Feb. 26, 2026
"Jupiter's not quite as big as we thought."
Tiny Jupiter, Unusual Comet Behavior, and Gravitational Lensing In this exciting episode of Space Nuts, hosts Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson delve into some intriguing astronomical discoveries. They discuss the surprising news about...
Tiny Jupiter, Unusual Comet Behavior, and Gravitational Lensing
In this exciting episode of Space Nuts, hosts Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson delve into some intriguing astronomical discoveries. They discuss the surprising news about Jupiter's size, the strange rotation of Comet 41P, and the fascinating concept of utilizing solar gravitational lensing for deep space exploration.
Episode Highlights:
- Jupiter's Revised Size: The duo explores new measurements from NASA's Juno mission that indicate Jupiter is slightly smaller than previously thought. They discuss the implications of these findings on our understanding of the gas giant's internal structure and atmospheric dynamics.
- The Mystery of Comet 41P: Andrew and Fred reveal the unusual behavior of Comet 41P, which has experienced a significant slowdown in its rotation, potentially reversing its spin direction. They analyze the possible causes of this phenomenon and what it could mean for the comet's future.
- Solar Gravitational Lensing: The hosts dive into the concept of using the Sun's gravitational field as a lens to observe distant exoplanets. They discuss the challenges of reaching the solar gravitational lens focal point and the technologies that might one day make such missions feasible.
For more Space Nuts, including our continuously updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, Instagram, and more. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.
If you’d like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/about.
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-astronomy-insights-cosmic-discoveries--2631155/support.
In this exciting episode of Space Nuts, hosts Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson delve into some intriguing astronomical discoveries. They discuss the surprising news about Jupiter's size, the strange rotation of Comet 41P, and the fascinating concept of utilizing solar gravitational lensing for deep space exploration.
Episode Highlights:
- Jupiter's Revised Size: The duo explores new measurements from NASA's Juno mission that indicate Jupiter is slightly smaller than previously thought. They discuss the implications of these findings on our understanding of the gas giant's internal structure and atmospheric dynamics.
- The Mystery of Comet 41P: Andrew and Fred reveal the unusual behavior of Comet 41P, which has experienced a significant slowdown in its rotation, potentially reversing its spin direction. They analyze the possible causes of this phenomenon and what it could mean for the comet's future.
- Solar Gravitational Lensing: The hosts dive into the concept of using the Sun's gravitational field as a lens to observe distant exoplanets. They discuss the challenges of reaching the solar gravitational lens focal point and the technologies that might one day make such missions feasible.
For more Space Nuts, including our continuously updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, Instagram, and more. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.
If you’d like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/about.
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-astronomy-insights-cosmic-discoveries--2631155/support.
WEBVTT
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Hello there, thanks for joining us yet again. This is
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Space Nuts. My name is Andrew Dunkley. We're here to
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talk astronomy and space science. And on today's program, we're
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going to look at a tiny weeni itsy bitsy Jupiter. Yes,
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it's not nearly as big as they thought it was.
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In fact, it could lose status as a consequence of this.
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Maybe not, but we'll talk about that. We're also going
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to look at a flipping interesting comet and solar gravitational
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lens focal points. Could we visit them and what will
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that mean? We'll find out on this episode of Space Nuts.
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Fifteen second in channel ten nine ignition sequence Space Nuts
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or three two.
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Space Nuts, as can I report it.
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Bills good and joining us again to talk about all
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of that stuff and probably a lot more as Professor
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Fred Watson, Astronomer at Large, Hello Fred.
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Hello Andrew, good to see you again, to see you.
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Always love the hoopy shirt. Oh yeah, sorry, it's very
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tutty old on this shirt.
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This one's nasty, tatty, but it's white and it's got
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more food on it than I've ever put in his stomach.
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So has he got the has he got the space not?
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His logo on it.
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Hang on, I've got one here somewhere, a spacent logo
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to know I have, but it's not on not on
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this shirt. It's on the other wide shirt. Where did
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that logo go? I've lost my logo.
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Anyway, we'll fight losing losing mojo.
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That's true too. Yes, indeed, let's begin because we've got
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a lot to talk about. This first story looks at Jupiter,
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the biggest planet in our solar system until we find
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planet nine. And this is a story that's suggesting that
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Jupiter is not quite as big as we thought it was.
