Feb. 16, 2026

Earth's Core Secrets and Solar Neutrinos: Unveiling the Mysteries of Our Planet and the Sun

Earth's Core Secrets and Solar Neutrinos: Unveiling the Mysteries of Our Planet and the Sun
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Season 29

In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into groundbreaking research revealing the true composition of the Earth's core, explore new insights into solar neutrinos, and uncover the complexities of Martian volcanoes.
Earth's Core Contains Vast Hydrogen Reservoir
A recent study published in Nature Communications indicates that Earth's core may hold up to 45 oceans' worth of hydrogen, challenging the long-held belief that water on our planet primarily came from asteroids and comets. Utilizing advanced laboratory techniques, researchers simulated the extreme conditions of the core to uncover its surprising hydrogen content, suggesting a significant internal source of water far beyond previous estimates.
Neutrinos from the Sun's Core
A new dark matter experiment has successfully detected neutrinos originating from the Sun's core, marking a significant milestone in our understanding of these elusive particles. The LZ experiment at the Sanford Underground Research Facility captured signals from Brian 8 solar neutrinos, providing valuable data on solar processes and setting new limits for dark matter research. This breakthrough highlights the potential of neutrino studies in unraveling the mysteries of both dark matter and stellar dynamics.
Complexity of Martian Volcanoes
New findings published in Geology reveal that young Martian volcanoes are far more complex than previously thought. Researchers have discovered that these volcanoes were shaped by long-lasting and evolving magma systems rather than single eruptions. By analyzing surface features and mineral compositions from orbit, scientists have reconstructed the intricate eruptive history of these volcanic systems, shedding light on the Red Planet's geological past.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Communications, Geology
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support.
(00:00:00) New study reveals Earth's core may contain vast amounts of hydrogen
(00:08:30) Breakthrough in solar neutrino detection from the Sun's core
(00:16:45) Insights into the complex eruptive history of Martian volcanoes
(00:25:00) Science report: The link between caffeine consumption and reduced dementia risk
(00:32:15) Study on the frequency of passionate love experiences in humans

The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.

WEBVTT

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Versus Spacetime Series twenty nine, Episode twenty for broadcast on

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the sixteenth of February twenty twenty six. Coming up on

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space Time, the true composition of the Earth's core and

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you look at Neutrino's originating from the Sun's core And

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what do we now know about volcanoes on Mars? All

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that and more coming up on space Time.

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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.

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A new study suggests that the planet Earth's core contains

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up to forty five ocean's worth of hydrogen. The findings,

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reported in the journal Nature Communications, challenges the idea that

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most of Earth's water was delivered from asteroids and comets

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during events like the Late Heavy bombardment around three point

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nine to four billion years ago. Scientists have long known

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that Earth's core is mostly composed of hydrogen a little

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bit of nickel, but its density isn't high enough for

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it to be simply iron a nickel. Some other lighter

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elements must also be present, and one of the primary

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suspects is a huge reservoir of hydrogen. After all, it

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is by far the most common element in the universe. Now,

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in order to work out exactly what's going on, in

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the planet's core. You can't just go down there, so

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you've got to try and reproduce those sorts of temperatures

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and conditions in a laboratory. To do that, the authors

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used a laser heated diamond anvil, which can simulate the

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pressure and temperature of the planets in a core. They

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then used atom probe tomography to then produce a three

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dimensional compositional nanoscale map which identified levels of silicon, oxygen,

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and hydrogen rich nanostructures formed during quenching. This is what

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allowed them to determine the percentage of hydrogen in the core,

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and the results suggests the core contains somewhere around syrup

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at zero seven to zero point threety six weight percentage

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of hydrogen, and that's equivalent between nine and forty five

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earth ocean's worth of water, far more than could have

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been brought in by any asteroid meteor comet. This is

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space time still to come, a new look at neutrino's

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originating from the Sun's core, and what do we now

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know about volcanoes on Mars. All that and more still

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to come on space time. A new dark matter experiment

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has provided scientists with a rare opportunity to study neutrinos

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emanating from the very core of the Sun. Dark matter

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is a mysterious invisible substance. A big problem is situs

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have no idea what it is. They're best Upath suggests

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that it's a type of matter known as WHIMPS, which

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stands for weekly interactive massive particles, which is the name

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suggests involves extremely weakly interacting sabotomic particles that only react

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with normal baryonic matter. That's the stuff you and me

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and planets, cars, trees, houses, and stars are made of

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through gravity. But scientists no dark matter exists because they

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can see its gravitational influence on normal matter, stopping galaxies

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from flinging apart as they revolve and bending light from

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distant objects through a process called gravitational lensing. So there

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are numerous experiments being undertaken both on Earth and in

