March 22, 2026
Hawking Radiation, Dark Energy Dilemmas & Listener Curiosities
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Cosmic Queries: Hawking Radiation, Dark Energy, and Moving Earth
In this engaging Q&A episode of Space Nuts, hosts Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson dive into intriguing listener questions that span the cosmos. From the mysteries of Hawking radiation to the enigma of dark energy, and even a thought-provoking "what if" scenario about moving Earth to a new star system, this episode is packed with fascinating discussions and astronomical insights.
Episode Highlights:
- Hawking Radiation Explained: Tony from Marrickville poses a question about the entanglement of particles that pop into existence near black holes. Andrew and Fred explore the concept of quantum entanglement and how it relates to Hawking radiation, shedding light on this complex phenomenon.
- Understanding Dark Energy: Stuart Gary Gary from Tasmania asks about the implications of dark energy and its role in the universe's expansion. The hosts discuss current theories, including the cosmological constant, and unravel the mysteries surrounding this elusive form of energy.
- What If We Could Move Earth? Thomas from Virginia presents a thought-provoking scenario about relocating Earth to another star's Goldilocks zone. Andrew and Fred contemplate the potential effects on Earth's atmosphere during such a journey, drawing parallels to science fiction while grounding the discussion in scientific principles.
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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
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WEBVTT
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Hello again, thanks for joining us on Space Nuts. This
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is a Q and A edition. My name is Andrew Dunkley,
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and it's always good to have your company wherever you
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are in the world. Today we're going to be answering
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questions from our audience, and we've got a question from
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Tony about Hawking radiation. Stewart has asked a question about
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something we've never discussed before, or have we discussed it
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a million times. It's called dark energy, and Thomas wants
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to know what would happen if we could just, you know,
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move Earth over there. All of those questions will be
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answered on today's episode of Space Nuts fifteen seconds. Guidance
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is in Channel ten nine ignition sequence Space Nuts NY
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or three.
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Two more Redio one Space Nuts as the night report.
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It Bill's good, He's back for more. His name is
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Professor Accred. What's on a at Large? Hello Fred?
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Hello Andrew? How are you after all that technical?
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Normally we record two episodes back to back with only
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moments in between, but today it was a very different story.
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The Internet would not cooperate. Space doesn't cooperate either. I
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think they were in collusion. So yeah, that left us
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high and drive. But it gave me time to make
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a cup of copy. Very good there it is, So.
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I've got one too.
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Yes, I love coffee. I'm a nut for it. So
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let's get stuck into some questions, shall we fret? Oh,
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before we do, though, we have a sort of an
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answer to one of our questions. We got a question
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from Andy in London not so long ago, and we
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dealt with his interests. But he mentioned that he's a
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train driver and I just said, tell us more about
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your job, really interested to learn, and he said us
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a little bit of info about his job. And I
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like that we can do this. I think you know,
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we've created, or they've created themselves, this interesting environment where
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a lot of the listeners can talk to each other
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on our podcast group on Facebook, and it's nice to
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get to know a few people. So this is Andy
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the train driver from London.
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Hi, guys, this is Andy the train driver from London.
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Thanks for answering my question. Much appreciate. Just we need
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to go back to regarding the question about trains. Yeah,
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so I live in West Sussex, but I actually work
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near Nord Junction on the London Bridge Line and I
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drive too tart the trains one electric, one diesel. Both
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are about fifty tons per coach, so longest trainer driver
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is twelve coaches long, and so that craates to about six
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hundred tons. The diesel trains, I've drive them from London
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Bridge down to West Sussex to a place called Uckfield,
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and they are they've got one engine per coach. These
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engines are pretty similar to like a double decker bus
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engine like eleven liter turbo charged. So the longest train
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to drive down there is ten coaches. So you've got
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ten eleven liter turbo engines all roaring away at the
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same time. Sounds quite impressive. Yep.
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I've been doing it.
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Twenty two years and I'm also an instructor, so a
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teacher with the new recruits how to drive these trains.
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I also do the DC lines and the AC lines,
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which are the overhead cables twenty five thousand vaults, and
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I'll drive the electric trains over to Watford up to
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one hundred miles an hour.
