Sept. 19, 2025
Galactic Jets and Black Hole Explosions: Unveiling Cosmic Mysteries
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the thrilling prospects of observing exploding black holes, an astonishing stellar jet on the outskirts of the Milky Way, and the meticulous preparations for an Earth observation satellite mission.
Exploding Black Holes on the Horizon
A groundbreaking study suggests that astronomers may soon witness a black hole explosion, an event theorised to occur once every 100,000 years. Researchers now believe there’s a 90% chance of observing such an explosion within the next decade, potentially revealing primordial black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. These explosions could provide a comprehensive catalogue of all subatomic particles, including those yet to be discovered, fundamentally altering our understanding of the universe's origins.
Immense Stellar Jet Discovered
Astronomers have identified a colossal stellar jet erupting from a young star in the Milky Way's outskirts, specifically in the Sharpless 2284 region. This rare phenomenon involves twin jets of hot plasma extending over eight light years, driven by superheated gases falling onto the massive star. Captured by NASA's Webb Space Telescope, this discovery not only sheds light on star formation but also offers insights into the conditions of the early universe.
Preparing for Earth Observation
The European Space Agency is conducting rigorous tests for a future Earth observation satellite mission, including an airborne campaign in the Arctic. Scientists are evaluating a new imaging microwave radiometer designed to monitor sea ice and its evolution. This mission aims to gather vital data on climate change and the Arctic environment, contributing to a better understanding of global phenomena.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Physical Review Letters
https://journals.aps.org/prl/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
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Exploding Black Holes on the Horizon
Immense Stellar Jet Discovered
Preparing for Earth Observation
The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
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This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, Episode one hundred and
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thirteen for broadcast nineteenth of September twenty twenty five. Coming
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up on Space Time, The Search for Exploding black Holes,
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an immense still a jets seen on the outskirts of
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the Milky Way Galaxy? And how do you prepare for
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an Earth Observation satellite mission? All that and more coming
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up on Spacetime.
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Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
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A new study suggests that astronomers could catch a black
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hole in the process of exploding. Some physicists have long
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believed that black holes explode at the end of their lives,
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and that such explosions happen at morst once every hundred
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thousand years or so, But now in the journal Physical
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Review Letters claims there's a better than ninety percent probability
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that one of these black hole explosions might be seen
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within the decade, and if we're prepared, our current fleet
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of space and earthbound telescopes could actually witness the event.
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Such an explosion would be strong evidence of a long
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theorized but never actually observed object called a primordial black hole.
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These are black holes that formed less than a second
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after the Big Bang thirteen point eight billion years ago,
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and furthermore, these explosions would give astronomers a definitive catalog
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of all the sub atomic particles in existence, including both
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the ones we've observed, such as electrons, quarks, and the
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Higgs boson, and the ones we've only ever hypothesized about,
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like dark matter particles, as well as everything else that
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is so far entirely unknown to science. This sort of
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catalog would finally answer one of a man's oldest ultimate questions,
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From where did everything in existence come? We know black
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holes exist, and we have good understanding of their life cycle,
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and a massive star runs out of fuel and eventually
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implodes into a massively powerful supernova that leaves behind an
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area of space time with such intense gravity that nothing,
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not even light can escape. These black holes are incredibly
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heavy and essentially very stable. But back in nineteen seventy,
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physicist Stephen Hawking claimed another kind of black hole, a
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primordial black hole, could be created not by the collapse
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of a star, but from the universe's primordial conditions shortly
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after the Big Bang. Primordial black holes, like the standard
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stellar mass black hole we mentioned earlier, are so massively
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dense that almost nothing can escape them, which is of
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course what makes them black. However, despite their density, Hawking
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believed primordial black holes could be much lighter than the
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black holes were so far encountered. Furthermore, Hawking believed that
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black holes had a temperature and could, in theory, slowly
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emit particles through a process called Hawking radiation. That's if
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they got hot enough. Hawking radiation occurs when two quantum
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particle pairs hop into existence right on the event horizon
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of a black hole. But these quantum particle pairs would
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annihilate each other virtually immediately. But if one of the
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quantum particle pairs was on one side of the event
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horizon and the other quantum particle pair was on the
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other side, then the one on the black hole side
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of the event horizon would disappear forever into the black
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hole's singularity, leaving the one in our universe to float away,
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evaporating part of the black hole. Now. One of this
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studies authors, Antheathane from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, says
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the lighter a black hole is, the hotter it should be,
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and the more particles it will emit. As primordial black
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holes evaporate, they would become even lighter and so hotter,
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emitting ever more radiation in a runaway process until they
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eventually explode. Fame believes it's that hawking radiation that telescope
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should be able to detect. The problem is that no
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one's ever actually directly observed a primordial black hole, but
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this new hypothesis suggests is up to a ninety percent
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chance of winter seen an exploding primordial black hole in
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the next ten years. The works all based on a
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dark QED model. This is essentially a copy of the
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usual electromagnetic force, but which includes a very heavy hypothesized
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version of the electron, which statement colleagues call a dark electron.