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space to tryin unravel dark matter secrets. One of those

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is the lux Zeppelin or LZ experiment at the Sanford

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Underground Research Facility, one and a half kilomet is down

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a deep mind shaft in South Dakota. The onl Z

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experiment uses a detector comprising giant tank good with some

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ten tons of ultrapure ultra cold liquid xenon. The idea

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is if a dark matter whimp were to pass through

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the tank and collide with a nucleus of one of

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the xenon atoms in the liquid, it would cause that

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nucleus to recoil in the process releasing a tiny bit

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of energy. The record produces two signals that the detector's

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photo amplifier sensors would be able to record. One signal

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is a tiny flash of light that occurs when the

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xenon recoll releases a handful of photons. The second is

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a small stream of electrons which then subsequently converted into

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light inside the detector and again become visible at the

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light sensors. The strength of those signals varies depending on

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how much energy the particle deposits, and that gives scientists

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a means of probing the colliding particle's mass as well

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as some of its other properties. But the ELSA experiments

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also been able to pick up signals from another weekly

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interacting subatomic particle called a neutrino. Neutrinos are the most

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common forms of matter in the universe, but there are

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also extremely weakly interacting. In fact, right now, more than

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a billion of them are passing through you every second.

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You don't even notice them. They produced in high energy

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events such as supernovae, atomic reactors, and the course of stars.

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They come in three types, not as flavors. There are

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electron neutrinos, meuon neutrinos, and town neutrinos. Amazingly, these neutrinos

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can all transmute from one form to another, so an

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electron neutrino can shoot out from the center of a

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star but change and be detected here on Earth as

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a muon or town neutrino. The unique neutrino signals picked

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up by the l Z experiment showed that this particular

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particle originated from the core of the Sun. It marks

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the first time the Elze experiments peeked up signals from

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this source, in the process, setting a new milestone in sensitivity.

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One of the studies authors was Robert James from the

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University of Melbourne. James led the statistical analysis that confirmed

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that the particle was a boron eight soul and neutrino

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interacting through neutrino nuclear scattering. Now what this means is

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it's set a new dark matter exclusion limit for masses

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above five Giger electron vaults. That's roughly the mass of

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five protons. James says the real challenge was muddling the

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old Zie detector in such a low energy regime for

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the first time, but he says the results were extremely rewarding,

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providing a new look at neutrinos from a specific source,

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the boron eight solar neutrinos produced by fusion in the

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Sun's core. The data is a window into how neutrinas

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interact and the nuclear reactions in the stars that produce them,

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but the signal also mimics what scientists expect to see

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from dark matter interactions. You see the background noise sometimes

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called the neutrino fog could start to compete with dark

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matter interactions as researchers look for lower and lower mass particles.

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Reaching into the neutrino fog for the first time highlights

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ells these performance with the ability to sense incredibly tiny

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amounts of energy from individual particle interactions. James says it's

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the first time that this nutrina signal's been observed at

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a level of signifying statistical significance.

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So the ELGI experiment is an experiment that's primarily designed

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to detect dark matter, although as this recent result of

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our shows, we can do a lot more with it

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than just dark matter.

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But what it.

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Essentially boils down to is we've got a very large

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volume of liquid zenon in what we call a duel

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phase time projection chamber, so it's mostly liquid genon. It's

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about five and a half tons that we actually utilize,

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and then a small sort of layer of gaycier seneon

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on the top. This is all deep underground because we

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want to basically shield this detector from background radiation things

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that would sort of light it up and make it

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as sort of radio pure and quiet as possible so

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that we can use it to look for dark matter.

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And the way it operates essentially is particles will pass

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through the detector. Ambient radiation the way we've set it

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up should be quite rare, but we still get particles

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coming through from radioactivity of the detector components. Things like that,

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in addition to these neutrinos from the Sun and then

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intrinsic radio contaminance in the xenon as well, that we

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can get rid of to some degree but not entirely,

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but when one of these particles passes through, it basically

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lights up the detector, so it produces a signal that

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we call the S one signal, and that's basically a

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light signal that's just due to the way that genon

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responds when you put energy into it. So we detect

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that with two arrays of photo multiplier tubes, which are

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basically just light detectors at the top and bottom of

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this liquidene and volume. And then what we also do

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is we apply in electric fields and that basically when

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you get particle interactions, you get ionization and excitation as

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well as the scintillation lights, and the electric field basically

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sweeps some of those electrons up into the gas layer

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at the top, and as the electrons are accelerated through

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that gas layer, they produce another signal. We call that

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the S two signal. And we can basically use the

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relative and absolute ratios of these two signals to tell

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us something about the sort of particle that interacted. Did

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it interact with the nucleus of one of the zeno atoms,

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or did it interact with some of the orbital electrons,

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and also tell us a bit about the energy scale

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of the interaction. And this is really important because it

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allows us to distinguish between interactions with the nuclei and

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interactions with the electrons. And we're using this thing to

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look for dark matter and the sort of primary design

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driver if this instrument somebody called the wimp, and a

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wimp would be expected to interact with the zeno nuclear

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And so that's why having these two signals is really important,

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because it helps us to sort of further distance angle

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background radiation and other sources of background but aren't dark

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matter from what a dark matter signal might look like.