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Yeah, it's it's shrunk by well eight kilometers at the
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equator and twenty four kilometers at the poles. So what
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this is all about? And I should just give you
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the numbers. So the revised radius of Jupiter at its
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equator is seventy four hundred and eighty eight kilometers, which
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is actually I think four kilometers less than we thought before,
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which doubles up to up to eight kilometers when you're
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talking about diameter. But it's polar radius, which is sixty
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six thousand, eight hundred and forty two, And those two
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numbers are quite different, which is why Jupiter's flattened at
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its poles, just as Saturn is. But that's actually twenty
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four kilometers less than the previous estimations. So for the diameter,
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so it's not a huge, huge amount, but it's.
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Not when you're talking about the size of the planet.
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That's exactly that's what I mean. Yeah, seventy one thousand
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and four. So it's what one one hundred and forty
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thousand kilometers or thereabouts in diameter, which is eleven Earth diameters,
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which is what we always say. So why, well, first
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of all, how have these measurements been made? And the
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answer is that the old measurements actually go back a
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long way. They come from the voyager and pioneer era
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of the exploration of the outer planets, and that goes
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back to the seventies and eighties. They So what led
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to the diameter or the size of Jupiter that we've
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been using since then is what's called a radio occultation.
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So the spacecraft is behind As it passes behind Jupiter,
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its signals get refracted actually by the atmosphere of the planet,
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probably scattered as well, but you can time it very
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accurately in time when the spacecraft disappears behind the planet,
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and you know it's trajectory. You can then time when
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it reappears, and from that you can calculate the and
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knowing about Jupiter's motion and the spacecraft's motion, you can
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calculate what the diameter is. So that those are the
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values that we've been using ever since.
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I think I know where all of this went wrong.
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They didn't a layer for it, stopping for gas.
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The planet or the spacecraft. Well, it's a gas giant,
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that's right, Yeah, the planet's a gas giant. So yes,
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it's a good point. Anyway, I let that one pass.
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So moving off wasn't very good.
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It was all right for the start of the show.
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They usually get better, as we call it's the new
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measurements come, of course from the spacecraft that is currently
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in orbit and working away very hard at Jupiter in
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orbit around the planet, and that is JUNO, that says
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JUNO Mission, which has been orbiting Jupiter since twenty sixteen
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and doing pretty well. It's yes, for the decades since
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we've had Juno, which gosh it, time flies, doesn't it anyway,
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So that's allowed much more accurate measurements because the space
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that JUNO spacecraft. Its orbit is very well understood. It's
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fairly close to Jupiter. But you might think, you know, well,
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why are we so keen to know the damage of
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the planet to such a high degree of accuracy, And
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the answer is to do with our model because it is. Yeah,
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that's right, it's to do with our modeling of the
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planet's interior because a small difference like that can make
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a big difference to what we imagine the interior of
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the planet is like. And remember, of course, everybody that
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Jupiter all wes see is it's cloud belts. When we
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look at the planet, we don't see any surface or
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any hint of a surface. So the internal structure of
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Jupiter is something we have to deduce from other measurements,
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and the an accurate measurement of the diameter of the
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planet comes into that. So that's the reason it Also,
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you know, one of the other things that's of interest
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in Jupiter is the behavior of the atmosphere itself and
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the winds that blow in Jupiter's atmosphere, and that also
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needs an accurate understanding of the diameter of the planet.
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Yeah, I actually I was just looking at that diagram
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that shows the different potential diameter situations based on the
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behavior of the planet. And yeah, without wind it loses
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another what fourteen kilometers.
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Yes, that's right, it does. If you if you imagine
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the winds aren't there, it does. It shrinks, so by
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fourteen kilometers exactly. That's the radius the not the diameter.
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So we we have, you know, a tiny figure that
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looks minuscule compared with the diameters of the planet itself,
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but it is important in understanding the upper atmosphere. It's
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if there were no winds, then what we will be
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seeing will be fourteen kilometers smaller.
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I'm surprised that it's taken us a decade to figure
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it out, and Juno as they have been there nearly
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ten years.
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Yeah, but maybe you know, the accuracy that we're getting
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with this relies on many passages of Juno around Jupiter.
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There were and because you're always you know that the
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cord that of the Jupiter's disc that the planet that
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the spacecraft flies behind is different every time, and so
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we you probably need to build up a statistically significant
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sample of entry and egress times when you're looking at
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you know, the object disappearing by behind the planet. Occultation
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is what we call it an occultation, is when one
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object hides another, and that's how you're measuring these diameters.
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So yeah, it's probably it's probably taken ten years, partly
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to a mass the data to give us this kind
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of level of accuracy.
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So, okay, how accurate do you think it is now
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compared to those early flybys with Voyager and Pioneer.
