Aug. 25, 2025
Cosmic Encounters: Asteroids, Moons, and the Milky Way's Future Unveiled
This episode of SpaceTime is brought to you with the support of Insta360. Capture your adventures with their latest game-changer, the GoUltra. For a special offer, visit store.insta360.com and use the promo code SPACETIME at checkout.
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore thrilling recent discoveries and events in the cosmos, including close encounters with asteroids, a newly discovered moon around Uranus, and the cosmic dance of dwarf galaxies.
Earth Dodges Two Asteroid Near Misses
Planet Earth has narrowly avoided two asteroid near misses within days of each other. The first, asteroid 2025 PF2, zipped past at an altitude of just 22,000 kilometers, while the second, 2025 PU1, came even closer at 29,000 kilometers. Both asteroids, small yet significant, highlight the ongoing risks posed by near-Earth objects, with 2025 PU1 being particularly alarming as it was only detected hours after its closest approach.
A New Moon for Uranus
Astronomers have identified a new moon orbiting Uranus, bringing the total number of known satellites to 26. Detected using NASA's Webb Space Telescope, this moon, estimated to be about 10 kilometers in diameter, eluded previous observations, including those from the Voyager 2 mission. Its discovery adds to the complexity of Uranus's moon system and raises questions about the chaotic history of its rings and satellites.
Dancing Dwarf Galaxies and the Milky Way's Fate
A new study suggests that the fate of our Milky Way galaxy is intricately tied to the gravitational interactions with smaller dwarf galaxies as it approaches a merger with the Andromeda galaxy. By studying similar galactic systems, researchers aim to predict how these cosmic dances will influence the evolution of our galaxy over the next few billion years, providing insights into dark matter and cosmic structure.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
https://academic.oup.com/mnras
NASA's Webb Space Telescope
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/webb/main/index.html
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
WEBVTT
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Stuart Gary: This is space Time Series 28 Episode
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102 for broadcast on 25
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August 2025. Coming up on space
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time, planet Earth dodges two asteroid
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near misses within days of each other. A new
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moon discovered orbiting around the planet Uranus
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and dancing dwarf galaxies may help predict the
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Milky Way's ultimate fate. All that and more
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coming up on, uh, Space Time.
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Voice Over Guy: Welcome to Space Time with Stuart
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Gary
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Stuart Gary: Planet Earth has just dodged two asteroid near misses
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within days of each other, both swooping past the Earth
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lower than the orbits of many satellites.
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Asteroid 2025 PF2 sped
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past the Earth at an altitude of just 22,000
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kilometers, traveling at around 13 kilometers per
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second. Estimated to be somewhere between 2 and
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6 meters in size, the space rock was flying in
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the constellation Aquila ah as it passed. Then
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there's asteroid 2025 PU1. It missed
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the Earth by just 29,000 kilometers, traveling at
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around 10 kilometers per second. It's
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estimated to have been somewhere between 2 and 3 meters in
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diameter and is currently in the direction of the constellation
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Pegasus. The frightening thing about
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2025 PU1 is that it was only
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observed 4 hours after it met its closest approach.
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It belongs to the Apollo class of near Earth asteroids
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and will make its next close approach to the Earth on, um, April
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3, 2036. It was the 10th
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closest asteroid flyby of Earth in just 12 months,
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the 85th known flyby of the planet within
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one lunar distance since the start of the year and the
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third so far this month. This is
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space time. Still to come, a new
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moon discovered orbiting the planet Uranus and
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dancing dwarf galaxies could help predict the ultimate
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fate of our own Milky Way. All that and more
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still to come on space time.
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Astronomers m have discovered another moon orbiting around the
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ice giant planet Uranus. The new
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observations were made using NASA's Webb Space
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Telescope. The previously unknown moon brings
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the total number of satellites orbiting Uranus to 26.
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The object was detected in a series of ten 40
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minute long exposure images captured by Webb's near
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infrared Camera. One of the study's authors,
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Maryam Al Mutamid from the Southwest Research
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Institute in Boulder, Colorado, says it's a small
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but significant discovery, which is something that even
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NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft didn't see during its
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flyby of Uranus 40 years ago. The
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newly discovered moon is estimated to be around 10 kilometers
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in diameter. That's assuming it has a similar reflectivity
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or albedo to Uranus. Other small satellites
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it was its tiny size, which likely rendered it
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invisible to Voyager 2 and earlier telescope
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observations. No, uh, other planet has as many
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small inner moons as Uranus. And their complex
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interrelationships with the planet's rings hint at a
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chaotic history that blurs the boundary between what
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a ring system is and what's really a
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constellation of moons. Also, this New
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Moon discovery is a lot smaller and fainter than the smallest
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of the previously known inner moons, making it likely
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that even more complexity remains to be discovered in the
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system. The New moon is the 14th member
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of the intricate constellation of small moons orbiting
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inwards of the largest moons, Miranda, Ariel,
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Umberal, Titania, and Oberon, all of which
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were named after characters from Shakespeare and Alexander
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Pope. It's located about 56,000
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kilometers from the center of Uranus. And it's orbiting the ice
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giant's equatorial plane between the orbits of
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Ophelia, which is just outside the planet's main ring system.
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And Bianca. The authors believe its nearly
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circular orbit suggests that it may have formed near its
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current location. As for a name for the
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newly found moon, well, that'll wait until one is approved by the
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International Astronomical Union, the leading authority in
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assigning official names and designations to astronomical
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objects. The discovery continues to build upon a
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legacy of missions like Voyager 2, which flew past
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Uranus back in January 1986, giving
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humanity its first close up look at this mysterious
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world. Now, nearly four decades later, the
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Webb Space Telescope is pushing that frontier
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even further. This is space time.
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Still to come, a new study trying to determine the
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ultimate fate of our Milky Way galaxy. And later
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in the science report, the first almost
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100% effective prevention drug for HIV
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AIDS. All that and more still to come,
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um, on space time.
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now it's back to our show.
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A new study is trying to determine the ultimate
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fate of our Milky Way galaxy as it hurtles towards
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a merger with our big galactic neighbor, M M31
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Andromeda. As the two galaxies come
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closer together, the gravitational tidal forces
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interacting between them will cause both to undergo
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massive changes. Now, a new study
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reported in the Journal of the Monthly Notices of the Royal
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Astronomical Society suggests that the cosmic dance
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of small, smaller satellite galaxies orbiting around the two
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giants will also play a significant role in
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that ultimate cosmic collision. One of the
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study's authors, Sarah Sweet from the University of Queensland,
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says the Milky Way will merge with Andromeda and with their
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respective smaller dwarf galaxies in the next two and a half
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to seven billion years. And while there's been a
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lot of research into what's happening in our local galactic group,
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astronomers really don't know how typical that will be.
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So to better understand how representative such a galactic collision
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will be, Sweet and colleagues studied NGC
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5713 and NGC
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5719, which are two very similar
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spiral galaxies which are about 3 billion years ahead
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of where the Milky Way and Andromeda now are in their
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merging. The authors are showing that these
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galaxies are combining as if they were dancing with
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closely located dwarf satellites rotating around them.
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It may provide our clearest look yet at how
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structures like the Milky Way satellite Galaxy System
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and how over the next few billion years, it'll evolve.
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Understanding our galaxy's likely future helps
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astronomers refine models of galactic evolution,
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models of dark matter, and models of the cosmic
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structure of the universe. Sweet says.
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We're all part of a much larger cosmic story,
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one that unfolds over billions of years,
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involving dances of galaxies and the shaping of
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the universe itself. She says. By comparing our
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Local Galaxy Group with other systems like it,
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astronomers can determine whether the Milky Way and Andromeda
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Group are a poster child for this sort of event or a
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cosmic outlier. Until astronomers know
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this, their ability to generalize findings from the Local
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Group of galaxies to understand galaxy evolution in a
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broader cosmological context remains hampered.
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For example, there's a persisting tension between the
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Local Galaxy Group observations and the world's most
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sophisticated cosmological computer models, such
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as the observed placement of dwarf galaxies preferentially
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in satellite planes around their hosts.