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So yeah, it's a good job. I enjoy it.
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I also enjoy your podcast, So thanks well for everything
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you do and I hope I answered your questions.
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Have good day, guys, So you like to buy. Thanks Andy.
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I know that's got nothing to do with astronomy or
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space science, but I just thought it was so good
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of him to tell us a little bit about his
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amazing life and his amazing job. And how many jobs
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do you know, Fred were you're allowed to do over
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one hundred miles an hour? I mean, well you paid
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to do it as well. Yeah, what a great gig. Jeez, Andy,
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thanks a lot. That was fantastic. I really enjoyed hearing
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about you. My next door neighbors are retired train driver,
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so I'm going to get him over here and let
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him hear that, because I think he'd be absolutely intrigued,
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and because there's been a lot of local interest lately,
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because the whole set of new trains are being built
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in Dubbo for the regional lines, and I actually spotted
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one yesterday out doing a trial run and it's very quiet.
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I thought, I heard this sound, went what is that?
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And I had a look and it whispered past. It
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was really amazing, and Andy would be interested to know.
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These these new trains that they're putting on regional New
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South Wales tracks are hybrids, so it'll run diesel from
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here to the city. Of liftgo and then they'll pop
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up the electric connector and run on school electric group. Yeah, yeah,
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and they'll run They'll run to Sydney on the electricty Wine,
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which is awesome. So yeah, lots of I love trains,
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and Judy's dad was a station master, so we've got
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a bit of a connection with trains in our family
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and next door. As it turns out, we better get
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down to it though, Fred, We've got a bunch of
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questions to go through. And here's the first one. Hi.
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Lad's Shane here from Oil and and I have a
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question regarding interstellar comets three atlas. I recently read an
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article that stated new studies indicate common at three I
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atlas could potentially be nearly as old as the universe itself.
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This got me to thinking about how comet can exist
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for so long, potentially thirteen billion years or so, and
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not burn up completely as it passes through solar systems.
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Even if it is as large as a few kilometers
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in diameter, it must burn off debris at an alarming
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rate for it to have a coma thousands of kilometers
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in length that can be seen from Earth. My guess
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is that it has probably spent ninety nine percent of
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its time in freezing into stellar space, but even at
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one percent of the time spent passing through other solar
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systems should be enough to make it evaporate. Love the show,
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keep up the good work over and out, Shane. Thank
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you Shane, and happy Saint Patrick's Day, which was yesterday
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our time, and all the golfers at our course were
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dressed in green. So yeah, that was fun except me
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because I forgot. But yeah, the interesting question by Shane
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is that a thing that the Three Eye Atlas could
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be that old.
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Yeah, it's really interesting that there's new information coming out
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all the time about how different three Eye atlases to
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the comets in our own solar system. In fact, I
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just saw one while we were off air, as you
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were desperately trying to fix the fix the interweb there.
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I got a new story which is about the water
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content of Three Eye Atlas and is a ratio of
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normal to heavy water, which I haven't read yet, but
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it's again it's an outlier, just like so many of
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its attributes are outliers. I haven't seen reports that it
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might be as old as the universe. It clearly won't
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be as old as you know, it has to be
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middle aged in the sense that some of the ice
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is that we see in it are complex molecules. There's
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the sort of chemical mix that we see in the
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solar system, except their extremes in the way these you know,
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the ratios of one to the other, and for those
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elements all to be there, you must be talking about
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a solar system its origin being in a solar system
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that is relatively rich in these elements, and that means
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it's not something in the very early universe where most
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you know, there was just hydrogen, helium and iron were
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the most common constituents. It's got all the sort of
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array of chemistry or chemical elements that we are used
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to in the solar system. So I think it's fair
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to say it's probably old, but I'm not going to
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hazard a guess on how old it is.
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I've seen had a quick look for it in as
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at March twenty twenty six. According to Live Science, it's
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possibly ten to twelve billion years old. They think that's
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a lot that's old.