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And we basically just wait for a really long time.

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We let this detective run acquire data, and then we

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look at it and we sort of model the various

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backgrounds that we know are there. We put in various

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models what dark matter might look like at different masses

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and different interaction cross sections, and we use that ideally

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to look for dark matter. We've not seen any hints

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of dark matter yet, but in the absence of a

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dark amount of signal, we can use this to sort

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of rule out what dark matter isn't and start to

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hopefully eventually hone in on and what it is. We

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know that there's a sort of halo, a galactic halo

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of dark matter in our galaxy, and we're sort of

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passing through it, and so dark matter particles are really

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coming sort of from all directions. And just because of

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the fact that they interact so weakly with normal matter,

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we don't expect for most of the dark matter candidates

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we're looking for, we don't expect them passing through the

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Earth to actually have much of an effect. We expect

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them to scatter so infrequently that they'll just pass straight

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through the Earth and hopefully with a small probability interact

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in our detector of zenon. But once you look for

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some more exotic dark matter candidates, those very large, very

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heavy dark matter with very large interaction cross sections, which

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are also theoretically well motivated in some senses, those do

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scatter as they pass through the Earth, and so there

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you do have to take that attenuation into account.

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How tough is it to look for something that you

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have absolutely no idea what it is really it's not

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on the standard model.

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Yeah, it's very difficult. I mean, they're a viable candidate

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spanning tens of orders of magnitude, which is absolutely crazy

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when you really stop and think about it, and so

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you have to build experiments that work in very different

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ways to kind of try to fully explore this potential

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mass range that dark matter could be. So, you know,

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whimp have been historically very one motivated Canada, and there's

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still a lot of wind parameter space that we haven't

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ruled out yet, and so that's what these big liquidine

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on detectors like LZ are designed for. But increasingly you're

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seeing these sort of smaller scale tabletop experiments being built.

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You know, whether you're looking for some cahering interaction from

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say a light mediator with some optically levited nanoparticle, or

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whether you're looking at cryogenic bilometers. All sorts of things

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that have been done to probe that lower mass region

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as well. And there have been some pretty wild ideas

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proposed how we might probe sort of the heaviest potential

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candidates all the way up at sort of the plank mass,

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but I think those are a long way off from

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being realized that, Yeah, you have to get creative, and

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you have to you have to try new technologies and

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be prepared to fail sometimes as well, it's.

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Not failing, it's just finding a new limit, a new

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area that's now ruled out.

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Yeah, yeah, exactly. Yeah. Sometimes when you're trying to communicate

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this to the public, you know, they come back and

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they say, well, you didn't find anything again, you know,

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what's the point. But exactly as you say, you do learn.

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You do learn something every time. You do slowly, but

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surely we're honing in on what could be dark matter,

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and yeah, I very much hope that in my lifetime

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we see something a bit more conclusive.

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A long time ago, there was this issue of the

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missing neutrinos, and after a while we discovered that these

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were coming from the Sun, and part of the l

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ZE detectors work is involved seeing these and studying them

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as well.

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Yeah, exactly. So missing neutrino problem was a so called

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problem a few decades ago where a guy called Ray

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Davis built an experiment in the same cabin where the

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Elvy experiment now fits. So it's kind of a funny coincidence,

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but they were looking to detect neutrinos from the Sun

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and the experiment that they designed was detecting capable of

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detecting a specific flavor of neutrina, and they basically saw

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fewer neutrinos than they're expected to see, and so for

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a while they were quite puzzled, and the solutions of

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this problem actually turned out to be something called neutrino ospillations.

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Neutrinos are produced in one particular flavor depending on the

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k process that produced them, but then as they sort

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of propagate through space, they often between flavors. And so

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when you detect a neutrino, you have a probability that

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depends on energy of the neutrinos and distance and things

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like this, and also some fundamental parameters like the mass

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differences between the neutrinos. You have probabilities to observe those

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neutrinos in a different flavor than they were produced. That's

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just kind of a prediction of quantum mechanics. And so

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actually the reason why they were seeing what they were

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seeing was inconsistent with what they expected was because these

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neutrinos were oscillating.

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So they makes that out as a meon utrina, but

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then oscillate into a taw or electron neutrino exactly.

