Nov. 17, 2025
Auroras and Cosmic Craters: Unveiling Earth's Spectacular Space Weather and Impact Discoveries
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the latest astronomical phenomena and significant discoveries that are shaping our understanding of Earth and space.
Auroral Displays Light Up the Skies
Planet Earth has been treated to an extraordinary display of auroras, with both the Aurora Australis and Aurora Borealis lighting up the skies following three powerful X-class solar flares, including an X 5.1 event on November 11. This segment dives into the mechanics behind these solar flares, the resulting coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and how they triggered spectacular auroras visible at lower latitudes than usual, including sightings as far north as Cairns and even Florida.
Largest Modern Impact Crater Discovered
Scientists have uncovered what is believed to be the largest modern impact crater on Earth, the 900-metre-wide Jinling Crater in southern China. This well-preserved structure, dating back to the Holocene epoch, offers new insights into extraterrestrial impacts and their effects on our planet. The discovery challenges previous assumptions about the frequency and scale of impacts from small celestial bodies and highlights the importance of studying such geological features.
Nasa's Key Communications Dish Out of Service
In a significant setback for NASA, the 70-metre Goldstone deep space communications dish has been rendered inoperable due to an accident that occurred in September. The incident has raised concerns about the strain on NASA's Deep Space Network, especially with upcoming missions like Artemis 2. We discuss the implications of this loss for various space missions and the efforts being made to mitigate the impact on communications.
The Science Robert
In our science report, we highlight a new projection from the World Meteorological Organisation indicating that 2025 is unlikely to be the hottest year on record, but it will rank among the top three. We also address public health concerns surrounding a measles alert in Australia, linked to declining vaccination rates, and the potential resurgence of preventable diseases. This segment underscores the importance of vaccination in maintaining herd immunity and protecting public health.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Geophysical Research
Nature Communications
World Meteorological Organisation Reports
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The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
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This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, Episode one hundred and
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thirty five for broadcasts on the seventeenth of November twenty
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twenty five. Coming up on Space Time, spectacular auroral activity
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cover the planet skies, Earth's largest modern impact crater discovered
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in southern China, and a key NASA communications disc damaged
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and out of action. All that and more coming up
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on space Time.
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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
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Planet Earth's been treated to a spectacular series of auroral displays,
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the Aurora Australas and Aurora Borealis. The Southern and Northern
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lights were triggered by three massive X class solar flares,
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including a next five point one event on November eleven,
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Remember and Stay, which was the most powerful blast this
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year and the most intense since October twenty twenty four.
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These explosions triggered a series of chronal mass ejections or CMEs,
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including a fast so called Cannibal CME, traveling at fifteen
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hundred kilomets per second, which caught up with and consumed
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to earlier CMEs as all three headed directly towards the Earth.
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The events were monitored by so ASLASCOW and the GOES
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nineteen core one chronographs. The X five point one event
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was caused by an eruption from a highly active sunspot
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region known as AAR forty two to seventy four, which
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had been erupting violently for days. AAR forty two seventy
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four is enormous, with primary duck umbracres as wide or
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even wider than the Earth and an overall active region
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more than a dozen earths in diameter. The number of
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sun spots on the solar surface increases as the Sun
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moves towards solar maximum solar MAX, the climax of its
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eleven year solar cycle. The current solar cycle twenty five
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began back in November twenty nineteen, and he's now at
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its peak, so this sort of activity really isn't all
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that unusual. Sunspots are cooler and hence darker looking regions
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on the Sun's surface caused by magnetic field lines from
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deep inside the Sun extending out into space. As different
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latitudes of the Sun rotate at different rates, these magnetic
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field lines become twisted and can snap, causing magnetic reconnection
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and triggering powerful blasts of energy called solar flares. Solar
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flares are categorized in five main groups, A, B, C, M,
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and X based on their X ray intensity, with X
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being the most powerful. Each class represents a logarithmic tenfold
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increase in energy, and each grouping is further divided into
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subclasses from one to nine, except for X class events
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which can exceed nine and so are considered open ended.
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Solar flares can trigger coronal mass ejections or CMEs. These
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are blasts of magnetic energy in charged particle or plasma
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from the Sun which can be flung deep into space
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as geomagnetic storms. When these solar storms reach the Earth,
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the flux of ionized particles can slam into the planet's
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magnetosphere and are guided by the planet's magnetic field lines
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through the ionosphere, a region already filled with charged particles,
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and down towards the north and South magnetic poles. This
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triggers the excitation of atoms and molecules in the atmosphere,
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causing auroral displays, just like those we've just witnessed. Different
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atoms and molecules light up in different colors at different altitudes.