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Now with this dark electron, the authors could reconsider long
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held assumptions about the electrical charge of a black hole.
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Standard black holes have no charge, and it was assumed
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that primordial black holes would likewise be electrically neutral. But
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the studies authors are making a different assumption. They believe
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that if a primordial black hole is formed with a
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small dark electric charge, then the model predicts it should
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be temporarily stabilized before finally exploding. Taking all experimental data
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into account. They find they could even then potentially observe
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a primordial black hole explosion, not once every hundred thousand
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years has previously thought, but once every ten years. Now
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the authors admit they're not claiming that's going to absolutely
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happen for sure sometime in the next t decade, but
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they believe there's a ninety percent chance that it does,
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and since we already have the technology to observe these explosions,
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we need to be ready for them. If it happens,
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it would be the first ever direct observations of both
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hawking radiation and a primordial black hole, and it would
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also provide definitive proof of every particle that makes up
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everything in the universe. It would completely revolutionize physics and
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hope astronomers rewrite the history of the cosmos. This is
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space time Still to come Astronomers discover an immense stellar
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jet on the outskirts of the Milky Way Galaxy, and
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how to scientist go about preparing for an Earth observation
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satellite mission. All that and more still to come on
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space time. Astronomers have discovered an immense s dollar jet
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blasting out into deep space from the outskirts of our
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Milky Way Galaxy. The huge fireworks display cataloged at Shapless
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two to eighty four is being generated by a massive
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young star still in the process of forming. It's producing
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seething twin jets of hot plasma blazing across some eight
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light years of space that's twice the distance between our
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Sun and the nearest neighboring star system Alpha Centauri. It's
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caused by superheated gases falling under the massive star being
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blasted back into space along the star's rotational axis, with
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powerful magnetic fields confining the jets to narrow beams. These
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jets are then plowing into interstellar gas and dust, creating
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fascinating details which are being captured by NASA's web Space
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Telescope and witnessed in infrared light. Astronomers say the sheer
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size of this cosmic blow torch of seething gases erupting
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from the still growing monster star qualifies it as extremely rare.
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The outflow is streaking across space at hundreds of thousands
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of kilometers an hour. The central proto star, which has
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at least ten times the mass of the Sun, is
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located some fifteen thousand light years away in the outer
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reaches of the galaxy. The studies lead author Yu Cheng
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from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan says the web
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discovery was serendipitous. Astronomers had no idea there was a
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massive star of this kind out there, no idea that
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there was a super jet outflow from it. That was,
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until they saw it. Such spectacular outflows of molecular hydrogen
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from a massive star are very rare in other regions
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of our galaxy. This unique class of stellar fireworks, known
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as herbing Harrow objects, are highly colimated jets of plasma
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shooting out from newly forming stars. You could think of
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these jetted outflows as being the stars spectacular birth announcement
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to the universe. Well well over three hundred herbing Harrow
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objects have been observed so far. They're almost all coming
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from low mass stars, and for astronomers, whether they're from
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big stars or little ones, these spindle like jets as
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they offer new clues about the nature of newly forming stars,
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their energetics, their narrowness, and their evolutionary time scales also
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to constrain models of the environment and physical properties of
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the young stellar objects powering these outflows. This new detection
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offers evidence that herbing arrow jets must scale up with
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the mass of the star powering them. The more massive
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the stellar engine propelling the plasma, the larger the star size.
