadcast on 31 December 2025
(00:00:47) NASA accelerates Artemis 2 moon mission launch
(00:12:30) New lunar rock samples shift timeline of impacts
(00:20:10) Japan's H3 rocket fails to deploy satellite
(00:25:00) Study reveals links between social media use and cognitive performance in children
(00:27:30) Coffee and tea's effects on bone health in older women
The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
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This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, episode one hundred and
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fifty four, for broadcast in the thirty first of December
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twenty twenty five. Coming up on space Time, the Artemis
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two man Moon mission now slated for launch in February
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instead of April, rewriting a chapter of the Moon's early history,
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consequently that of the Earth as well, and failure for
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Japan's new flagship Age three rocket. All that and more
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coming up on Spacetime.
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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
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NASA has accelerated the launch of the historic Artemis two
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man Moon mission from mid April to early February. The
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agency has tentatively slated the week of February sixth with
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a two hour launch window. This will be an historic
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mission because it will be the first time humans have
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traveled to the Moon in more than half a century,
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ever since the days of Apollo seventeen back in nineteen
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seventy two. The ten day mission aboard the Orion Spacecraft Integrity,
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will launch aboard NASA's ninety eight meter tall three stage
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SOLS super heavy Lift rocket from Space Launch Complex thirty
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nine B at the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral Space
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Force Space in Florida. The crew will complete one swing
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around the Moon on what's known as a free return trajectory.
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The mission profile calls for a multi translunar injection with
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modible departure burns. Orion will initially be sent on a
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highly eccentric Earth orbit with a period of roughly twenty
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four hours by comparison, the International Space Station orbits much
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closer to the planet, taking just on ninety minutes to
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complete each orbit. During Orion's highly eccentric orbit, the spacecraft's
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crew will perform various checkouts of the vehicle, its life
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support systems, its ancillary components, and it will to take
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an in space rendezvous and proximity operation demonstration using the
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spent Intraimcryogenic Propulsion or upper stage as a target. The
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mission will also carry five cube SATs, which will be
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attached to the inside of the stage adapted between the
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SOLS upper stage and the Orion spacecraft. These will be
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deployed during Earth orbit and once oryan riches perigy after
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completing its orbit, it'll fire its main engines for its
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translunar injection burn that'll send the spacecraft on a lunar
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free return or gravity assist trajectory, swinging around the Moon
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with the closest approach to the lunar surface of approximately
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seven four hundred kilometers. Another burn maneuver will then send
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the spacecraft returning to Earth and ultimately splashing down in
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the Pacific Ocean. This report on Artemis two from nass
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A TV.
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So the most exciting thing to me about Artemis two
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is just the return to the Moon. We haven't been
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there in fifty years. Human eyes are going to see
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parts of the Moon that haven't been seen by anyone before.
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It also recommits us to exploring the Solar System in
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a way that we haven't in a long time, and
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I think it provides an opportunity for younger generations to
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understand the excitement of doing that kind of exploration. The
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Moon is this great sort of cherisciro subject because the
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most recognizable thing about it is the changing sun angles
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and how that brings out the shape of craters near
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the terminator, which is the day night line. Because there aren't,
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you know, oceans and clouds and all the things that
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you see on Earth. The Moon is really all about
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its shape, and the shape is telling you something about
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its long history and the history of the entire Solar System.
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All the things that have happened to the Earth have
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been erased by geologic processes and weather and climate, and
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that doesn't happen on the Moon. The Moon has recorded
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everything that's happened since its formation almost four and a
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half million years ago. That tells us a lot about
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where we came from, where the Solar System came from.
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It also reveals something about the composition of the Earth
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that we can't see because it's buried beneath the crust.