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Yeah, but you've got to balance that against the fact
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that it does have you know, it does have a
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chemical composition in terms of the elements that are present,
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the abundances of the elements. That's not too different from ours.
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But that's clearly something that the pundits are working on.
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I think the nub of.
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Change question is I think his estimate of ninety nine
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point ninety nine percent of its time being in deep
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space and one percent being passing through a solar system.
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I suspect that's probably wildly wrong, because I suspect that
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it's more like ninety nine point nine nine nine nine
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nine nine nine nine nine percent in deep space and
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a tiny fraction that would be passing through solar systems.
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And what makes me say that is that space is big.
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There's a lot of empty space out there, and the
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solar systems are Yes, they're everywhere we see them, you know,
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we can see stars and planets and all the rest
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of it, but the space between them is immense. And
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so yeah, I think it's understandable that an object as
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old as that, let's say ten to twelve billion years,
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that could well have been an object that has kept
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most of its primordial ice. I don't think a lot
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is going to depend on how near it passes to
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a star. When it's when it's going through a solar system.
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That's the crucial thing. How much radiation is it feeling
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from the star? How much of its ice sublimes into space,
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And it's a fairly small fraction I think of the
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total mass. I have seen work on trying to understand
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comets in our own solar system in terms of how
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many times if passed near the Sun, and that what
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the sort of mass loss has resulted from that. But
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they are falling in from the oat cloud, so their
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orbits are quite different from Three Eye Atlas, which is
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hurtling through the Solar system at sixty sixty odd kilometers
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per second. It's nowhere near the Sun in that regard,
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so and it doesn't have a big tail.
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It does.
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The images that we see show a short, stubby tail
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with the coma, So there is material coming off it.
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I wouldn't like to hazard I guess as to how much.
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And I don't even know whether there's a reasonable estimate
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as to what the size of three Eye atlases in
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terms of the size of its nucleus the icy bit, Yeah,
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you might be able to find that out as well.
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In terms of diameter, it's four hundred and forty meters
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hang on a say, it's got all sorts of different numbers. Here,
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based on twenty twenty five Hubble Space Telescope of observations,
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the nucleus of the comet is between four hundred and
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forty meters and five point six kilo meters in diameter.
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Yeah, it's pretty hard to be. Yeah, that's right, because
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we don't see the nucleus itself. We just see the
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coma around the nucleus as the dark gases. But you know,
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maybe when it set off it was tril the size
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of that, who knows, But yeah, I think it's it's
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an interesting question that Shane poses, but I think it's
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it probably all makes sense. I think that the numbers
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kind of add up, even if it is very very old.
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Yeah, I'm sure. And how fast did you say? Sixty
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kilometers a.
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Second something like that? Yes, it's in that.
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That's nearly as fast as Andy the train driver.
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Well that's right.
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Yeah, all right, So there it is, Shane. Thanks for
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the question. Hopefully we adequately answered it for you. Our
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next question comes from somebody else, Hi, Professor Fred and Andrew.
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My question is concerning Hawking radiation, when two quantum particles
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pop into existence from a black hole. Are the particles entangled?
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If not, why also you inform an educators so well?
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So I thought I would share some remarkable stats I
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read the other day. The surface of the sun is
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very noisy. Forget the vacuum thingy for a minute. The
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Sun's surface apparently crackles away at one hundred decer bells
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give or take. The light from the sun takes approximately
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eight minutes to reach us. However, the sound of the
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crackling sun would not reach us for thirteen years. I
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love your show, Tony from Marrickville in New South Wales
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PS looking forward to Professor the Professor's next Belrose presentation.
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What's that about, Fred?
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Well, we've been doing this for quite a long time,
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something called Fred Watson pre sense and is a sporadic thing.
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We put on a talk money of course, the mastermind
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behind all this arranges it. We've got a place in Belrose,
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not very far from where we live here in Davidson
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in the Northern Beaches, and there's a nice bowling club
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there and we can't They've got a room which actually
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has a great screen, and I give talks from time
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to time. Once in a while we get a guest
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speaker as well, who gives au talk. So we maybe
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do three or four a year something like that.
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Lovely, very nice. Well that's what he's talking about. Those
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