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This jet's detailed filamentary structure captured by web is evidence
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the jet is plowing through interstellar gas and dust in
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the process, creating separate knots, bowshocks, and linear chains. The
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tips of the jet, lying in opposite directions from the
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central star, encapsulates the history of the star's formation. See
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Originally the material would have been very close to the star,
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but over the past one hundred thousand years the tips
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have propagated outwards at nearly twice the distance from the
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galactic center of the Milky Ways. Our Sun is the
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host protocluster that's home to this voracious jet is on
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the very peripheral Milky Way galaxy. It's within the cluster
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containing hundreds of stars that are still forming, but being
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in the so called galactic interlands means the stars are
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deficient in heavier elements beyond hydrogen and helium. In astronomy,
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all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium are considered metals,
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and the amount of metallicity a star contains gradually increases
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over cosmic time as each passing generation of stars expels
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the end products of nuclear fusion through stellar winds and
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supernova explosions, and so the low metallicity of Sharpless two
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to eighty four is a reflection of its relatively pristine nature,
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making it a sort of local analog for the environments
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of what the early universe was like, an environment that
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was also deficient in heavier elements. Webs observations are also
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showing that relatively more stars seem to form at lower
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masses in Sharplett two to eighty four than in closer,
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more metal rich clusters. Massive stars like the one found
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inside this cluster have very important influences on the evolution
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of galaxies. Cheng says. The discovery sitting new light on
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the formation mechanism of massive stars in low metallistity environments,
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so astronomers can use this massive star as a sort
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of laboratory to study what's going on in earlier cosmic history.
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The stellar jets are powered by the gravitational energy released
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by the star as it grows in mass, and they
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encode for the formation history of the protostar itself. Web's
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new images are telling astronomers that the formation of massive
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stars in such environments could proceed through a relatively stable
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disk around the star that's expected in theoretical models of
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star formation known as core recretion. Once they found a
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massive star launching these jets, the authors realized they could
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use the WEB observations to test theories of massive star formation.
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So they developed new theoretical core recretion models that fitted
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the data to tell them what kind of star was
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at the center. And these models implied that the central
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star would be about ten times the mass of the Sun,
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and it's still growing for more than thirty years now.
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Astronomers have disagreed about exactly how massive stars form. Some
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think a massive style requires a very chaotic process called
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competitive accretion. Now, in the competitive accretion model, material falls
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in from many different directions, so the orientation of the
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disc changes over time. The outflow is launched perpendicularly above
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and below the disc, and so it too would appear
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to twist and turn in different directions. However, WEB be
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shown that the opposite sides of the jets are nearly
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one hundred and eighty degrees apart from each other and
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that tells astronomers that the central disk is being held
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steady and therefore validating the hypothesis of the core recretion model.
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This is space time still to come preparing for an
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Earth observation satellite mission, and later in the science report,
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a new study shows that people who engage in hate
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speech have similar patterns to people with psychiatric disorders. All
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that and more still to come on space time. Developing
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a space mission is a long process. It involves lots
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of tests and sometimes very harsh environments. A good example
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of this was an airborne campaign recently carried out in
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the Arctic between Greenland, Iceland, and Twelbard. The campaign was
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carried out under the auspices of the European Space Agency.
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Scientists involved in the project had to enjoy temperatures of
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thirty degrees below zero. They were testing an airborne version
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of a new Imagy microwave radiometer designed to support the
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development of potential satellite mission for the European Copernicus program.
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Its report from TERTV.
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Inside this small plane at the airport of long Eurpian,
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one of the most northern cities in the world, is
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an instrument that is helping to define a future space
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mission to better understand our planet in the extremely harsh
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conditions of the Arctic, and engineers and scientists are testing
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a microwave radiometer, an instrument that is able to monitor
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sea ice and its evolution.
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The radiometig just sensus. It reads basically the sis so
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at certain frequencies, and from that, from actually breaking down
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into several different frequencies, you can actually study the SI
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signatures and from that then you can infer what kind
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of CIS you have, and also from that you can
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infer all all the cis is.
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For instance, the information on sea ice characteristics from this
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airborne campaign is being used to support the Copernicus Imaging
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Microwave Radiometer, one of the six high priority candidate satellite
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missions being studied for the European Union's Copernicus system. This
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is a difficult activity but necessary to be sure that
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if the mission is selected to go into space, scientists
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will be able to retrieve the high quality data they
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are looking for.
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This instrument that we're flying has been around for many
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years already and had to be completely renovated in order
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to fly again, and we're testing it now for the
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first time because We want to obtain the sort of
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data that the satellite will see later on and really
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make infer answer some scientific questions we have in the meantime.
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So with this data that we're going to collect here.
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This is how many operational Earth observation missions are created,
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a policy need that leads to the development of a
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