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Some of that is on the surface of the Moon
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because it's been excavated by all the impacts. Artemis is
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our return to the Moon after fifty years. The emphasis
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of Artemis is going to be first of all science,
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but second of all learning to sustain a presence on
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another world. First on the Moon, but we're hoping that
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that's a stepping stone to Mars and other destinations in
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the Solar System. Eventually, Artemis two will be a fly
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by mission. It's not going to land. We're testing all
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of the technology that we've created for flying to the
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Moon since Apollo. A lot of systems have been modernized,
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and we need to make sure that all of those work.
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The astronauts will be looking out the window at parts
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of the Moon that have never been seen by human
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eyes before. They will be flying by the Moon at
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an out that's much higher than Apollo's orbits, and so
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they will see the entire disk of the Moon, including
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areas that are closer to both the North and South
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Pole that astronauts from Apollo never saw. All of that
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depends on the lighting, which we really won't know until
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launch day, but we can practice with different lighting scenarios.
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It's hard for people to sort of picture that in
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their mind. If you can make a visualization of it,
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show them a movie that helps everybody choose the targets
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and also practice aiming at those targets. The astronauts have
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actually been looking at these visualizations through the lens of
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the camera and practicing aiming at the various targets. All
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of the Apollo flights orbited the Moon at a distance
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of about one hundred and ten kilometers. Because the astronauts
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were flying at such a low altitude, their horizon was
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actually quite close and they couldn't see the North and
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South poles. And it includes this amazing impact piece called Oriental.
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Oriental is a very large impact feature. It's about six
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hundred and fifty kilometers wide. It's got multiple rings. These
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are rings that form like ripples in a pond from
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the impact, but of course it's on a huge scale.
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The middle of Oriental has that sort of dark basalt
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lava covering it, like the dark spots that we see
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on the near side. It's one of the biggest ones
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that's more on the far side than near So seeing
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it with human eyes and sort of picking out features
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that maybe you don't even see in robotic cameras is
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an important goal for the mission. One of the photographic
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targets that is on everybody's list is pictures of the
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Earth beyond the limb of the Moon. During Apollo eight,
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on their fourth orbit, they finally turned their spacecraft around
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so that they could see in the direction of the Earth.
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Oh okay, look at that picture over there.
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Coming up.
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Hey, I'll take that. I'm judgle you get a color
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filmed gym.
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I think it surprised all of them how beautiful and
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how human it was to see the entire planet Earth
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from behind the horizon of another celestial body. That photograph
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called Earth Rise had a huge impact on the public
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because from space, you don't see country boundaries, you don't
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see some of the human problems that we deal with
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on the surface, and you also recognize that the Earth
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is a finite place. It's not infinite, it's not everything.
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It is a pale blue dot in the vastness of space.
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Artemis is going to have that opportunity once again. I
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anticipate that the astronauts will have the same feeling that
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the apolloid astronauts did, and I think it will have
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a similar effect on a new generation of people who
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are watching this mission unfold.
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And in that report on atomist too from mess A TV,
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we heard from Ernie Wright from NASA's god Had Space
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Flight Center in Greenville, Maryland. And this is space time
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still to come. A new study of lunar rock samples
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paints a different picture of the tortured history of Earth's
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nearest celestial companion, and it's a big fail for Japan's
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new flagship H three rocket. All that and more still
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to come on space time. A new study of lunar
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rock samples is painting a very different picture of the
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tortured history of Earth's near a celestial companion. The findings,
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reported in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, pushes back the
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timeline of lunar at consequently Earth impacts by some three
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hundred million years. When the Apollo seventeen astronauts elected a
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small rock from the Moon more than fifty years ago,
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they had no way of knowing that it would still
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be challenging sciences understanding of luner history today. The fragment,
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simply known as Sample seven six five three five, formed
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nearly fifty kilometers under the lunar surface, but it shows
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no signs of the violent shocks usually expected when deep
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rocks are blasted up to the surface, and that puzzle
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has been intriguing centers for decades. Many believe the rock
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was blasted to the surface by the same massive impact
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that formed the Moon's largest crater, the giant South Pole
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Achin Basin, but new research is now offering a simpler explanation,
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but one with very broad implications. By running advanced computer
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simulations of giant lunar impacts, the authors has shown that
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the asteroid impact, which from the sor any tight space
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and a massive impact crater on the Moon's kne side,
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could have lifted our rock sample to the surface during
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the latest stages of its formation. The finding suggested the
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impact could about four point two five billion years ago.