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So the ones produced in the sand that producers electro

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and neutrinos, and then they oscillate with some probability to become, yeah,

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potentially a tower of meal on neutrino, as you say,

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And so that problem was kind of resolved. Now, what

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it is that we're looking for, or we were looking for,

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we found it is a particularly rare process where we

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get these ornate solar neutrinos interacting directly with the nucleus

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of one of the zeno atoms in our secta. So

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when I say borin eight neutrinos, what do I mean?

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I basically it refers to neutrinos that are produced from

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a particular decay in the Sun where positron decay basically

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of boor and eight, which is just an isotope's present

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in the Sun, and it produces an excited state of

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rillium ate and a positron and an electron neutrino. And

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we kind of know what the energy spectrum of these

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neutrinos should be, so what sort of energy profile they

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should have as they're emitted from solar models and things

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like that. But there's kind of quite a bit of

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tension between So there are different different ways that you

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can set up your solar model because is what we

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call the high metholicity solar model and the low metholicity

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solar model, and they both have different predictions sort of

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the amounts of different neutrinos that are produced from these

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interactions in the sun. And so what we did was

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we basically provided one of the first measurements of the

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interaction of those bor and eate neutrinos with a nucleus

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for a process called coherent elastic utrino nuclear scattering, which

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is a very rare process and it's actually very similar

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to the sort of interaction that we would expect a

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wimp with that matter of wimp to have with a nucleus. So, yeah,

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the reason why this is interesting is sort of too far,

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you know. Number One, it's sort of the first signal

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that we've measured with this detector that would look very

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close to a dark matter signal, So it's kind of

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almost a trial run, if you like, so what a

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dark matter detection might look like. But secondly, it actually

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allows us to start to constrain the flux of these

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born eate neutrinos, and doing that is very important because

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number one, as we start to be able to measure

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these neutrino fluxes and will start to become sensitive to

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other serlein neutrino fluxes as well from other reactions. Other

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nuclear reactions in the symbol starts become sensor to some

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of the other ones as well as we build larger

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and more sensor detectors, and that helps us to a

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start to hopefully work towards solution to this solar abundance problem,

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the high metallisty or the low metholicity. And secondly, it

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actually allows us to look for potential non standard and

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neutrino interactions. So if what we observe when we measured

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one of these fluxes was very different from expectation, could

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also hint at potential new physics in the neutrino sector.

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Other experiments also help contribute to this helps us to

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start to pin down these neutrino fluxes more and more pically,

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And as other experiments start to pin down these bloxes,

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that actually allows us to become more sensitive to dark matter,

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because we will eventually get into a regime where because

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these neutrino signals look so similar to dark matter, they

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actually start to become the main background to a dark

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matter search. And so as other sort of dedicated neutrino

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experiments start to pin down those blotses more and more precisely,

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that allows us to become more sensors. So there's quite

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a few different angles to these neutrino physics searches. But

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what this really is is this is sort of the

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first demonstration of using one of these detectors to do

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this to a level that exceeded a certain threshold of

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significant of statistical significance that we start to talk about

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a significant observation.

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Does the flax or the red of neutrinos streaming out

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from the Sun tell us something about what's happening can

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be used as an early warning system?

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Yeah, so I think you're referring to the supernova neutrinos.

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When nineteen eighty seven A occurred, there was this huge

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flood of neutrinos coming from the progenitor star because the

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trinos flew straight out, they didn't bounce off anything else

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because they're so weakly interacting, and they hit the detectors

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on Earth hours before the first photons did.

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Yeah, exactly. So detectors like LVE are part of this

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thing called the super and over neutrino early warning system,

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and so there's kind of a whole network of these

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detectors and LV is one of them. There will be

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sensitive for these bursts of neutrinos if a pup and

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over explosion happened close enough to us, and so yeah,

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we're sort of primed and ready to go with that.

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For LV, we're part of that system, and if we

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detect a strong burst of neutrinos, then yeah, all of

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these sort of parts of this system will spring into

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actions and calastronomers, you know, point your telescope in this

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directions because we think you're going to see a burst

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of photons from a super ever.

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Seen supernovae are in fact neutrino explosions, not photon explosions.

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There are so many more of them.

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Yeah, detectors like ours that are able to detect a.

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Neutrinos, but at this stage we can't use utrina flux

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to tell us much about what's happening inside the sun.

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The sort of level of detection that we will take

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all of doing with detectors like LV at the current scale. No,

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as we accrue more data, we'll be able to start

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to say more and more. But it's really the next

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generation detectors that are going to be large enough to

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actually start to say useful things. About these nutriento bloxes

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and what might be happening in the fun.