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And these observations therefore suggest that scientists will need
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to, uh, overhaul their current computer simulations.
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Sweet wants to know the Milky Way will begin its own
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dance with Andromeda, with the smaller dwarf galaxies
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rotating around them.
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Well, just like in our own Local Group, that's what
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you've been describing. Our, uh, Milky Way, Andromeda, our
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satellite galaxies, our dwarfs, including the Large and Small
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Magellanic Cloud, Sagittarius as well, and
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dozens of other satellites. We've been studying other
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systems that are quite like our Local Group. One in particular
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is this pair of gal, NGC 5713 and
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NGC 5719. They're quite like our
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Milky Way and Andromeda in that they're both massive spiral
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galaxies and they're approaching each other just like our
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Milky Way and Andromeda are approaching as well. And they
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both have associated dwarf galaxies with them. What's
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unusual about this system is that their dwarf
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galaxies are rotating around the center of mass
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of both of the galaxies rather than being
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associated with either one. They're not in a
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random cloud, but they're actually showing this rotation
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and what we think this system is quite
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like, what our Local Group will be like. In about 2 to
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3 billion years.
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Stuart Gary: Some degree of organization will come together. The
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gravitational tidal forces won't just simply cause
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things to plunge through each other. They'll arrange them in a, in
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a different way.
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yes, that's right, because as you've described, there's, there's a
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lot going on just around our, ah, Milky Way galaxy that
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our dwarfs are interacting. They're also interacting
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with our Milky Way galaxy. And on a
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slightly larger scale, we see These dwarfs rotating in a
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disk around their Milky Way. We also see dwarf galaxies is
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rotating in a disk around Andromeda. And
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the same thing we see happening around a lot of other galaxies as
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well. But what we expect is that as
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our Milky Way and Andromeda continue to approach each
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other, the dwarfs won't be just orbiting each massive
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galaxy, they'll actually be orbiting the whole system.
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And we think this is a way that these flat
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rotating disks of dwarf satellite galaxies can
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actually form.
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Stuart Gary: Are, uh, globular clusters the cause of merged
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dwarf galaxies, or are they individual
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nurseries of stars that are formed together and
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stayed together?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yeah, well, there are differences between dwarf
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galaxies and globular clusters. Globular clusters
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tend to have slightly or sometimes much
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more simple stellar populations. So they've had,
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usually had fewer generations.
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Stuart Gary: Of star formation, similar composition, and close,
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very close, gravitationally.
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yes, that's right. So we think just a single epoch of
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star formation in globular clusters. Some are larger, like
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Omega Cen, um, you might have heard of
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47P. These are, um, a bit larger, like
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they're the largest ones. And they have had probably a
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few generations of star formations and stellar evolution. But
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dwarf galaxies tend to have a lot more of this. And
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so even if you're seeing just the cores, you still see
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a, uh, larger spread in their stellar population
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characteristics. Also. Another difference is that when
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there's a cores of dwarf galaxies, they still have a
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massive intermediate, massive or black
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hole at the, at the center, whereas globular
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clusters don't. And we also have a halo of dark
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matter still surrounding these stripped dwarf galax.
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There's a few ways that we can distinguish them.
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Stuart Gary: Uh, you just mentioned the key phrase halos of
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dark matter. These provide what we consider
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the scaffold of the universe, don't they?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yes, yes, that's right. Uh,
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in fact, our simulations trace these building blocks.
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We have simulations of dark matter halos, and they
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come together, they gravitationally interact and form
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larger and larger halos, and so too the
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galaxies inside them. So in our, uh, cosmological
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simulations, we inject the baryons or so, you
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know, the uh, luminous matter into these dark matter
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halos and retrace the evolution of the galaxies and their
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halos over cosmic time.
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Stuart Gary: And as you look at these computer models, these
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simulations, how do they compare with what you see in the real
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world?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : M. Well, for the most part, uh, very good they
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are. Our cutting edge simulations
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describe a lot about what we see really quite well.
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One key difference and something that
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I'm and my colleagues are interested in is that
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it extremely rare to see a flat rotating
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disk or satellite around a galaxy. But
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we see this, as I've mentioned, around our Milky Way,
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around Andromeda, and half a dozen or so other,
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um, systems nearby to us that we can study in great
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detail. So it's a bit of a puzzle to know
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just how this happens when our, uh, simulations don't
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capture it. But they do so well on, um, so many other
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characteristics. And so that's why what we've found
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with this rotating system is quite interesting, because we think
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that's one way that these can form.
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Stuart Gary: As you've carried out your obs and you looked at
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5713 and 5719,
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what are you seeing there?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Well, what we're seeing is that the
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dwarf galaxies around these two massive
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spirals are, uh, in this sort of like this cosmic dance
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around these other two. So they've been falling, they've been
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approaching the center of mass, but trailing
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behind their massive, their host galaxy.
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So whereas they might have been isotropically
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distributed so randomly around the two
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massive galaxies as they were more separated as they're
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approaching each other, trailing along behind.
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And because the conservation of angular momentum as
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these two galaxies approach, it's like they're, they're pulling their
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arms in as like a figure skater, spinning
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faster. And so these dwarf galaxies, as they're approaching
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too, they feel this gravitational pull, and that's why they're
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coming in, in this rotating structure, we think.
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And, um. Yeah, so you get these. Yeah, they
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get, they do get into line. It's not a disc shape yet.
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It's still puffy. And it's like they're in these two wedge shapes,
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one either side. When you look at an image, you
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see these two massive galaxies in the middle, and
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all the galaxies on the left wedge are there
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approaching us. All the galaxies on the right hand wedge, they're
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moving away from us. So it's this really dramatic
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rotation that we can see.
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Stuart Gary: It sounds like as the merger continues
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over the next few billion years, these two galaxies won't
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be forming an elliptical galaxy, but probably a bigger
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spiral. Am I getting that right?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yeah, it's possible. It does depend,
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um, just on the angle of inclination
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that's the biggest one. It's a little bit hard to tell from
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the projected angle that we see, but one we can see edge on and
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one we can see face on, and we can actually see
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in the one that's edge on a little bit of a warp in the disk
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already. And in fact, the hydrogen gas, the neutral
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hydrogen that surrounds these galaxies, it's actually already
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forming a bridge between them. They are already interacting,
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uh, even though they don't look much like they are
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in the optical sense already.
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Stuart Gary: Now, when we look at our own Milky Way galaxy, not all that
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long ago, we discovered a warp in the disk of our galaxy as
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well.
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yes. And that could be also because, you know, we have this neighbour,
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Andromeda, we are approaching each other, but that
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interaction is a lot. We've got another.
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Yes, it is a lot more subtle and a lot earlier on as well. So
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we've got, like I said, 2 or 3 billion years before we get
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as close and as interacting as this pair
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NGC 5713 and 19 is, they're.
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Stuart Gary: A lot more at advanced stage now when galaxies
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collide. It sounds spectacular, but it's not
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like two billiard balls hitting each other on the table,
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is it?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : That's right. There's a lot of empty space between the
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stars. When our Milky Way and
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Andromeda merge, the biggest difference
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for people on Earth, if Earth was still to be
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around then, um, then would be that we would just
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see the night sky becoming filled with stars.
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We see Andromeda approaching and there's. But
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the, the stars in Andromeda would be, uh, moving past the
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stars in our galaxy. And so, yeah, we'd see
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a much more full night guy.
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Stuart Gary: We see those computer simulations of the two
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galaxies merging. Do you think they're fairly representative
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or is your data showing it's going to be a little different to that?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Well, that's one thing that we want to find out. We know a
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lot about our Milky Way and Andromeda and
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our dwarf galaxies. Because they're so close to us.
