March 23, 2026
Black Hole Merger Sparks Gamma Ray Burst and Iodine Propulsion Revolution
Sponsor Link: This episode of SpaceTime is brought to you with the support of Squarespace...your one stop for building a professional online presence the easy way. To check out our special offers, just visit https://squarespace.com/spacetime...
Sponsor Link:
This episode of SpaceTime is brought to you with the support of Squarespace...your one stop for building a professional online presence the easy way. To check out our special offers, just visit www.squarespace.com/spacetime
SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 35 *The black hole merger that sent ripples through spacetime Scientists have detected the merger of a pair of stellar mass black holes which was quickly followed seconds later by a powerful gamma ray burst.. *A new type of ion propulsion system for spacecraft Scientists are developing a new type of ion propulsion system for spacecraft which would be easier to produce and provide better performance than current xenon based plasma systems. *Thousands watch a fireball streak across the Ohio skies Residents across North Eastern Ohio have seen a spectacular day time meteor streak across the skies. *The Science Report Study shows Greenland’s Ice dome melted over 7,000 years ago.. Warnings of worsening human health impacts from the production of plastics. Scientists discover the region of the brain responsible for controlling hypocrisy. Skeptics guide to America’s growing belief in flying saucers.
For more SpaceTime visit www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support.
This episode of SpaceTime is brought to you with the support of Squarespace...your one stop for building a professional online presence the easy way. To check out our special offers, just visit www.squarespace.com/spacetime
SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 35 *The black hole merger that sent ripples through spacetime Scientists have detected the merger of a pair of stellar mass black holes which was quickly followed seconds later by a powerful gamma ray burst.. *A new type of ion propulsion system for spacecraft Scientists are developing a new type of ion propulsion system for spacecraft which would be easier to produce and provide better performance than current xenon based plasma systems. *Thousands watch a fireball streak across the Ohio skies Residents across North Eastern Ohio have seen a spectacular day time meteor streak across the skies. *The Science Report Study shows Greenland’s Ice dome melted over 7,000 years ago.. Warnings of worsening human health impacts from the production of plastics. Scientists discover the region of the brain responsible for controlling hypocrisy. Skeptics guide to America’s growing belief in flying saucers.
For more SpaceTime visit www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support.
The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
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This is Spacetime Series twenty nine, episode thirty five, for
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broadcast on the twenty third of March twenty twenty six.
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Coming up on space Time, Amongst the black hole merger
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it sent ripples through space time, a new type of
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ion propulsion system for spacecraft, and thousands watch as a
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fireball streaks across Ohio skies. All that and more coming
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up on space time.
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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Garry.
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Astronomers have detected the merger of a pair of Stella
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mass black holes, which was quickly followed seconds later by
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a powerful gamma ray burst. The events had logged as
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S twenty four eleven twenty five N occurred some four
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point two billion light years away, sending ripples through the
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fabric of space time.
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The merger, which was picked up.
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By the Ligo Virgocagre gravitational wave observatories, was unusual, not
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just because of the extreme distance that gravitational waves were
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picked up from, but also because binary black hole mergers
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are not expected to produce electromagnetic counterparts such as gamma
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ray bursts. Gravitational waves are ripples in space time from
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violent cosmic events. Gamma ray bursts are the most powerful
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explosions in the universe since the Big Bang, so S
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twenty four to eleven twenty five N could be a
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very rare gravitational wave event which has been linked to
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a gamma ray burst across modible wavelengths now. Although the
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association has not yet been definitively proven and it will
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require further follow up work, the probability of a chance
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occurrence appears fairly low, making the results statistically intriguing, while
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at the same time warranting caution. Black hole collisions are
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thought to be dark to conventional telescopes because it was
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thought they emit no light. However, S twenty four to
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eleven twenty five N appears to five that notion. About
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eleven seconds after the gravitational wave signal was received, NASA
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Swift Space telescope detected a short period gamma ray burst
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from the same patch of the sky, and shortly after that,
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China's new Einstein Probe telescope found an X ray afterglow
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in the same vicinity. The authors say the correlation between
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a gravitational wave signal, the gamma ray burst, and the
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X ray signal is unlikely to simply be coincidence. Their
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analysis reported in the Astrophysical Journal estimates. The total energy, luminosity,
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and duration of the event appears to be typical for
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a short period gamma ray burst. There's one problem, however,
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The photon index is far softer than usual, meaning low
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inferton energy, and that implies the source may have a
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special radiation mechanism or a different propagation effect. One of
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the other wrecking aspects of the detection was its extreme distance.