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Let's doctor Robert James from the University of Melbourne and

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this is space time still to come what do we

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now know about volcanoes on Mars? And later in the

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science report and you study finding how often humans fall

359
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passionately in love or that and more still to come

360
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on space time and you study is found that young

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volcanoes on the red planet Mars were far more complex

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than previously thought. A report in the journal Geology shows

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that rather than forming during a single, short lived eruption,

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these volcano were shaped by long lasting and evolving magma

365
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systems deep below the Mussian surface. To fully understand how

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volcanoes work, scientists study the volcanic products that erupt on

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the surface because these can reveal the hidden magmatic systems

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feeding volcanic activity. The new study, using high resolution morphological

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observations and mineral analyzes provided from orbit, have revealed that

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some of the red planet's youngest volcanic systems experienced a

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far more intricate eruptive history than what scientists had previously thought.

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One of the studies authors, Badzos Pi Teric from the

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Atomikovich University says a long lived volcanic system located south

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of pavanas Mons is one of the largest of the

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Mussian volcanoes. By combining detailed surface mapping with orbital mineral data,

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Pieterican colleagues were able to reconstruct the volcanic and magmatic

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evolution of this system in unprecedented detail. Pateric says the

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results showed that during the Red planet's most recent volcanic period,

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magma sistem beneath the surface remained active and complex. The

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volcano didn't just erupt once it evolved. Over time, its

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conditions in the subsurface changed. The study shows the volcanic

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system developed through muldiple eruptive phases, transitioning from early fissure

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fed lava inmplacement to later point source activity that produced

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cone forming vents. Although these lava flows all appear different

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on the surface, they were all supplied by the same

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underlying magma system. Each eruptive phase preserved a distinct mineral signature,

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allowing scientists to trace how the magma changed through time.

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By Teric says, these mineral differences tell scientists that the

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magma itself was evolving and This likely reflects changes in

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how deep the magma originated and how long it was

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stored beneath the surface before erupting. Because direct sampling of

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Marchan volcanics is currently not possible, studies like this provide

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a rare insight into the structure and evolution of the

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red planets in this space. Time and time out to

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take a brief look at some of the other stories

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making US and science this week with a science report.

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A new long term study shows that consuming caffeinated tea

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or coffee is linked to a lower risk of dementia.

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The findings were reported in the Journal of the American

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Medical Association, based on monitoring of a large cohort of

401
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the US health workers for up to forty three years.

402
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Participants reported their average dietary intakes every two to four years,

403
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and researchers found those who drank more caffeinated tea or

404
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coffee were around ten to twenty percent less likely we've

405
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been diagnosed with dementia over that period of time. The

406
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risks seem to be most reduced by having one or

407
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two cups a day of tea or two to three

408
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cups of coffee, with no added benefit for higher amounts.

409
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They also have found the drinking decaffeinated coffee wasn't linked

410
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to any reduced dementia risk, indicating that it's the caffeine

411
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which is likely key to the possible protective effects of

412
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one of our favorite beverages. Falling passionately in love is

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one of the most talked about human experiences, celebrated in songs, movies, literature,

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and in art across all cultures. Passionate love is widely

415
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considered the hallmark of romantic relationships and his well documented

416
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psychological and behavioral effects. Yet until now, researchers overlooked a

417
00:22:38.559 --> 00:22:43.400
surprising basic question, how many times do people actually experience

418
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true passionate love over their lifespan well. A new study

419
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reported in the journal Into Person surveyed ten thousand and

420
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thirty six American adults, finding that some fourteen percent had

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never experienced passionate love, twenty eight percent experienced at once,

422
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thirty percent experienced it twice, seventeen percent three times, and

423
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eleven percent four or more times. Overall, experiences of true

424
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passionate love were similar across homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual participants.

425
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In fact, romantic love remains a major priority for most

426
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people Data from the Kinsey Institute showed that sixty percent

427
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of US singles described themselves as being very romantic, and

428
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a majority indorse ideas like love at first site and destiny.

429
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The Australian Air Force has completed construction of its new

430
00:23:36.079 --> 00:23:38.920
MQ four C Triton hangars at the Tender Air Force

431
00:23:38.920 --> 00:23:42.519
Base near Katherine in the Northern Territory. Based on the

432
00:23:42.559 --> 00:23:46.160
earlier Global Hawk, the MQ four C Triton is built

433
00:23:46.160 --> 00:23:50.119
by Northrop Grumman. Australias purchased an initial four of these

434
00:23:50.200 --> 00:23:53.960
high altitude jet powered aircraft for long range maritime surveillance

435
00:23:54.000 --> 00:23:58.559
patrols and intelligence gathering operations. The drones are also equipped

436
00:23:58.559 --> 00:24:02.880
for electronic and anti sir warfare, working alongside Air Force's