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We can resolve individual stars and we
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studied them in such great detail, but we don't know how
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well we can apply this knowledge to the rest of the
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universe in particular because we don't see all of the
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characteristics in our simulations. So, uh, something
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maybe, like you said, maybe it is just by random jump that we see these
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planes of satellites, for example. So that's what we're doing
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with this Local Group analog study is looking at
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these other systems that are as close to
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our Local Group as we can find and
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looking at them in, um, as much detail as
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we can and working out how far down in detail
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we need to go before we start seeing differences to our
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Milky Way and Andromeda and therefore
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what the limit of that extrapol might be. This pair
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of galaxies is one of our
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samples from our survey delegate, which is
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so called because the dwarf galaxies, ah, are delegates of
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their environment, so that they represent their host
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galaxies and their neighbours. We have handpicked
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these various local group analogues and
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this one in particular, my colleague at
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anu, Helmet, Jurgen, was looking in detail
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at this existing imaging of this system
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and he was looking at the velocity field, the
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velocity field of the hydrogen between the
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galaxies, piecing together existing observations that
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hadn't been combined before. And he had some deep
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imaging as well, looked at the
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velocities from existing catalogues of
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the different dwarf galaxies around
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the system and discovered that there was this
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striking difference between the dwarf galaxies on the
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left side of the figure and on the right side of the figure. And
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that's where he got the clue that the dwarf galaxy galaxies were
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actually rotating in this coherent
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motion around the two massive hosts.
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Stuart Gary: That's Dr. Sarah Sweet from the University of
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Queensland. And this is space,
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time
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and time.
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Now to take a brief look at some of the other stories making news in Science
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this week with a science report.
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Researchers in the United States believe they may have finally
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developed the first almost 100% effective prevention
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drug for HIV AIDS. America's
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food and Drug Administration has now approved the Lena
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Kappavir vaccine which is being sold under the brand name
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Yestoogo. It belongs to a class of
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antiretroviral medications known as capsid
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inhibitors. See, in the HIV type 1
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virus, the capsid is the protein shell that houses
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and protects the viral genetic material and it's crucial
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for transporting the virus into a host cell.
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Once inside the host cell, the capsids shed
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and the virus begins copying itself.
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Lenacapavir stops that from happening.
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In 2022, it was approved under the brand name
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Sunlinka to treat HIV in those already infected.
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But a long acting prevention medication has been much
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more difficult to realize. Last year,
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Lencapavir was named as the breakthrough invention of the year
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in the journal Science. The drug is now
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available across the European Union and the United States and
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it's awaiting regulatory approval in Australia,
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Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Switzerland,
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Argentina, Mexico and Peru. The
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human immunodeficiency virus
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attacks the immune system, causing Acquired Immune
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Deficiency Syndrome, or aids, which allows opportunistic
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diseases to normally easily combated by the body to
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take hold and eventually kill the patient.
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The World Health Organization says that since first being
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identified back in 1981, AIDS has
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killed over 43 million people globally and
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infected up to 113 million. With
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1.3 million new infections annually.
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HIV is transmitted through body fluids. Right
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now, there's no cure, although it can be controlled
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using a combination of complex drug cocktails. Australopithecus
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paleoanthropologists have discovered a new species of
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Australopithecus hominid, the earliest known member of
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the human family. The new fossil finds,
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reported in the journal Nature date back to between 2.6
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and 2.8 million years and coexisted with
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Australopithecus afarensis at the same place in
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Ethiopia at the same time. The
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oldest evidence of Australopithecus afarensis dates
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back some 2.95 million years years. The
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new Lady Garou Australopithecus species are based on
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just 13 teeth discoveries and demonstrate how
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human evolution was not linear, but a bushy
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tree with many branches going extinct. The
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authors are now examining the newly discovered species tooth
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enamel to try and find out what they can about what these
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species were eating. A
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new study has shown that some seabirds prefer to
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defecate in the air, so much so they'll actually
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take flight just to take a damp. Scientists
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strapped cameras to the bellies of 15 streaked
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shearwaters, migratory birds that travel from Japan as
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far as Australia. And they found that all but one
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of the 195 video bombardments were
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airborne. A report in the journal Current
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Biology claims in flight evacuations, for
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want of a better term, may have benefits outweighing the
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efforts to take off from the water, like avoiding germs,
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protecting the birds, delicate bits from seawater and a
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comfier position than simply floating. The
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authors say the findings could also help studies in how seabird
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excrement contributes to ocean ecosystems and
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whether bird flu can be transmitted between birds out at
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sea. Then again, as far as the bird's concerned,
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it may just be easier to target people from the air.
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A bunch of academics from the National Autonomous University
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of Mexico are giving credibility to a UFO
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report from Columbia. The UFO was first
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spotted flying over the town of Buga, reportedly
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zigzagging through the sky in a way that witnesses claim
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defies the movement of conventional aircraft.
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The ball shaped object was allegedly later seen sitting on
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the ground, where it was quickly recovered and taken away for
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testing. That led to claims there was a strong m
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decaying ionized field coming from the sphere.
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00:23:22.800 --> 00:23:25.200
Others claimed it could be radiating anions.
487
00:23:25.920 --> 00:23:28.480
These are negatively charged ions that have gained an
488
00:23:28.480 --> 00:23:31.480
electron or another negatively charged subatomic particle in
489
00:23:31.480 --> 00:23:34.430
order to fill their outer shells. Those behind the
490
00:23:34.430 --> 00:23:37.150
story claim that since the investigation began, this
491
00:23:37.150 --> 00:23:40.070
UFO is now five times heavier than what it was when it
492
00:23:40.070 --> 00:23:42.750
landed and they say that proves that it's
493
00:23:42.750 --> 00:23:45.550
manipulating gravity to make itself lighter in order
494
00:23:45.550 --> 00:23:48.550
to fly. Tim Mendham, um, from Australian Skeptics
495
00:23:48.550 --> 00:23:51.430
says it's worth pointing out the guy pushing the story has
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00:23:51.430 --> 00:23:53.990
a long history of making elaborate fake space
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00:23:53.990 --> 00:23:55.030
alien claims.
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00:23:55.030 --> 00:23:57.950
Tim Mendham: This is a sphere that was supposedly floating in the
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00:23:57.950 --> 00:24:00.870
sky, performing sort of weird movements and things and then
500
00:24:00.870 --> 00:24:03.670
found on the ground. Originally seen in Colombia,
501
00:24:03.670 --> 00:24:06.050
South America, but there's now researchers in
502
00:24:06.130 --> 00:24:08.530
Mexico having a look at it from a place called the National
503
00:24:08.690 --> 00:24:11.130
Autonomous University of Mexico. People there
504
00:24:11.130 --> 00:24:13.930
promoting some sort of invisible energy emanating
505
00:24:13.930 --> 00:24:16.690
from this machine that when it landed, uh, it was
506
00:24:16.770 --> 00:24:19.650
a burnt out area or something. They're saying it sucked all the
507
00:24:19.650 --> 00:24:22.570
water out of the grass and the soil and that there's all sorts
508
00:24:22.570 --> 00:24:25.570
of strange things going on emanating from it. There's engravings all the way
509
00:24:25.570 --> 00:24:28.490
around it and the engravings look pretty sloppy quite frankly. And they do.
510
00:24:28.490 --> 00:24:31.490
They're hardly the sort of work of advanced species
511
00:24:31.570 --> 00:24:32.930
sending these things across.
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00:24:33.010 --> 00:24:35.730
Stuart Gary: How do we know we wouldn't know what an alien
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00:24:35.810 --> 00:24:37.770
script looks like? Like would we or would we?
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00:24:37.770 --> 00:24:40.730
Tim Mendham: No, we don't of course. No, there's not a lot of it around. But anything they
515
00:24:40.730 --> 00:24:43.570
can't understand naturally becomes alien 51 anyway.
