Black Holes, Time Twists & the Future of Life on Mars: A Q&A Episode

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Andrew Dunkley: Hi there. Andrew Dunkley here and this is

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Space Nuts, a Q and A edition. Thanks for joining

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us. Coming up we're going to oh gosh,

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talk about something never before spoken of on

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Space Nuts. A black hole. A little

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bit of a different twist on this one though. We're also going to look at

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the. Dimension of time, our obsession

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with life, the malinkov cycles

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of Mars and Paddy's got an idea for

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me to write a book. That's all coming up

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on this edition of space nuts.

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Generic: 15 seconds. Guidance is internal.

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10, 9. Ignition

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sequence start. Space nuts. 5, 4, 3.

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2. 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4,

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3, 2, 1. Space nuts. Astronauts

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report it feels good.

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Andrew Dunkley: And with all the answers is Professor Fred Watson

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Watson, astronomer at large. Hello friend.

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Professor Fred Watson: Hello Andrew. It's not all the answers but

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well, two or three of them, that's all

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we need.

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Andrew Dunkley: I thought I'd show you my background today.

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Professor Fred Watson: Yes, I was to ask you about that.

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Andrew Dunkley: All these rockets launching into space. That's from

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the sphere in Las Vegas. I took that photo

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when we went to a show there called Postcard From

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Earth. And the basis of the

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story is that Earth's become

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uninhabitable due to global warming. So everyone

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basically went let's get out of Dodge. And that's the

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scene of all the rockets taking off as humanity

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leaves the planet. And the whole

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storyline basically is about people coming back

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to visit but we can't live here anymore because we messed it

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up so bad. And that, yeah, so that's the

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launch sequence from all the humans leaving the planet

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after we decimated it with global warming and climate

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change. and it's a 360

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degree sphere in Las Vegas, which you

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can walk around and it has

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pictures on the outside, but on the inside it's a

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visual screen that goes all around you.

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not only is it showing you pictures but you can also

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experience weather while you're there.

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So you fly over snow fields and you can feel the cold

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and the wind. you fly over an

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orchard in California, you can smell the citrus.

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it's really brilliant, really amazing facility

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that they've, they've built there and all centred around

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science. So yeah, loved it, Absolutely loved

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it. Notwithstanding the fact the Eagles are performing

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there pretty much as I speak. So they do all kind of thing

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as well. Yeah. But yeah, I like that, I like that as

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a backdrop. Sort of fits in with what we do. Space Nuts

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launching rockets, that kind of thing.

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Professor Fred Watson: So the reason why Earth, is uninhabitable. Is because of all

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these rockets leaving behind their trailer

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were nasty stuff.

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Andrew Dunkley: They dusted chemicals.

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It probably didn't help that many take.

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Professor Fred Watson: I don't think it would, no.

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Andrew Dunkley: Let's get down to some questions. And our first one

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comes from Mark, Painter. this one came via, Facebook.

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Dear Andrew and Professor Fred Watson. I have a few questions that

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puzzle me today. I'll start with, of course,

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black holes in the movie Interstellar.

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As they get closer to the black hole, time slows down

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relative to the outside observer. By

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extension, as we get close to the event horizon, time

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would stretch more and more and I assume follows

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an exponential curve to the point where time

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effectively stops. So then to enter

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the black hole, wouldn't time have to go in

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reverse? Could it be that all black holes

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are actually chunks that come from the Big

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Bang that did not,

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form, That did not form normal matter?

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Andrew Dunkley: Thanks in advance.

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Andrew Dunkley: We kind of talked about that in our last episode. The

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primordial black holes. And

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they're maybe being responsible

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for dark matter, which Fred Watson

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debunked pretty heavily. Yeah, there's

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a big up. Really? No, but, So he's

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asking about time being reversed. If you entered a

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black hole, I know something that would be

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reversed. Your life. But that's besides the point.

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Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, Just. Just to, elaborate on what you

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were just saying though, Andrew.

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primordial black holes may exist. We just don't know.

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and my comment was that I didn't think they would

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amount to forming the. The dark matter that,

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you know, looking for. But we

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do, we do know that, some black holes are

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actually formed from

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supernova explosions. The debris left over by

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supernova. The collapse of the core of a star that

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has sufficient mass, up to 22.

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Something like 22 solar masses. So, the answer

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to the last bit of Mark's question there. Could

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it be that all the black holes are actually chunks that came from the Big

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Bang that did not form normal matter? And,

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some of them probably did, the primordial ones.

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But, some also didn't. We know that

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black holes are formed by. By stars getting to the ends of their

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lives. And regarding time

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reversal, Mark is absolutely right that

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as you, To an outside observer, the

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closer you get to the event horizon,

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the, More

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your time to the outside observer slows down,

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if I can put it that way. And when you cross the event

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horizon, basically time stops. So your person

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would be frozen, on the event horizon. Although

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they've actually fallen into it. They don't see

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the event horizon because that's ah, basically an

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optical illusion. It's the point at which light

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cannot escape.

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Andrew Dunkley: We thought this, some

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episodes back about how if you were to

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cross the threshold, like, oh, space and

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time would flip.

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Professor Fred Watson: Yes, that's right, they do. that's. As you get close

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to it, it's exactly right. The dimensions

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flip. And we had quite a nice explanation as

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to why that would be.

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Andrew Dunkley: Which great YouTube video on it, I think.

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Professor Fred Watson: Yes, that was it. There was a YouTube video. Very nicely put.

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very nicely put. Why the.

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Effectively space and time flip. and that

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in a way sort of illuminates

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Mark's question as well.