437
00:24:03.000 --> 00:24:07.519
man A Poseidon maritime surveillance aircraft. The three hundred and

438
00:24:07.599 --> 00:24:10.440
fifty six million dollar Air seven thousand Phase one D

439
00:24:10.599 --> 00:24:14.000
project includes purpose built facilities to support the MQ four

440
00:24:14.079 --> 00:24:17.759
C Tritan, including a new hangar, supporting infrastructure and ground

441
00:24:17.839 --> 00:24:21.839
crew accommodation. While based at Tyndall, the Tritons themselves will

442
00:24:21.880 --> 00:24:24.920
be remotely flown by pilots at the Number nine Squadron

443
00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:28.400
at the Edinburg Air Force Base near Adelaide in South Australia.

444
00:24:30.240 --> 00:24:33.599
Ricky Gervay's opening monologue at the twenty twenty Golden Globes

445
00:24:33.640 --> 00:24:34.880
probably set it best.

446
00:24:35.079 --> 00:24:37.119
Well, you say you woke, but the companies you work

447
00:24:37.160 --> 00:24:42.119
for I mean unbelievable, Apple, Amazon, Disney. If Isis started

448
00:24:42.119 --> 00:24:44.880
a streaming service, you'd call your agent, wouldn't you. So

449
00:24:45.559 --> 00:24:48.000
if you do win an award tonight, don't use it

450
00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:50.640
as a platform to make a political speech. Right, You're

451
00:24:50.680 --> 00:24:53.640
in no position to lecture the public about anything. You

452
00:24:53.720 --> 00:24:56.480
know nothing about the real world. Most of you spent

453
00:24:56.640 --> 00:24:59.680
less time in school than Greta Thumberg. So if you win,

454
00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:03.279
all right, come up, accept your little award, thank your

455
00:25:03.279 --> 00:25:06.119
agent and your God and foth okay man.

456
00:25:06.200 --> 00:25:09.839
After the recent Grammy's debacle, who can argue? But now

457
00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:12.559
Demi Moore is giving her two cents worth on the

458
00:25:12.559 --> 00:25:16.359
famous Roswell UFO craft story, claiming the whole thing's real.

459
00:25:17.119 --> 00:25:20.319
So a bit of background. The original story involved an

460
00:25:20.359 --> 00:25:24.200
alleged extraterrestrial spacecraft slamming into the ground on a farm

461
00:25:24.279 --> 00:25:27.480
during a violent thunderstorm, before briefly skipping back into the

462
00:25:27.519 --> 00:25:30.200
air and finally crashing hard into the ground in the

463
00:25:30.240 --> 00:25:33.119
bank of a dry gully several kilometers away yar a

464
00:25:33.119 --> 00:25:37.000
remote New Mexican town called Corona. The date was July

465
00:25:37.119 --> 00:25:41.160
the fourth, nineteen forty seven. The next morning, a local

466
00:25:41.240 --> 00:25:44.039
farmer named mac Brazl was inspecting one of his fields

467
00:25:44.079 --> 00:25:46.680
to see if the previous night storm it caused any damage,

468
00:25:46.720 --> 00:25:50.000
when he suddenly came across a huge debris area containing

469
00:25:50.079 --> 00:25:54.000
lots of wreckage covering the entire paddock. The debris included

470
00:25:54.039 --> 00:25:57.079
weird metal beams as light as bulster would and covered

471
00:25:57.079 --> 00:26:00.440
with strange, indecipherable writing he described as hirag gal epics.

472
00:26:01.000 --> 00:26:03.880
There were also unusual metal panels that could be bent

473
00:26:03.960 --> 00:26:06.599
and crunched up, only to return to the original shape

474
00:26:06.640 --> 00:26:10.599
when released, without showing any signs of creasing. Later that day,

475
00:26:10.759 --> 00:26:14.079
Brassel visited his uncle Hollis Wilson, telling him about the

476
00:26:14.079 --> 00:26:17.720
strange debris he had found. Now, Brazil didn't have a radio,

477
00:26:17.839 --> 00:26:20.880
and he hadn't read any newspapers recently, so he wasn't

478
00:26:20.920 --> 00:26:23.759
aware of a nationwide press coverage a few days earlier,

479
00:26:23.839 --> 00:26:26.640
on June the twenty fourth, when a pilot called Kenneth

480
00:26:26.759 --> 00:26:30.359
Arnold saw what he claimed were nine silver colored unidentified

481
00:26:30.440 --> 00:26:34.519
flying discs traveling in Unison the Mount Rainier in Washington State,

482
00:26:34.759 --> 00:26:38.319
moving at almost two thousand kilometis per hour and performing

483
00:26:38.400 --> 00:26:42.720
maneuvers will be on the capabilities of any known aircraft. Now,

484
00:26:42.720 --> 00:26:46.240
what Arnold had seen was probably a squadron of military jets.