516
00:24:43.570 --> 00:24:46.530
Yeah, I mean the, it was suggested that this is an art project
517
00:24:46.770 --> 00:24:49.730
and in any case there's no actual link between a thing that was
518
00:24:49.730 --> 00:24:52.649
seen in the sky, whatever it was, you know, unidentified. I'm not going to say flying
519
00:24:52.649 --> 00:24:55.610
saucer or alien technology, just something that was seen in
520
00:24:55.610 --> 00:24:58.290
the sky and then this was found that there's no necessarily
521
00:24:58.290 --> 00:25:01.290
connection apart from correlation that these two things are
522
00:25:01.290 --> 00:25:04.250
associated with each other. A thing in the sky, ball found on the
523
00:25:04.250 --> 00:25:07.130
ground, bit bigger than a soccer ball with these strange sort of little
524
00:25:07.130 --> 00:25:08.090
carvings on it.
525
00:25:08.170 --> 00:25:09.210
Stuart Gary: They're very small people.
526
00:25:09.210 --> 00:25:12.130
Tim Mendham: I don't know if it was a craft with people inside. There's supposed to be a lot of
527
00:25:12.130 --> 00:25:14.690
wires and things inside. I don't know how X raying this.
528
00:25:14.690 --> 00:25:17.490
Stuart Gary: Thing or something but advanced civilization is still using
529
00:25:17.490 --> 00:25:18.810
copper wires, are they?
530
00:25:20.320 --> 00:25:23.290
Tim Mendham: Um, this craft apparently bumped up against some power lines and
531
00:25:23.290 --> 00:25:26.170
that took all the energy out of it. So not a particularly good craft for
532
00:25:26.250 --> 00:25:29.250
bringing across the great depths of space. But it's just one
533
00:25:29.250 --> 00:25:32.130
of those things that you think is just one of those silly things that
534
00:25:32.130 --> 00:25:34.930
people are getting carried away with. And there's some academics within this
535
00:25:34.930 --> 00:25:37.730
university who are endorsing it. And it's also being
536
00:25:37.730 --> 00:25:40.250
heavily promoted by a quote UFO
537
00:25:40.250 --> 00:25:43.170
researcher who is known for faking and
538
00:25:43.170 --> 00:25:46.010
promoting fake products you know, mummified bodies that
539
00:25:46.010 --> 00:25:49.010
turn out not to be sort of, uh, mummified alien bodies at all,
540
00:25:49.010 --> 00:25:51.770
or all sorts of evidence of UFO sightings that have been
541
00:25:51.770 --> 00:25:54.690
seriously debunked. So one of the main proponents of this thing is someone
542
00:25:54.690 --> 00:25:57.510
he really had trouble trusting or certainly
543
00:25:57.510 --> 00:26:00.430
believing. And others are some academics who are making some really
544
00:26:00.430 --> 00:26:03.350
quite outlandish statements. The things that sort of just don't comply with
545
00:26:03.350 --> 00:26:06.150
the laws of physics at all. But they're using these as the
546
00:26:06.150 --> 00:26:09.070
explanation of why this is a real, um, alien technology.
547
00:26:09.390 --> 00:26:12.309
Doesn't look particularly impressive from my point of view, especially the
548
00:26:12.309 --> 00:26:15.150
carvings, the engravings on the side of it. They just look sort of
549
00:26:15.150 --> 00:26:15.830
amateurish.
550
00:26:15.830 --> 00:26:18.510
Stuart Gary: That's Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics.
551
00:26:34.150 --> 00:26:37.070
And that's the show for now. Space Time is
552
00:26:37.070 --> 00:26:39.990
available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple
553
00:26:39.990 --> 00:26:42.550
Podcasts, itunes, Stitcher, Google
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Podcast, Pocketcasts, Spotify,
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Space Times also broadcasts through the National Science
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foundation on Science Zone Radio and on both
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Store for a range of promotional merchandising goodies,
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or by becoming a SpaceTime patron, which gives
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you access to triple episode commercial free versions of the
566
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show, as well as lots of bonus audio content which
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doesn't go to air, access to our exclusive Facebook
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group and other rewards. Just go to
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SpaceTimeWithStuartGary.com for full
570
00:27:26.630 --> 00:27:29.630
details. You've been listening to Space Time
571
00:27:29.630 --> 00:27:30.230
with Stuart Gary
572
00:27:30.660 --> 00:27:33.580
Tim Mendham: This has been another quality podcast production from
573
00:27:33.580 --> 00:27:34.580
bitesz.com
0
00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.480
Stuart Gary: This is space Time Series 28 Episode
1
00:00:02.480 --> 00:00:04.812
102 for broadcast on 25
2
00:00:04.948 --> 00:00:07.920
August 2025. Coming up on space
3
00:00:08.000 --> 00:00:10.800
time, planet Earth dodges two asteroid
4
00:00:10.800 --> 00:00:13.680
near misses within days of each other. A new
5
00:00:13.680 --> 00:00:16.480
moon discovered orbiting around the planet Uranus
6
00:00:17.040 --> 00:00:19.920
and dancing dwarf galaxies may help predict the
7
00:00:19.920 --> 00:00:22.920
Milky Way's ultimate fate. All that and more
8
00:00:22.920 --> 00:00:24.720
coming up on, uh, Space Time.
9
00:00:26.080 --> 00:00:28.880
Voice Over Guy: Welcome to Space Time with Stuart
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00:00:28.880 --> 00:00:29.200
Gary
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00:00:45.420 --> 00:00:48.300
Stuart Gary: Planet Earth has just dodged two asteroid near misses
12
00:00:48.300 --> 00:00:51.180
within days of each other, both swooping past the Earth
13
00:00:51.180 --> 00:00:53.420
lower than the orbits of many satellites.
14
00:00:53.980 --> 00:00:56.980
Asteroid 2025 PF2 sped
15
00:00:56.980 --> 00:00:59.460
past the Earth at an altitude of just 22,000
16
00:00:59.460 --> 00:01:02.260
kilometers, traveling at around 13 kilometers per
17
00:01:02.260 --> 00:01:05.190
second. Estimated to be somewhere between 2 and
18
00:01:05.190 --> 00:01:08.190
6 meters in size, the space rock was flying in
19
00:01:08.190 --> 00:01:10.950
the constellation Aquila ah as it passed. Then
20
00:01:10.950 --> 00:01:13.910
there's asteroid 2025 PU1. It missed
21
00:01:13.910 --> 00:01:16.910
the Earth by just 29,000 kilometers, traveling at
22
00:01:16.910 --> 00:01:19.430
around 10 kilometers per second. It's
23
00:01:19.430 --> 00:01:22.110
estimated to have been somewhere between 2 and 3 meters in
24
00:01:22.110 --> 00:01:24.710
diameter and is currently in the direction of the constellation
25
00:01:24.710 --> 00:01:27.110
Pegasus. The frightening thing about
26
00:01:27.110 --> 00:01:29.710
2025 PU1 is that it was only
27
00:01:29.710 --> 00:01:32.710
observed 4 hours after it met its closest approach.
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00:01:33.570 --> 00:01:36.450
It belongs to the Apollo class of near Earth asteroids
29
00:01:36.530 --> 00:01:39.330
and will make its next close approach to the Earth on, um, April
30
00:01:39.410 --> 00:01:42.330
3, 2036. It was the 10th
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00:01:42.330 --> 00:01:45.090
closest asteroid flyby of Earth in just 12 months,
32
00:01:45.170 --> 00:01:48.010
the 85th known flyby of the planet within
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00:01:48.010 --> 00:01:50.850
one lunar distance since the start of the year and the
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00:01:50.850 --> 00:01:53.690
third so far this month. This is
35
00:01:53.690 --> 00:01:56.530
space time. Still to come, a new
36
00:01:56.530 --> 00:01:59.510
moon discovered orbiting the planet Uranus and
37
00:01:59.510 --> 00:02:02.430
dancing dwarf galaxies could help predict the ultimate
38
00:02:02.430 --> 00:02:05.350
fate of our own Milky Way. All that and more
39
00:02:05.350 --> 00:02:07.230
still to come on space time.