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That's roughly three million years earlier than previously thought, in
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the process pushing the timeline of lunar impacts further back
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in history. Of course, that shift, reported in the journal
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Geophysical Research Letters, also reshapes how scientists estimate the bombardment
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history of Earth and other Inner Solar System planets. The
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studies lead author, Evan Johns from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
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says this rock may be small, but it carries a
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huge story about the Moon's early history. He says, it's
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sort of like a time capsule dating back four point
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two five billion years now. Scientists have long agreed on
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two key aspects about the Apollo sample. Its chemistry and
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its texture show that it formed deep inside the lunar crust,
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and it lacks the strong shock features a typically a
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company a violent trip to the surface. Earlier studies proposed
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that only an enormous impact like the one which created
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the South Pole Aiken Basin could have excavated rock from
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such depths, but there's a catch carrying the rock from
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that far side. Based into the Apollo seventeen landing site
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would likely require an additional impact while avoiding shocks strong
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enough to leave telltale scars. Shones and colleagues found a
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more direct path, using their computer simulations of large lunar
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impacts to get with models of the Moon's crust. They
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showed that during the later collapse stage of forming a
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giant crater, material from tens of kilometers down can be
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drawn upwards gently enough to preserve rock samples like seven
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six five three five. In those simulations, a certain to
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tellus type impact can move deep material to within just
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a few kilometers of the surface, precisely the kind of
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process that could place the sample where Apollo seventeen find it.
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The author's models kept showing the same thing. Big impacts
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can lift rocks to the surface without overshocking them, and
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if sample seven sixty five three five dates the serenotoitous
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impact at four point twenty five billion years ago, other
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major lunar basins may also be far older than currently dated,
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and that moves scientists to rethink how quickly the Moon
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cooled and how frequently large impacts struck the Inner Solar System.
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Because Earth's earliest surface record has been largely erased by
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erosion play. Tectonics and geology scientists often calibrate Earth's impact
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history Using the Moon and redating a cornerstone of lunar
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impact would recalibrate our picture of the early Earth as well,
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and also how other inner Solar System planets may have evolved.
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By pushing through a tatus back in time, astronomers are
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shifting the entire timeline of when big impacts happened right
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across the Solar System, so it has ripple effects for
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understanding not just Earth's early environment, but that of our
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entire place in the universe. This is space time still
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to calme failure for Japan's new flagship AGE three rocket.
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Later in the Science report, how to of the world's
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most popular beverages coffee and tea influence burn health in
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older women. All that and more still to come on
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space time. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JACKSA has suffered
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a major setback with its new flagship H three rocket,
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failing to place its satellite payload into orbit. The launch
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had already been delayedded technical issues with the rocket, and
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at about just seventeen seconds before liftoff due to an
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anomaly with the water sound suppression system on the launch pad.
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The H three was carrying the MICKEYPIKI five Satellite navigation
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System spacecraft from the Tanegashima Space Center southwest of Tokyo. However,
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as the rocket launched into the sky, its second stage
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engine burns suddenly cut off unexpectedly far earlier than planned,
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and that resulted in the failure of the satellite's deployment.
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This is the second failure for the new H three
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launch vehicle. It also failed on its maiden flight back
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in March twenty twenty three, the second stage engine failed
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to ignite, but in between there have been six successful
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launch missions. The H three rocket is designed to replace
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the earlier H two, a workhourse of Japan's growing space industry,
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which has had a near perfect success record. The new
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AGE three is meant to be more modular and more
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cost effective in the global space market. This Space Time
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and Time Out of Tech another brief look at some
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of the other stories making news and science this week.
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With a science report. Researchers say both small and big
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increases in social media use between the ages of nine
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