485
00:26:46.599 --> 00:26:49.240
Jets were still very new at that time. Back then,

486
00:26:49.400 --> 00:26:52.079
they were usually left in their silver color, although you'd

487
00:26:52.079 --> 00:26:54.119
think that as a pilot, Arnold would have been up

488
00:26:54.119 --> 00:26:57.720
to date with a lotused aviation. News coverage of Arnold's

489
00:26:57.759 --> 00:27:00.759
report sparked a wave of over eight hundred similar sightings

490
00:27:00.759 --> 00:27:05.720
across America. Anyway, Wilson told Brazil about Arnold's report and

491
00:27:05.759 --> 00:27:08.160
suggested that the debris he found on his farm could

492
00:27:08.160 --> 00:27:10.680
have been from a flying disc, as hundreds of reports

493
00:27:10.680 --> 00:27:12.799
had been made during the fourth of July weekend and

494
00:27:12.839 --> 00:27:15.240
there was a three thousand dollars reward on offer for

495
00:27:15.359 --> 00:27:18.920
any proof. So the next day Brazil drove down to

496
00:27:18.960 --> 00:27:22.039
the nearest big city, which was Roswell, New Mexico, and

497
00:27:22.119 --> 00:27:25.680
reported his fine to the local Chavez County Sheriff, George Wilcox.

498
00:27:26.279 --> 00:27:29.519
Wilcox promptly phoned the nearby Roswell Army Air Force Base,

499
00:27:29.920 --> 00:27:32.279
which at that time happened to be home to the

500
00:27:32.319 --> 00:27:34.599
five or ninth Bomb Group of the eighth Air Force,

501
00:27:34.880 --> 00:27:36.839
which was the only unit in the world at that

502
00:27:36.960 --> 00:27:41.480
time capable of delivering nuclear weapons. The base assigned Major

503
00:27:41.559 --> 00:27:45.119
Jesse Marcel and Captain Sheridan Chavette to return with Brasel

504
00:27:45.240 --> 00:27:48.920
and gather the material from the ranch. Meanwhile, based Commander

505
00:27:48.960 --> 00:27:52.480
Colonel William Blanchard notified the Eighth Air Force's commanding officer,

506
00:27:52.519 --> 00:27:56.359
General Roger Rami of the findings. Then, on July the eighth,

507
00:27:56.440 --> 00:27:59.480
for some inexplicable reason, the Roswell Army Air Force bace

508
00:27:59.559 --> 00:28:03.119
IS Public Information Officer Walter Hout issued a press release

509
00:28:03.319 --> 00:28:06.359
stating that the military had recovered a flying disc in

510
00:28:06.400 --> 00:28:10.960
it Roswell. The local Roswell radio station KSWS quickly broke

511
00:28:11.000 --> 00:28:14.160
the story and relayed the details to the associated press,

512
00:28:14.440 --> 00:28:17.119
and it was from this that the legend of Roswell

513
00:28:17.240 --> 00:28:21.319
was born. Now sometime later, there were reports that the

514
00:28:21.319 --> 00:28:24.400
spacecraft's final craft site in the Dry River Gully had

515
00:28:24.400 --> 00:28:27.480
been located by the military, and that several alien bodies

516
00:28:27.519 --> 00:28:31.319
were recovered and taken away for autopsies. The story goes

517
00:28:31.359 --> 00:28:34.640
that the spacecraft in all the wreckage was quickly forensically

518
00:28:34.640 --> 00:28:37.119
cleaned up by the military and initially taken to the

519
00:28:37.160 --> 00:28:40.359
right Patterson Air Force Space in Ohio, before eventually being

520
00:28:40.400 --> 00:28:42.960
moved to Area fifty one at the Knellis Air Force

521
00:28:43.000 --> 00:28:46.599
Space on Groom Lake in Nevada. Later, the Air Force

522
00:28:46.640 --> 00:28:50.279
retracted the original UFO's story, instead claiming it was nothing

523
00:28:50.319 --> 00:28:53.839
more than a weather balloon. However, years later, the air

524
00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:56.519
was finally admitted the wreckage was actually part of a

525
00:28:56.599 --> 00:29:00.480
top secret experiment called Project Myrgle, which used long trains

526
00:29:00.480 --> 00:29:03.680
of weather balloons, reflectors, and electronic devices to try and

527
00:29:03.799 --> 00:29:08.519
use atmospheric acoustics to listen in on Soviet nuclear weapons tests.