40
00:02:23.150 --> 00:02:25.990
Astronomers m have discovered another moon orbiting around the
41
00:02:25.990 --> 00:02:28.540
ice giant planet Uranus. The new
42
00:02:28.540 --> 00:02:30.980
observations were made using NASA's Webb Space
43
00:02:30.980 --> 00:02:33.980
Telescope. The previously unknown moon brings
44
00:02:33.980 --> 00:02:36.980
the total number of satellites orbiting Uranus to 26.
45
00:02:37.460 --> 00:02:40.260
The object was detected in a series of ten 40
46
00:02:40.260 --> 00:02:43.100
minute long exposure images captured by Webb's near
47
00:02:43.100 --> 00:02:45.940
infrared Camera. One of the study's authors,
48
00:02:45.940 --> 00:02:48.500
Maryam Al Mutamid from the Southwest Research
49
00:02:48.500 --> 00:02:51.340
Institute in Boulder, Colorado, says it's a small
50
00:02:51.340 --> 00:02:54.060
but significant discovery, which is something that even
51
00:02:54.060 --> 00:02:56.900
NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft didn't see during its
52
00:02:56.900 --> 00:02:59.800
flyby of Uranus 40 years ago. The
53
00:02:59.800 --> 00:03:02.680
newly discovered moon is estimated to be around 10 kilometers
54
00:03:02.680 --> 00:03:05.520
in diameter. That's assuming it has a similar reflectivity
55
00:03:05.520 --> 00:03:08.480
or albedo to Uranus. Other small satellites
56
00:03:08.880 --> 00:03:11.720
it was its tiny size, which likely rendered it
57
00:03:11.720 --> 00:03:14.480
invisible to Voyager 2 and earlier telescope
58
00:03:14.480 --> 00:03:17.440
observations. No, uh, other planet has as many
59
00:03:17.440 --> 00:03:20.000
small inner moons as Uranus. And their complex
60
00:03:20.000 --> 00:03:22.680
interrelationships with the planet's rings hint at a
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00:03:22.680 --> 00:03:25.520
chaotic history that blurs the boundary between what
62
00:03:25.520 --> 00:03:27.920
a ring system is and what's really a
63
00:03:27.920 --> 00:03:30.850
constellation of moons. Also, this New
64
00:03:30.850 --> 00:03:33.850
Moon discovery is a lot smaller and fainter than the smallest
65
00:03:33.850 --> 00:03:36.610
of the previously known inner moons, making it likely
66
00:03:36.610 --> 00:03:39.530
that even more complexity remains to be discovered in the
67
00:03:39.530 --> 00:03:42.330
system. The New moon is the 14th member
68
00:03:42.330 --> 00:03:45.210
of the intricate constellation of small moons orbiting
69
00:03:45.210 --> 00:03:47.810
inwards of the largest moons, Miranda, Ariel,
70
00:03:47.890 --> 00:03:50.850
Umberal, Titania, and Oberon, all of which
71
00:03:50.850 --> 00:03:53.650
were named after characters from Shakespeare and Alexander
72
00:03:53.650 --> 00:03:56.330
Pope. It's located about 56,000
73
00:03:56.330 --> 00:03:59.050
kilometers from the center of Uranus. And it's orbiting the ice
74
00:03:59.050 --> 00:04:01.560
giant's equatorial plane between the orbits of
75
00:04:01.710 --> 00:04:04.550
Ophelia, which is just outside the planet's main ring system.
76
00:04:04.550 --> 00:04:07.470
And Bianca. The authors believe its nearly
77
00:04:07.470 --> 00:04:10.190
circular orbit suggests that it may have formed near its
78
00:04:10.190 --> 00:04:12.950
current location. As for a name for the
79
00:04:12.950 --> 00:04:15.910
newly found moon, well, that'll wait until one is approved by the
80
00:04:15.910 --> 00:04:18.670
International Astronomical Union, the leading authority in
81
00:04:18.670 --> 00:04:21.670
assigning official names and designations to astronomical
82
00:04:21.670 --> 00:04:24.630
objects. The discovery continues to build upon a
83
00:04:24.630 --> 00:04:27.270
legacy of missions like Voyager 2, which flew past
84
00:04:27.270 --> 00:04:30.260
Uranus back in January 1986, giving
85
00:04:30.260 --> 00:04:33.260
humanity its first close up look at this mysterious
86
00:04:33.260 --> 00:04:36.180
world. Now, nearly four decades later, the
87
00:04:36.180 --> 00:04:38.860
Webb Space Telescope is pushing that frontier
88
00:04:39.260 --> 00:04:42.220
even further. This is space time.
89
00:04:42.860 --> 00:04:45.620
Still to come, a new study trying to determine the
90
00:04:45.620 --> 00:04:48.540
ultimate fate of our Milky Way galaxy. And later
91
00:04:48.540 --> 00:04:51.020
in the science report, the first almost
92
00:04:51.020 --> 00:04:53.900
100% effective prevention drug for HIV
93
00:04:53.980 --> 00:04:56.460
AIDS. All that and more still to come,
94
00:04:56.970 --> 00:04:57.970
um, on space time.
95
00:05:02.850 --> 00:05:05.750
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now it's back to our show.
136
00:06:58.810 --> 00:07:01.530
A new study is trying to determine the ultimate
137
00:07:01.530 --> 00:07:04.370
fate of our Milky Way galaxy as it hurtles towards
138
00:07:04.370 --> 00:07:07.290
a merger with our big galactic neighbor, M M31
139
00:07:07.290 --> 00:07:09.930
Andromeda. As the two galaxies come
140
00:07:09.930 --> 00:07:12.530
closer together, the gravitational tidal forces
141
00:07:12.530 --> 00:07:15.290
interacting between them will cause both to undergo
142
00:07:15.290 --> 00:07:17.930
massive changes. Now, a new study
143
00:07:17.930 --> 00:07:20.370
reported in the Journal of the Monthly Notices of the Royal
144
00:07:20.370 --> 00:07:23.210
Astronomical Society suggests that the cosmic dance
145
00:07:23.210 --> 00:07:25.870
of small, smaller satellite galaxies orbiting around the two
146
00:07:25.870 --> 00:07:28.670
giants will also play a significant role in
147
00:07:28.670 --> 00:07:31.310
that ultimate cosmic collision. One of the
148
00:07:31.310 --> 00:07:34.310
study's authors, Sarah Sweet from the University of Queensland,
149
00:07:34.390 --> 00:07:37.230
says the Milky Way will merge with Andromeda and with their
150
00:07:37.230 --> 00:07:40.110
respective smaller dwarf galaxies in the next two and a half
151
00:07:40.110 --> 00:07:43.110
to seven billion years. And while there's been a
152
00:07:43.110 --> 00:07:45.910
lot of research into what's happening in our local galactic group,
153
00:07:45.910 --> 00:07:48.870
astronomers really don't know how typical that will be.
154
00:07:49.710 --> 00:07:52.670
So to better understand how representative such a galactic collision
155
00:07:52.670 --> 00:07:55.470
will be, Sweet and colleagues studied NGC
156
00:07:55.470 --> 00:07:57.750
5713 and NGC
157
00:07:57.750 --> 00:08:00.270
5719, which are two very similar
158
00:08:00.350 --> 00:08:03.230
spiral galaxies which are about 3 billion years ahead
159
00:08:03.230 --> 00:08:05.790
of where the Milky Way and Andromeda now are in their
160
00:08:05.790 --> 00:08:08.350
merging. The authors are showing that these
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galaxies are combining as if they were dancing with
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closely located dwarf satellites rotating around them.
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It may provide our clearest look yet at how
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structures like the Milky Way satellite Galaxy System
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and how over the next few billion years, it'll evolve.
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Understanding our galaxy's likely future helps
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astronomers refine models of galactic evolution,
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models of dark matter, and models of the cosmic
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structure of the universe. Sweet says.
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We're all part of a much larger cosmic story,
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one that unfolds over billions of years,
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involving dances of galaxies and the shaping of
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the universe itself. She says. By comparing our
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Local Galaxy Group with other systems like it,
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astronomers can determine whether the Milky Way and Andromeda
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Group are a poster child for this sort of event or a
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cosmic outlier. Until astronomers know
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this, their ability to generalize findings from the Local
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Group of galaxies to understand galaxy evolution in a
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broader cosmological context remains hampered.