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That's a really good question. Actually, I haven't seen any
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error estimates on and as you know in physics and
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certainly in astronomy too, you always need a plus or
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minus an error estimate as to you know what the
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likelihood of your measurement being that number is, and I'm
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seen it for these so I don't know the answer
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to that. But my guess is that we're talking about
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in the region of a kilometer, which is pretty impressive
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for something that diameter, and something that's that far away
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have a billion kilometers away, So.
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Does this mean that air estimations of other planets in
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the Solar System are probably a bit off as well?
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When you consider that Neptune, for example, I think we've
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only visited once, would that be right?
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Yeah, Yeah, that's right. So yes, I think you're right,
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You know you certainly the estimates of the planets beyond
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Jupiter and Saturn in terms of their diameter and physical
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characteristics will have much bigger error limits on them, just
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because we can't make the measurements as accurate as you
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can when you've got a spacecraft in orbits around.
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One of them. Okay, so that's that's work in progress.
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Whenever we go back, we might be able to fix that.
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But yeah, they've got any missions plan and for Nepturing
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and Urinus or anything.
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There's always calls for them because they're such interesting worlds. Yeah,
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but I don't think I mean, I think there are
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there are lots of proposals, but I don't think there's
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anything FUNDED might be wrong about that. Maybe our listeners
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can tell me if I'm wrong about.
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They may well, because a lot of it. Actually, We've
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got one fellow on Facebook who regularly researches some of
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the things we talk about, and he publishes his findings
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on the Facebook podcast group. Yeah, and I think it's great.
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I've read a few of his explanations and they're very good.
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So we're probably going to get sacked, but.
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It's surprise them sectors or.
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Well they can afford us. That's why we're still here.
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Well, that's true. Yes, that's true, very true.
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No, it's a really good discussion point. So it sort
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of keeps the momentum going when we discuss these things.
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So I'm sure it'll work on our tiny Jupiter story,
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which good, yes, which you can read about at the
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Daily Galaxy dot com website, or you can read the
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paper at Nature Astronomy. This is space Nuts with Andrew
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Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson.
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That's a that's agreement, is that if the goodness say,
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I'm really sorry, Okay, he gets very enthusiastic.
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Space nuts.
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I couldn't help it. Turn that into a link.
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It's it's yeah, brilliant.
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I'll tell him, gosh, it's just too good. It's just
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too good. He was going off his nut that day, wasn't.
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He He was? Yes, he's very highly strung.
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Well, that that's how he That's how he greeted us
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when we visited you late last year. He came tearing down.
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The stairs doing his rooster impersonation. No one could ever
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rob your Fred. The one good thing about it, yes,
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is the one good thing.
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They don't have to be big aggressive dogs they just
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have to be loud.
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Or even you know, a brush turkey going past the
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window in the middle of the night. That's enough as well.
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Yes, that's it's all that takes sometimes. Now let's move
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on to our next story. And this is a story
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that's got scientists really well. The headline says, scientists stunned.
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We're talking about a comet that has done something really,
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really unusual. Unusual. We're talking about comet forty one P.
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What's it done this time? Because it keeps making the
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news this one, Yes.
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It does. Tuttle. Jacobini cressak is its full name, better
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known as forty one P. It's an object probably a
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kilometer across a flying iceberg like basically like comets are,
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and it orbits the I think about every five and
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a half years, so it's in what we would call
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a short period comet orbit, and it's when it passes
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near the Sun. Of course, it does what comets do.
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It out gases, produces basically plumes of gas leaving its surface.
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It's usually water ice being converted directly to water vapor
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by the process known as sublimation. But what has been
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recorded in in fact, in quite a while ago actually,
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I think this is eight years ago by a NASA
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spacecraft observations made by NASA Swift spacecraft measuring its rotation
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and basically over sixty days, what's that sort of nine
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weeks or something like that, it slowed down from rotating
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once every twenty hours to once every fifty three hours.
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So that is a you know, it's almost a three
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factor of three in the level of spin that this
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commet has got. Ye, and it's there's suggestion that maybe
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it's now rotating in the other direction from what it
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was before that there has been some sort of reverse.
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It hasn't slided down to about one third, it's it's reversed.
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So it's it's slowed down well five times.
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Yeah, if the other way it could be, I mean,
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part of it could be due to how you measure
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the rotation, because it could be tumbling as well, so
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you might be seeing it going the other way around.
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But it does seem to be I think you're right.
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It's I think what you've just said is correct that
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it's a it's a reversal and genuine reversal of its
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rotation direction. So yes, it's it's got much more than
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a factor of three. That's right.
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That kill my theory because my first thought was, well,
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this must just be an observational era. But an observational
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era wouldn't get it the wrong way around. Less, of
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course you're talking about the color of the universe, but
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we won't get there. But it was so, yeah, what
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else could be causing this change behind?
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