528
00:29:09.039 --> 00:29:11.880
They confirmed that both the original UFO story and the

529
00:29:11.960 --> 00:29:14.599
later weather balloon story were all part of a deliberate

530
00:29:14.599 --> 00:29:18.680
government disinformation campaign designed to cover up the true nature

531
00:29:18.680 --> 00:29:22.119
of Project Mergel. As for the alien bodies, well, it

532
00:29:22.160 --> 00:29:24.480
turns out there were crash test dummies as part of

533
00:29:24.519 --> 00:29:27.480
early trials in the nineteen fifties designed to develop jet

534
00:29:27.519 --> 00:29:33.079
aircraft dejection seats. But as the Skeptics timendum explains, Demi

535
00:29:33.119 --> 00:29:35.240
Moore is certain that she know it's the truth.

536
00:29:35.440 --> 00:29:38.000
Demi Moore was apparently born in Roswell, well after the

537
00:29:38.200 --> 00:29:40.559
Roswell intiment. That was in what his servantry was born

538
00:29:40.559 --> 00:29:42.720
I think in the early sixties. But she said that.

539
00:29:42.960 --> 00:29:44.519
There long after Roswell.

540
00:29:44.640 --> 00:29:47.240
No, yeah, not the huge amount of years after Rosnell,

541
00:29:47.240 --> 00:29:48.960
but enough to actually sort of said she wasn't around

542
00:29:49.000 --> 00:29:51.000
what had happened, Okay, but she says that it's a

543
00:29:51.039 --> 00:29:53.640
thing in the air in Roswell, uh huh. And she

544
00:29:53.680 --> 00:29:55.599
said that in her youth it was something that people

545
00:29:55.640 --> 00:29:57.200
just didn't talk about it. It was as if it

546
00:29:57.279 --> 00:29:58.640
was a secret. Well it might be in the fact

547
00:29:58.640 --> 00:30:01.400
that it had been explained the balloon. In any case,

548
00:30:01.440 --> 00:30:03.359
why Roswell, I don't know, because Rosa was about one

549
00:30:03.400 --> 00:30:06.119
hundred kilometers from where this thing crashed on someone's farm

550
00:30:06.359 --> 00:30:08.759
in the place called Corona, New Mexico. Rose was a

551
00:30:08.759 --> 00:30:10.720
long way, but this guy took it to Roswell as

552
00:30:10.759 --> 00:30:13.559
the biggest town. Therefore, Roswell has claimed it as it's

553
00:30:13.640 --> 00:30:16.240
sort of incident, even though it didn't happen anywhere near them.

554
00:30:16.279 --> 00:30:19.319
They're not. They have museums and they have themed restaurants

555
00:30:19.359 --> 00:30:21.519
and things in Roswoltcuting to the L O. R.

556
00:30:21.839 --> 00:30:25.880
E Law the alleged UFO. It wasn't a flying saucer.

557
00:30:25.880 --> 00:30:28.279
It was shaped more like a sting ray actually hit

558
00:30:28.319 --> 00:30:31.119
the ground at a farm near Oswell, skipped on the ground,

559
00:30:31.279 --> 00:30:33.640
lost a lot of material, and then flew again for

560
00:30:33.680 --> 00:30:36.079
a little while before finally crashing at Corona.

561
00:30:36.440 --> 00:30:38.400
Right, Okay, that's interesting. What it is is that de

562
00:30:38.519 --> 00:30:40.400
meanmore might be promoting a new film that's coming out.

563
00:30:40.440 --> 00:30:42.559
You've got a film coming out called Strange Arrivals. It's

564
00:30:42.599 --> 00:30:45.920
funny that based on the Betty and Barney Hill abduction story,

565
00:30:45.920 --> 00:30:48.240
and she's playing She's playing Betty in that film, so

566
00:30:48.240 --> 00:30:49.960
there might be an ulterior mode. I might hate to

567
00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:52.079
suggest that. She also makes comments that Roswell has the

568
00:30:52.119 --> 00:30:55.119
largest landing strip of America. It doesn't matter. But apart

569
00:30:55.119 --> 00:30:57.720
from that, yep, I mean was an expert on Loswell incidents.

570
00:30:57.720 --> 00:30:58.279
A new avote.

571
00:30:58.400 --> 00:31:17.880
That's the skeptics timendum, and this is Spacetime, and that's

572
00:31:17.920 --> 00:31:22.000
the show for now. Spacetime is available every Monday, Wednesday

573
00:31:22.039 --> 00:31:26.039
and Friday through at bytes dot com, SoundCloud, YouTube, your

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00:31:29.880 --> 00:31:33.680
Gary dot com. Space Time's also broadcast through the National

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Science Foundation, on Science Own Radio and on both iHeartRadio

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581
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584
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585
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You've been listening to space Time with Stuart Gary.

586
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This has been another quality podcast production from bytes dot com.