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For example, there's a persisting tension between the
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Local Galaxy Group observations and the world's most
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sophisticated cosmological computer models, such
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as the observed placement of dwarf galaxies preferentially
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in satellite planes around their hosts.
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And these observations therefore suggest that scientists will need
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to, uh, overhaul their current computer simulations.
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Sweet wants to know the Milky Way will begin its own
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dance with Andromeda, with the smaller dwarf galaxies
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rotating around them.
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Well, just like in our own Local Group, that's what
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you've been describing. Our, uh, Milky Way, Andromeda, our
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satellite galaxies, our dwarfs, including the Large and Small
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Magellanic Cloud, Sagittarius as well, and
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dozens of other satellites. We've been studying other
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systems that are quite like our Local Group. One in particular
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is this pair of gal, NGC 5713 and
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NGC 5719. They're quite like our
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Milky Way and Andromeda in that they're both massive spiral
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galaxies and they're approaching each other just like our
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Milky Way and Andromeda are approaching as well. And they
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both have associated dwarf galaxies with them. What's
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unusual about this system is that their dwarf
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galaxies are rotating around the center of mass
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of both of the galaxies rather than being
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associated with either one. They're not in a
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random cloud, but they're actually showing this rotation
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and what we think this system is quite
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like, what our Local Group will be like. In about 2 to
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3 billion years.
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Stuart Gary: Some degree of organization will come together. The
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gravitational tidal forces won't just simply cause
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things to plunge through each other. They'll arrange them in a, in
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a different way.
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yes, that's right, because as you've described, there's, there's a
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lot going on just around our, ah, Milky Way galaxy that
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our dwarfs are interacting. They're also interacting
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with our Milky Way galaxy. And on a
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slightly larger scale, we see These dwarfs rotating in a
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disk around their Milky Way. We also see dwarf galaxies is
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rotating in a disk around Andromeda. And
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the same thing we see happening around a lot of other galaxies as
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well. But what we expect is that as
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our Milky Way and Andromeda continue to approach each
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other, the dwarfs won't be just orbiting each massive
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galaxy, they'll actually be orbiting the whole system.
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And we think this is a way that these flat
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rotating disks of dwarf satellite galaxies can
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actually form.
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Stuart Gary: Are, uh, globular clusters the cause of merged
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dwarf galaxies, or are they individual
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nurseries of stars that are formed together and
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stayed together?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yeah, well, there are differences between dwarf
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galaxies and globular clusters. Globular clusters
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tend to have slightly or sometimes much
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more simple stellar populations. So they've had,
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usually had fewer generations.
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Stuart Gary: Of star formation, similar composition, and close,
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very close, gravitationally.
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yes, that's right. So we think just a single epoch of
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star formation in globular clusters. Some are larger, like
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Omega Cen, um, you might have heard of
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47P. These are, um, a bit larger, like
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they're the largest ones. And they have had probably a
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few generations of star formations and stellar evolution. But
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dwarf galaxies tend to have a lot more of this. And
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so even if you're seeing just the cores, you still see
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a, uh, larger spread in their stellar population
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characteristics. Also. Another difference is that when
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there's a cores of dwarf galaxies, they still have a
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massive intermediate, massive or black
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hole at the, at the center, whereas globular
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clusters don't. And we also have a halo of dark
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matter still surrounding these stripped dwarf galax.
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There's a few ways that we can distinguish them.
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Stuart Gary: Uh, you just mentioned the key phrase halos of
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dark matter. These provide what we consider
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the scaffold of the universe, don't they?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yes, yes, that's right. Uh,
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in fact, our simulations trace these building blocks.
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We have simulations of dark matter halos, and they
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come together, they gravitationally interact and form
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larger and larger halos, and so too the
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galaxies inside them. So in our, uh, cosmological
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simulations, we inject the baryons or so, you
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know, the uh, luminous matter into these dark matter
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halos and retrace the evolution of the galaxies and their
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halos over cosmic time.
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Stuart Gary: And as you look at these computer models, these
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simulations, how do they compare with what you see in the real
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world?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : M. Well, for the most part, uh, very good they
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are. Our cutting edge simulations
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describe a lot about what we see really quite well.
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One key difference and something that
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I'm and my colleagues are interested in is that
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it extremely rare to see a flat rotating
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disk or satellite around a galaxy. But
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we see this, as I've mentioned, around our Milky Way,
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around Andromeda, and half a dozen or so other,
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um, systems nearby to us that we can study in great
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detail. So it's a bit of a puzzle to know
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just how this happens when our, uh, simulations don't
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capture it. But they do so well on, um, so many other
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characteristics. And so that's why what we've found
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with this rotating system is quite interesting, because we think
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that's one way that these can form.
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Stuart Gary: As you've carried out your obs and you looked at
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5713 and 5719,
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what are you seeing there?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Well, what we're seeing is that the
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dwarf galaxies around these two massive
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spirals are, uh, in this sort of like this cosmic dance
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around these other two. So they've been falling, they've been
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approaching the center of mass, but trailing
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behind their massive, their host galaxy.
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So whereas they might have been isotropically
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distributed so randomly around the two
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massive galaxies as they were more separated as they're
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approaching each other, trailing along behind.
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And because the conservation of angular momentum as
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these two galaxies approach, it's like they're, they're pulling their
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arms in as like a figure skater, spinning
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faster. And so these dwarf galaxies, as they're approaching
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too, they feel this gravitational pull, and that's why they're
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coming in, in this rotating structure, we think.
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And, um. Yeah, so you get these. Yeah, they
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get, they do get into line. It's not a disc shape yet.
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It's still puffy. And it's like they're in these two wedge shapes,
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one either side. When you look at an image, you
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see these two massive galaxies in the middle, and
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all the galaxies on the left wedge are there
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approaching us. All the galaxies on the right hand wedge, they're
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moving away from us. So it's this really dramatic
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rotation that we can see.
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Stuart Gary: It sounds like as the merger continues
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over the next few billion years, these two galaxies won't
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be forming an elliptical galaxy, but probably a bigger
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spiral. Am I getting that right?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yeah, it's possible. It does depend,
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um, just on the angle of inclination
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that's the biggest one. It's a little bit hard to tell from
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the projected angle that we see, but one we can see edge on and
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one we can see face on, and we can actually see
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in the one that's edge on a little bit of a warp in the disk
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already. And in fact, the hydrogen gas, the neutral
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hydrogen that surrounds these galaxies, it's actually already
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forming a bridge between them. They are already interacting,
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uh, even though they don't look much like they are
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in the optical sense already.
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Stuart Gary: Now, when we look at our own Milky Way galaxy, not all that
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long ago, we discovered a warp in the disk of our galaxy as
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well.
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Yes. And that could be also because, you know, we have this neighbour,
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Andromeda, we are approaching each other, but that
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interaction is a lot. We've got another.
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Yes, it is a lot more subtle and a lot earlier on as well. So
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we've got, like I said, 2 or 3 billion years before we get
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as close and as interacting as this pair
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NGC 5713 and 19 is, they're.
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Stuart Gary: A lot more at advanced stage now when galaxies
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collide. It sounds spectacular, but it's not
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like two billiard balls hitting each other on the table,
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is it?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : That's right. There's a lot of empty space between the
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stars. When our Milky Way and
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Andromeda merge, the biggest difference
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for people on Earth, if Earth was still to be
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around then, um, then would be that we would just
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see the night sky becoming filled with stars.
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We see Andromeda approaching and there's. But
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the, the stars in Andromeda would be, uh, moving past the
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stars in our galaxy. And so, yeah, we'd see
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a much more full night guy.
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Stuart Gary: We see those computer simulations of the two
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galaxies merging. Do you think they're fairly representative
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or is your data showing it's going to be a little different to that?