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The colours being emitted depends on the particles being ionized
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reddish brown glows are caused by the collision of particles
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with single oxygen atoms in the Earth's upper atmosphere, usually
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above three hundred kilometers. Lower down, a green hue is
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created by single oxygen atoms. Down to an altitude of
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around one hundred kilometers, the kaleidoscope turns to a whitish,
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yellowish beige, and nitrogens mixed in with the oxygen. Aurora
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also exhibit blue, red, and evil purple blows in the
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lower atmosphere. These are caused by the excitation of molecular
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nitrogen Below one hundred kilometers. Auroral displays are common at
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high latitudes, but these latest events were seen globally at
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far lower latitudes than usual, including reports from Sydney and
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even as far north as Cairns in tropical Queensland north
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of the equator. Auroral activity was seen as far south
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as Florida. Space weather forecaster Gene Young from the Australian
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Bureau of Meteorology says auroral events are spectacular and well
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worth a look if you get the chance.
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You do have to be pretty lucky to see an aurora,
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but if you do see one, you won't be disappointed.
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The brightest auroras are concentrated in rings called the aurora
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ovals around the North or South poles. The auroras in
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the northern hemisphere are called Aurora borealis. Southern lights are
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called Aurora australis. Astrallus comes from the Latin word for
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southern Their best feud from Antarctica tasmi and the southern
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mainland coastlines. The colors displayed by an aurora are generally
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visible to the naked eye if you're near the pooles.
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This is because the aurora is overhead and more intense. However,
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at lower latitudes, the auroras are on the horizon, less
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color is seen by the naked eye. The lights tend
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to be shades of gray. However, if there is a
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high intense solar storm, there will be more color. Auroras
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can occur at any time in the year, but they're
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most likely to occur during the months of March and September.
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That's when the Earth's magnetic field is best oriented to
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interact with the solar wind. Of course, you ideally need
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a dark night with little cloud cover. You don't want
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a bright moon or any light pollution, so good location
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is a dark beach or a hill where you have
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an unobstructed view to the south. Bright auroras usually last
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for one to three hours, and the best viewing time
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is around midnight between ten pm and two am. When
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we forecast solar wind conditions that look favorable for auras
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occurring in the next one to three days, the forecasters
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from the Bureau Space Weather Center issue what's called an
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aurora watch notice when there's a high chance that there
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will be an aurora visible. Now, we issue an aurora alert.
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To be truthful, nothing beat seeing an aurora with the naked.
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Eye that space with the forecast Genine Young from the
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Bureau of Meteorology. But as well as spectacular auroral displays,
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these space wheather events can damage or even destroy spacecraft.
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They can disrupt communications and navigation systems, force aircraft to
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change their flight paths, trigger widespread power blackouts, and increase
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radiation exposure for astronauts and people in high altitude aircraft.
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All three of the coronal mass ejections last week slammed
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into the Earth, with the most severe X five point
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one class event, powerful enough to cause radio blackouts across
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Africa and Europe and disrupt high frequency communications on Earth.
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Sunlit side. Forecasters from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
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NOAH are evaluating the Sun's activity and they could increase
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the threat level. According to the Space Weather Scales, there
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is currently a G three watching effect, which means there's
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a strong chance a geomagnetic storm could disrupt its magnetic
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field and effect communications. If NOAH raises the watch level
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to a G four, that means there's a higher chance
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of widespread problems with electrical communications and spacecraft operations. The
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highest watch level is a G five. This report from NOAH.
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What is space weather? When you think of weather, you
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probably think of Earth's weather snow, rain, and of course sunshine.
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Thank goodness, we only have Earth's weather to worry about, right.
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Actually that's not quite true. Did you know the Sun
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has weather?
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Two.
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We call this space weather. The Sun is a bubbling,
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boiling ball of gas and energy. It constantly belches out
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great clouds of hot gas that is charged up with electricity.
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This stuff travels through space really fast, some of it
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right toward Earth. This means that Earth's weather happens inside
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the Sun's weather. Thank goodness, we're mostly protected from this
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blast by Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere. Solar wind flows
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outward from the Sun charged particles, and that solar wind
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interact with Earth's magnetic field. That interaction can cause energy
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and particles to stream down to Earth's poles. When these
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charged particles hit oxygen and nitrogen atoms in Earth's atmosphere,
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the energy from the collision can create beautiful shades of
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green and red. We call these glowing colors the Northern
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lights and Southern lights, or the Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australia.
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They are beautiful curtains of light that move and sway
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in the night sky. But sometimes the Sun releases more
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energy than usual. These sudden and intense hiccups and burbs
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are called solar flares and coronal mass ejections. These are
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huge explosions of high energy X rays, charged particles, and
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magnetic field. When the Sun's burps of X rays and
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charged particles and magnetic field reach Earth, they can cause trouble.