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The gravitational waves traveled for some four point two billion
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light years to reach Earth. That's a red shift of
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Z equaling zero point seven to three, meaning this collision
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occurred when the universe was significantly younger. The black holes
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involved were unusually massive. Analysis suggests the emerging pair at
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a combined mass of will over one hundred times that
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of our Sun, and that makes it one of the
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most massive stellar mass black hole mergers ever accorded. You see,
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most black hole mergers observed by LIGO involved turtles of
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just a few tens of solar masses, so such a
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massive merger is rare and intriguing, and it hints that
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each of the black holes involved might themselves have grown
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from earlier mergers or from some sort of exotic formation process.
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The detection of a high mass merger at Z zero
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point seventy three also suggests that these events can be
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observed across vast distances. Hearing black hole mergers billions of
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light years away and possibly seeing a flash from them
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is a remarkable achievement. The authors think the event may
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have been caused as two black holes merged inside a
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dense disk of gas and dust surrounding a galaxy central
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supermassive black hole, an environment known as an active galactic
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nucleus disc In these bustling galactic cause enormous amounts of
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material orbit the central super massive black hole, creating a
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fuel or its setting. If a binary black hole happens
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to coalesce with such a disc, the merger doesn't occur
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in isolation. It happens amid a thick soup of material,
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and when the black holes merged, the newly formed black
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hole received a powerful kick or recoll velocity from the
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asymmetric gravitational wave of emission. This kick black hole, now
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moving through the surrounding gas, would rapidly gobble up material
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in its path, and the accretion rate could be hyper Eddington,
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far exceeding the normal limit at which a black hole
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can steadily consume matter, a figure known as the Eddington limit,
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and such tense secretion in a magnetized environment is thought
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to have triggered relativistic jets of energy and matter launching
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out at superluminal speeds. As these jets plowed through the
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heavy disc, they generated shock waves in the dense gas. Initially,
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the jet's energy was locked inside the disc, thermalizing the gas,
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but when the jets finally put through the disc surface
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as photons could escape, the result a burst of hig
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energy radiation surging out of the galaxies nucleus, and this
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process would produce a short gamma ray burst, not from
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a neutron star merger, as is the usual case, but
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from a black hole merger in an unusual habitat. Such
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a shock breakout from the disc would produce a compromized
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gamma ray spectrum, which intriguingly matches whatswift observed. The gamma
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ray burst's prompt mission was unusually soft compared to typical
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short gammaray bursts. Now, if this gravitational wave and gamma
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ray burst association is confirmed, it heralds a new era
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of exploring black hole mergers using both ears and eyes.
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Until now, binary black hole mergers have only ever been
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heard through their gravitational waves, but s twenty four eleven
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twenty five n suggest that under special conditions they can
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also be seen in high energy light, and that would
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provide rich opportunities to study the environmental conditions around merging
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black holes and the physics of how their jets form
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in dense media. Such a two prong measurement can even
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refine science's estimates of cosmic expansion by using the event
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as a sort of stadded gravitational wave distance marker with
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an identified host galaxy redshift. This is space time still
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to come, a new type of ion propulsion system for spacecraft,
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and thousands witness a fireball streaking across the Ohio Skies.
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All that and more still to come on space Time.
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Our show notes.
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Scientists to developing a new type of ion propulsion system
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for spacecraft which will be easy to produce and provide
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better performance than current ZON based plasma propulsion systems. You
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see instead of ZON the new research centers around the
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use of id in. Thousands of satellites are launched every
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year and it's critically important to be able to maneuver
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those spacecraft once they reach orbit, and this is where
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on board propulsion systems come in. Almost all propulsion systems
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used today are effectively classified as rockets. That means the
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system carries its own onboard propellant and a thrust force
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is generated by ejecting this propellant away from the spacecraft
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at high velocity. Now, space propulsion typically uses either chemical
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or electric propulsion systems. Chemical proportion systems, be they liquid
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fueled or solid, provide an immense amount of power needed
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for launch into space, and whilst spacecraft in orbits still
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require fuel systems for critical maneuvers, they're limited by the
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amount of fuel they can carry. That's where ion propulsion
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systems come in. They can provide stained power for extremely
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long periods of time because they don't use much fuel.