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Dr Sarah Sweet : Well, that's one thing that we want to find out. We know a
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lot about our Milky Way and Andromeda and
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our dwarf galaxies. Because they're so close to us.
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We can resolve individual stars and we
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studied them in such great detail, but we don't know how
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well we can apply this knowledge to the rest of the
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universe in particular because we don't see all of the
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characteristics in our simulations. So, uh, something
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maybe, like you said, maybe it is just by random jump that we see these
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planes of satellites, for example. So that's what we're doing
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with this Local Group analog study is looking at
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these other systems that are as close to
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our Local Group as we can find and
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looking at them in, um, as much detail as
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we can and working out how far down in detail
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we need to go before we start seeing differences to our
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Milky Way and Andromeda and therefore
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what the limit of that extrapol might be. This pair
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of galaxies is one of our
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samples from our survey delegate, which is
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so called because the dwarf galaxies, ah, are delegates of
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their environment, so that they represent their host
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galaxies and their neighbours. We have handpicked
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these various local group analogues and
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this one in particular, my colleague at
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anu, Helmet, Jurgen, was looking in detail
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at this existing imaging of this system
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and he was looking at the velocity field, the
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velocity field of the hydrogen between the
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galaxies, piecing together existing observations that
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hadn't been combined before. And he had some deep
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imaging as well, looked at the
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velocities from existing catalogues of
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the different dwarf galaxies around
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the system and discovered that there was this
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striking difference between the dwarf galaxies on the
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left side of the figure and on the right side of the figure. And
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that's where he got the clue that the dwarf galaxy galaxies were
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actually rotating in this coherent
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motion around the two massive hosts.
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Stuart Gary: That's Dr. Sarah Sweet from the University of
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Queensland. And this is space,
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time
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and time.
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Now to take a brief look at some of the other stories making news in Science
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this week with a science report.
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Researchers in the United States believe they may have finally
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developed the first almost 100% effective prevention
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drug for HIV AIDS. America's
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food and Drug Administration has now approved the Lena
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Kappavir vaccine which is being sold under the brand name
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Yestoogo. It belongs to a class of
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00:19:48.310 --> 00:19:51.030
antiretroviral medications known as capsid
412
00:19:51.030 --> 00:19:53.980
inhibitors. See, in the HIV type 1
413
00:19:53.980 --> 00:19:56.900
virus, the capsid is the protein shell that houses
414
00:19:56.900 --> 00:19:59.820
and protects the viral genetic material and it's crucial
415
00:19:59.820 --> 00:20:02.300
for transporting the virus into a host cell.
416
00:20:02.700 --> 00:20:05.340
Once inside the host cell, the capsids shed
417
00:20:05.420 --> 00:20:07.500
and the virus begins copying itself.
418
00:20:07.980 --> 00:20:10.380
Lenacapavir stops that from happening.
419
00:20:10.860 --> 00:20:13.380
In 2022, it was approved under the brand name
420
00:20:13.380 --> 00:20:16.300
Sunlinka to treat HIV in those already infected.
421
00:20:16.540 --> 00:20:19.500
But a long acting prevention medication has been much
422
00:20:19.500 --> 00:20:22.070
more difficult to realize. Last year,
423
00:20:22.070 --> 00:20:25.070
Lencapavir was named as the breakthrough invention of the year
424
00:20:25.070 --> 00:20:27.830
in the journal Science. The drug is now
425
00:20:27.830 --> 00:20:30.830
available across the European Union and the United States and
426
00:20:30.830 --> 00:20:32.950
it's awaiting regulatory approval in Australia,
427
00:20:33.270 --> 00:20:35.910
Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Switzerland,
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00:20:35.990 --> 00:20:38.830
Argentina, Mexico and Peru. The
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00:20:38.830 --> 00:20:40.470
human immunodeficiency virus
430
00:20:41.430 --> 00:20:44.150
attacks the immune system, causing Acquired Immune
431
00:20:44.150 --> 00:20:46.990
Deficiency Syndrome, or aids, which allows opportunistic
432
00:20:46.990 --> 00:20:49.920
diseases to normally easily combated by the body to
433
00:20:49.920 --> 00:20:52.320
take hold and eventually kill the patient.
434
00:20:52.720 --> 00:20:55.240
The World Health Organization says that since first being
435
00:20:55.240 --> 00:20:58.040
identified back in 1981, AIDS has
436
00:20:58.040 --> 00:21:00.760
killed over 43 million people globally and
437
00:21:00.760 --> 00:21:03.040
infected up to 113 million. With
438
00:21:03.040 --> 00:21:05.440
1.3 million new infections annually.
439
00:21:06.080 --> 00:21:09.040
HIV is transmitted through body fluids. Right
440
00:21:09.040 --> 00:21:12.000
now, there's no cure, although it can be controlled
441
00:21:12.000 --> 00:21:15.000
using a combination of complex drug cocktails. Australopithecus
442
00:21:16.120 --> 00:21:18.960
paleoanthropologists have discovered a new species of
443
00:21:18.960 --> 00:21:21.840
Australopithecus hominid, the earliest known member of
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00:21:21.840 --> 00:21:24.600
the human family. The new fossil finds,
445
00:21:24.600 --> 00:21:27.560
reported in the journal Nature date back to between 2.6
446
00:21:27.560 --> 00:21:30.560
and 2.8 million years and coexisted with
447
00:21:30.560 --> 00:21:33.240
Australopithecus afarensis at the same place in
448
00:21:33.240 --> 00:21:35.960
Ethiopia at the same time. The
449
00:21:35.960 --> 00:21:38.840
oldest evidence of Australopithecus afarensis dates
450
00:21:38.840 --> 00:21:41.830
back some 2.95 million years years. The
451
00:21:41.830 --> 00:21:44.790
new Lady Garou Australopithecus species are based on
452
00:21:44.790 --> 00:21:47.710
just 13 teeth discoveries and demonstrate how
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00:21:47.710 --> 00:21:50.510
human evolution was not linear, but a bushy
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00:21:50.510 --> 00:21:53.350
tree with many branches going extinct. The
455
00:21:53.350 --> 00:21:56.150
authors are now examining the newly discovered species tooth
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00:21:56.150 --> 00:21:59.110
enamel to try and find out what they can about what these
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00:21:59.110 --> 00:22:01.990
species were eating. A
458
00:22:01.990 --> 00:22:04.750
new study has shown that some seabirds prefer to
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00:22:04.750 --> 00:22:07.470
defecate in the air, so much so they'll actually
460
00:22:07.470 --> 00:22:10.430
take flight just to take a damp. Scientists
461
00:22:10.430 --> 00:22:12.870
strapped cameras to the bellies of 15 streaked
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00:22:12.870 --> 00:22:15.830
shearwaters, migratory birds that travel from Japan as
463
00:22:15.830 --> 00:22:18.830
far as Australia. And they found that all but one
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00:22:18.830 --> 00:22:21.270
of the 195 video bombardments were
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00:22:21.270 --> 00:22:23.630
airborne. A report in the journal Current
466
00:22:23.630 --> 00:22:26.590
Biology claims in flight evacuations, for
467
00:22:26.590 --> 00:22:29.510
want of a better term, may have benefits outweighing the
468
00:22:29.510 --> 00:22:32.510
efforts to take off from the water, like avoiding germs,
469
00:22:32.590 --> 00:22:35.590
protecting the birds, delicate bits from seawater and a
470
00:22:35.590 --> 00:22:38.460
comfier position than simply floating. The
471
00:22:38.460 --> 00:22:41.420
authors say the findings could also help studies in how seabird
472
00:22:41.420 --> 00:22:44.220
excrement contributes to ocean ecosystems and
473
00:22:44.220 --> 00:22:47.220
whether bird flu can be transmitted between birds out at
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00:22:47.220 --> 00:22:50.180
sea. Then again, as far as the bird's concerned,
475
00:22:50.180 --> 00:22:52.900
it may just be easier to target people from the air.