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Bad space weather can interrupt radio signals. It can also
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damage satellites. Electrical systems that bring power to our homes
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and businesses can be knocked out by this bad space
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weather too. That is why the goes short for Geostationary
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Operational Environmental Satellite has instruments like the Solar X Ray
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Imager to monitor the space around Earth for an increase
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in high energy particles from the Sun. We can't see
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the Sun's harmful X rays with our eyes, but these
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special telescopes can. Forecasters at the Space Weather Prediction Center
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analyze these observations and issue alerts and warnings about space
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weather that could harm satellites and the power grid. With
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early detection from satellites like the goes Are series, power
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companies and satellite operators alike will have enough time to
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adapt to any troubling space weather headed our way.
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This is space time still to come. Earth's largest modern
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impact credit discovered in southern China, and a key NASA
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communications dishes damaged and out of action. All that and
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most still to colm on space time, scientists have discovered
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what appears to be the largest modern impact crater on Earth.
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The nine hundred meters wide Ginlling Crater was founding Guandong
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Province in southern China, nestled on a hillside and preserved
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within thick granite weathering crust. A report in the journal
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Matter and Radiation at Extremes claims the impact structure dates
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to Earth's current geological epoch and is remarkably well preserved now.
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Based on measurements of nearby soil erosion. The studies authors
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claim the impact likely hit during the early to mid Holocene,
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that's the current geological epoch, which began at the end
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of the Last Ice Age around eleven thousand, seven hundred
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years ago. The steadiesly author Mingcheng says it's one of
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only around two hundred identified craters worldwide and could provide
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new insights on how extraterrestrial bodies collide with the Earth.
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It's also the largest known impact crater from the Holocene,
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far exceeding Russia's three hundred made a Malca crater, previously
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the largest known impact structure from this eparch. Ming says
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the discovery shows that the scale of impacts from small
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extraterrestrial objects on the Earth in the Holocene is far
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greater than previously recorded. In this case, the impact would
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have been a metia or rather than a comet, which
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would have left a crater at least ten kilometers wide. However,
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Ming and colleagues have not yet determined whether the impacting
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meteorite was made of iron or stone. The authors say
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one of the most surprising traits of the crater is
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how well preserved it is, especially given the regions monsoons,
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heavy rainfall, and high humidity, all conditions that accelerate erosion
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within the granite layers that helped to protect and preserve
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of the impact structure. The authors found many pieces of
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quartz with unique micro features called planar defamation features. Geologists
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can use this as evidence for some specific types of impacts.
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Ming says on Earth, the formation of planar deformation features
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in quartz only happens in really intense shock waves generated
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by telets to your body impacts, and its formation pressure
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ranges from ten to thirty five gigapascals, which is a
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shock effect that cannot be produced by any geological processes
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of the Earth itself. Now, it's generally accepted that throughout
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Earth's history, virtually every point on the planet's surface faces
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a roughly equal chance of being hit by an extraterrestrial object. However,
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geological differences mean the historical footprints of these impacts have
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been eroded at different rates, and many have now fully disappeared,
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and that makes the Ginlin Crater's discovery especially significant, Ming,
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says the impact crater is a true record of Earth's
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impact history, and the discovery can provide scientists with a
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more objective basis for understanding the distribution, geological evolution, and
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impact history of small terrestrial bodies. This is space time
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still to come. NASAs confirmed that its key seventy meter
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Goldstone deep space communications dish is out of service following
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a major accident, and later when the science report a
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new study says twenty twenty five won't be the hottest
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yur on record, but it will come in second or third.
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All that and more still to come on spacetime. NASA
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has now confirmed that its key seventy meter Goldstone deep
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space communications dish is out of service following a major
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accident back in September. A re book by NASA's Jet
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Propulsion Laboratory in Passing to California, which operates the facility,
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says the antenna, located near Barstow, was over rotated, damaging
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cabling and piping in the center of the structure. JPL
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says hoses from the antenna's fire suppression system were also
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damaged in the incident, resulting in flooding. There is no
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timetable yet for its return to service. The antenna, designated
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DSS fourteen is the largest at the Goldstone complex and
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is essential for communication with multiple missions.
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Now.
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The facility does have four other antennas, but they're all
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small at thirty four meta dishes. NASAs Deep Space Network
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does have two other seventy meta dishes, one at its
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camera facility at Tidbinbilla and the other near Madrid in Spain,
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but the loss of DSS fourteen is putting extra strain
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on the rest of the network, which is already at capacity,
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especially with the upcoming Artemis two man mission to the Moon,
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which is slated for launch in April next year, although
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an earlier launch date of February is being considered. Other
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missions being affected include the web Space Telescope, with scientists
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