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Iron propulsion systems use electrical power, typically generated from solar
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panels or stored in batteries, to accelerate. They're propellant using
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electric or magnetic fields, but there's a disadvantage. The force
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they produce is extremely weak. Put a sheet of paper
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on your hand and that's roughly the force level that
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many electric propulsion systems provide. That's why ion propulsion can't
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be used to launch rockets or for emergency maneuvers in space.
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Because of its attractive properties, zeon has traditionally been the
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propellant of choice for many ion proporsion systems. However, xenon
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does present several challenges. It's a relatively rare gas and
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production is through a fractional distillation of air, a process
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that's both time consuming and energy intensive. For every one
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thousand metric tons of oxygen produced, only about a kilogram
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of xenon's obtained. Consequently, xenon is expensive, costing around five
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thousand dollars a kilogram in today's money, and global productions
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also limited to around fifty to sixty metric tones a year.
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Current estimates suggest over two thousand satellite are likely to
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be launched per year on average in the near future.
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That means demand for xenon will greatly outstrip its availability,
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and of course this also ignores that demand for xenon
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from other sectors such as the semiconductor industry, medical uses,
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and lighting industries. Also, Russia and the Ukraine produced about
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thirty percent of the word's zenon, and prices of surge
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significantly since Moscow's invasion of the Ukraine a few years ago.
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So this is where idine comes in. University of New
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South Wales researcher Trevor Laffler and colleagues have been looking
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into idine as an alternative ion propellant. Leafler says idine
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is commonly found in at the septics table, salt, and
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pregnancy supplements, and it has many properties that make it
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attractive for use in space. It has a similar atomic
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mass to zeneon and requires slightly less energy to ionize.
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That means it can achieve similar or even better performance.
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It's one hundred times less expensive than xenon to produce,
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and global production is six hundred times higher, and that
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means it can meet both existing and future space demands.
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But idine has its own problems. Being stored as a
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solid complicates how the propellants delivered and the control of
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propellant flow to the thruster. Gaseous propellants can simply be
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directed to the thruster by opening a valve. However, idine
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needs to be heated to just above one hundred degrees
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celsius first in order to allow it to supplement, that is,
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transition from a solid state into a gas state, with
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that first becoming a liquid. Also, idine is significantly more
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chemically reactive than xenon and can corrode many common materials
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such as iron and aluminum, so that means you're going
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to need special systems to manipulate it. Also, idine has
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a very complex plasma chemistry compared to xenon, meaning that
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when you attempt to use it, many different types of
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reaction can occur. Still, currently there are already over one
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hundred iydine electric propulsion systems in space, but most only
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operate at low power below one hundred watts. While larger
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satellites require up to ten killer whatts or more to
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generate greater thrust. So these are the challenges that Laflare
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and colleagues are facing.
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So there's two.
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Broad classes of propulsion, chemical and electric propulsion, and at
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least for electric the propellant of the choice has historically
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been zenon because it's a very noble gas. It doesn't
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react with many substances or materials, and it's got some
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very nice properties that make it suitable for propulsion. But
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there's a lot of change happening in the industry and
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so they're searching for some alternatives because i xenon has
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a few challenges with it. One of those challenges is
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that it's quite expensive. It's quite a difficult gas to process,
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and so because of this and growing space industry demand
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has been a big push to look for some alternative propellants.
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And that's where idne comes in.
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So iden is an interesting substance. It has only i
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would say being considered as a propellant about twenty years ago,
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but that was too soon for technology and it's only
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in the last five years or so that has actually
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been demonstrated in space. Is interesting because currently it's about
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one hundred times cheaper than xenon, and global production sits
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at almost five hundred times higher than xenon, So it
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can more than meet the growing space industry demand, and
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the cost is so low that it is particularly attractive.
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The other thing is iodine begins life as a solid essentially,
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and so solid usually has a much higher storage density
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