476
00:22:54.420 --> 00:22:57.140
A bunch of academics from the National Autonomous University
477
00:22:57.220 --> 00:23:00.220
of Mexico are giving credibility to a UFO
478
00:23:00.220 --> 00:23:03.020
report from Columbia. The UFO was first
479
00:23:03.020 --> 00:23:05.820
spotted flying over the town of Buga, reportedly
480
00:23:05.820 --> 00:23:08.640
zigzagging through the sky in a way that witnesses claim
481
00:23:08.640 --> 00:23:11.040
defies the movement of conventional aircraft.
482
00:23:11.440 --> 00:23:14.400
The ball shaped object was allegedly later seen sitting on
483
00:23:14.400 --> 00:23:17.000
the ground, where it was quickly recovered and taken away for
484
00:23:17.000 --> 00:23:19.660
testing. That led to claims there was a strong m
485
00:23:19.660 --> 00:23:22.320
decaying ionized field coming from the sphere.
486
00:23:22.800 --> 00:23:25.200
Others claimed it could be radiating anions.
487
00:23:25.920 --> 00:23:28.480
These are negatively charged ions that have gained an
488
00:23:28.480 --> 00:23:31.480
electron or another negatively charged subatomic particle in
489
00:23:31.480 --> 00:23:34.430
order to fill their outer shells. Those behind the
490
00:23:34.430 --> 00:23:37.150
story claim that since the investigation began, this
491
00:23:37.150 --> 00:23:40.070
UFO is now five times heavier than what it was when it
492
00:23:40.070 --> 00:23:42.750
landed and they say that proves that it's
493
00:23:42.750 --> 00:23:45.550
manipulating gravity to make itself lighter in order
494
00:23:45.550 --> 00:23:48.550
to fly. Tim Mendham, um, from Australian Skeptics
495
00:23:48.550 --> 00:23:51.430
says it's worth pointing out the guy pushing the story has
496
00:23:51.430 --> 00:23:53.990
a long history of making elaborate fake space
497
00:23:53.990 --> 00:23:55.030
alien claims.
498
00:23:55.030 --> 00:23:57.950
Tim Mendham: This is a sphere that was supposedly floating in the
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00:23:57.950 --> 00:24:00.870
sky, performing sort of weird movements and things and then
500
00:24:00.870 --> 00:24:03.670
found on the ground. Originally seen in Colombia,
501
00:24:03.670 --> 00:24:06.050
South America, but there's now researchers in
502
00:24:06.130 --> 00:24:08.530
Mexico having a look at it from a place called the National
503
00:24:08.690 --> 00:24:11.130
Autonomous University of Mexico. People there
504
00:24:11.130 --> 00:24:13.930
promoting some sort of invisible energy emanating
505
00:24:13.930 --> 00:24:16.690
from this machine that when it landed, uh, it was
506
00:24:16.770 --> 00:24:19.650
a burnt out area or something. They're saying it sucked all the
507
00:24:19.650 --> 00:24:22.570
water out of the grass and the soil and that there's all sorts
508
00:24:22.570 --> 00:24:25.570
of strange things going on emanating from it. There's engravings all the way
509
00:24:25.570 --> 00:24:28.490
around it and the engravings look pretty sloppy quite frankly. And they do.
510
00:24:28.490 --> 00:24:31.490
They're hardly the sort of work of advanced species
511
00:24:31.570 --> 00:24:32.930
sending these things across.
512
00:24:33.010 --> 00:24:35.730
Stuart Gary: How do we know we wouldn't know what an alien
513
00:24:35.810 --> 00:24:37.770
script looks like? Like would we or would we?
514
00:24:37.770 --> 00:24:40.730
Tim Mendham: No, we don't of course. No, there's not a lot of it around. But anything they
515
00:24:40.730 --> 00:24:43.570
can't understand naturally becomes alien 51 anyway.
516
00:24:43.570 --> 00:24:46.530
Yeah, I mean the, it was suggested that this is an art project
517
00:24:46.770 --> 00:24:49.730
and in any case there's no actual link between a thing that was
518
00:24:49.730 --> 00:24:52.649
seen in the sky, whatever it was, you know, unidentified. I'm not going to say flying
519
00:24:52.649 --> 00:24:55.610
saucer or alien technology, just something that was seen in
520
00:24:55.610 --> 00:24:58.290
the sky and then this was found that there's no necessarily
521
00:24:58.290 --> 00:25:01.290
connection apart from correlation that these two things are
522
00:25:01.290 --> 00:25:04.250
associated with each other. A thing in the sky, ball found on the
523
00:25:04.250 --> 00:25:07.130
ground, bit bigger than a soccer ball with these strange sort of little
524
00:25:07.130 --> 00:25:08.090
carvings on it.
525
00:25:08.170 --> 00:25:09.210
Stuart Gary: They're very small people.
526
00:25:09.210 --> 00:25:12.130
Tim Mendham: I don't know if it was a craft with people inside. There's supposed to be a lot of
527
00:25:12.130 --> 00:25:14.690
wires and things inside. I don't know how X raying this.
528
00:25:14.690 --> 00:25:17.490
Stuart Gary: Thing or something but advanced civilization is still using
529
00:25:17.490 --> 00:25:18.810
copper wires, are they?
530
00:25:20.320 --> 00:25:23.290
Tim Mendham: Um, this craft apparently bumped up against some power lines and
531
00:25:23.290 --> 00:25:26.170
that took all the energy out of it. So not a particularly good craft for
532
00:25:26.250 --> 00:25:29.250
bringing across the great depths of space. But it's just one
533
00:25:29.250 --> 00:25:32.130
of those things that you think is just one of those silly things that
534
00:25:32.130 --> 00:25:34.930
people are getting carried away with. And there's some academics within this
535
00:25:34.930 --> 00:25:37.730
university who are endorsing it. And it's also being
536
00:25:37.730 --> 00:25:40.250
heavily promoted by a quote UFO
537
00:25:40.250 --> 00:25:43.170
researcher who is known for faking and
538
00:25:43.170 --> 00:25:46.010
promoting fake products you know, mummified bodies that
539
00:25:46.010 --> 00:25:49.010
turn out not to be sort of, uh, mummified alien bodies at all,
540
00:25:49.010 --> 00:25:51.770
or all sorts of evidence of UFO sightings that have been
541
00:25:51.770 --> 00:25:54.690
seriously debunked. So one of the main proponents of this thing is someone
542
00:25:54.690 --> 00:25:57.510
he really had trouble trusting or certainly
543
00:25:57.510 --> 00:26:00.430
believing. And others are some academics who are making some really
544
00:26:00.430 --> 00:26:03.350
quite outlandish statements. The things that sort of just don't comply with
545
00:26:03.350 --> 00:26:06.150
the laws of physics at all. But they're using these as the
546
00:26:06.150 --> 00:26:09.070
explanation of why this is a real, um, alien technology.
547
00:26:09.390 --> 00:26:12.309
Doesn't look particularly impressive from my point of view, especially the
548
00:26:12.309 --> 00:26:15.150
carvings, the engravings on the side of it. They just look sort of
549
00:26:15.150 --> 00:26:15.830
amateurish.
550
00:26:15.830 --> 00:26:18.510
Stuart Gary: That's Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics.
551
00:26:34.150 --> 00:26:37.070
And that's the show for now. Space Time is
552
00:26:37.070 --> 00:26:39.990
available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple
553
00:26:39.990 --> 00:26:42.550
Podcasts, itunes, Stitcher, Google
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Podcast, Pocketcasts, Spotify,
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Space Times also broadcasts through the National Science
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foundation on Science Zone Radio and on both
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you can help to support our show by visiting the SpaceTime
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or by becoming a SpaceTime patron, which gives
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SpaceTimeWithStuartGary.com for full
570
00:27:26.630 --> 00:27:29.630
details. You've been listening to Space Time
571
00:27:29.630 --> 00:27:30.230
with Stuart Gary
572
00:27:30.660 --> 00:27:33.580
Tim Mendham: This has been another quality podcast production from
573
00:27:33.580 --> 00:27:34.580
bitesz.com