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The, the time doesn't reverse for you.

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time basically disappears along with

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you and you get swallowed into the,

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into the black hole from your perspective. and

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you know, it's no good thinking about whether to an outside

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observer time might reverse because

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the outside observer can't see you because you're, by

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that time you're inside the event horizon. So

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nobody's going to see you, Nobody will feel your pain.

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Andrew Dunkley: No, no.

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Andrew Dunkley: But you'll be covered in spaghetti sauce.

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Professor Fred Watson: Spaghetti. Yes, that's right.

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Andrew Dunkley: In the movie Interstellar, of course he's referring to

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a situation where an astronaut did

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cross the plane into a black hole

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to help solve, a, a, a

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puzzle that they could only solve if they could get

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inside a black hole.

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Professor Fred Watson: Yes, that's right.

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Paddy: Yep.

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Professor Fred Watson: I, I did see the movie, but I don't remember the exact plot.

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I just remember thinking, no, that couldn't possibly

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happen. No. What are they talking about?

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Andrew Dunkley: All a gravity problem and they couldn't do

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it. Black hole. So that's,

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I had to go in, brilliant film, but that was probably

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where it jumped the shark, so to speak.

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in terms of reality. But who cares?

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It's science fiction. I loved it. Absolutely loved it.

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Thank you Mark, great to hear from you and thanks

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for reaching out on Facebook. Our next question

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comes from Craig.

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Craig: Hi professors, it's Craig calling from

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Sunny Marimbula in New South Wales.

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I have a question about dimensions.

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1, dimension, 2, 3.

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They all need time and we

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describe time as a dimension. But

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is it really? It's kind of

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like half a dimension. We can move in

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one vector but not in the other.

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Unless you can move faster than the speed of light

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and I don't think we can. So

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it's not really a full dimension.

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It's as I said, more like a Half a dimension.

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What are your thoughts?

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Andrew Dunkley: M. Okay, Craig, thank you.

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Andrew Dunkley: yes, half a dimension.

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Andrew Dunkley: We do describe time as a dimension

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and while you're talking I'm going to do some research because

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I remember us talking not so long ago

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about a paper that was released

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suggesting time travels in two

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directions at once. Was

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that.

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Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, that's that was

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for the. It's

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the way some quantum processes experience it. I

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think that was what it was about. Yeah. so time is

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a dimension. this emerged

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from sort of mathematical studies in the

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wake of Einstein's special theory of relativity.

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and so you can write down an

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equation, if I

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remember it rightly

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so you, excuse me, imagine yourself

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moving, in

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three dimensions, a

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distance which we'll call S. You've got

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three coordinates and actually in three

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dimensions you can write down an equation which we call the metric.

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And this is for normal non relativistic space

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which would be the S squared equals X squared plus Y squared

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plus Z squared. That would be a formal

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equation of how you would move in a three

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dimensional coordinate system. we,

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you know, we express these things

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mathematically. It's called a metric. That is the

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bottom line of this. but with

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relativity coming along people realise that

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yes, time behaves just like a dimension,

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and it is variable, it can be

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squashed and it can be extended. Just as we've been talking

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about time dilation, your time

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can look differently from the time of

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somebody else, who's in a different frame of

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reference from you, whether gravitationally or moving.

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so time is bendy, but

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you find that when you move to that

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relativistic situation you can write the

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equation down where you've got four dimensions,

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and one of them is time. And if I remember rightly, it's S squared equals

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X squared plus Y squared plus Z squared minus C

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squared T squared, where T is time.

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So it behaves just like a dimension.

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And that is why we call it a

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dimension, because it is, but it is clearly

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different in some ways from the three

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dimensions of space because. Exactly, as

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Craig says, we can move willy nilly about the three

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dimensions of space within reason of course, but we can

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move around them, but we can't move willy

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nilly around the dimension of time, except under

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certain circumstances where you're travelling at very high velocities

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and things of that sort. So it is a very

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unusual, it's an unusual dimension,

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but it is a dimension. I quite

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like the idea of it being half A dimension. but I

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think my mathematical friends would

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say no, it's definitely not half a dimension.

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Andrew Dunkley: Yes, I found several articles on what

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we'd spoken about, which was, a paper

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published late February, early March. In the

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quantum realm, time arrow might fly in

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two directions. Mark might want

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to, Craig, I mean, might want to look that

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up, and read a bit more about it. But

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yeah, it's a special circumstance I

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suppose would be the best way to

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describe it. but yeah, it's,

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it's, yeah, it's an interesting article.

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Professor Fred Watson: It's an interesting question from Craig too.

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Andrew Dunkley: Yes, very interesting. Thank you Craig. Great to hear from you.

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this is Space Nuts, Andrew Dunkley here with

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Professor Fred Watson Watson.

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Now back to the show.

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Andrew Dunkley: SpaceNuts. Okay, Fred Watson, we've got another

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audio question from a regular

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senderinera. Here's Mikey.

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Mikey: Hey friend. And Andrew. It is Mikey from Illinois. Once again,

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I'm sitting here at 5:30 in the morning as one does,

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pondering about life in the universe. And I

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Was just wondering why we're so fixated on life

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had already happening on other

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planets. we look for signs of life

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from the past on Mars, you know eventually on Venus

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and all these places that we go. But what are the

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odds that these places say

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Venus for example are

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on their infancy stage of life and

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Venus will eventually cool down

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one day and when the Earth is

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long gone, possibly because we've self

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annihilated ourselves, maybe one day

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millions of years in the future, Venus will be an

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oasis. I'm just curious on

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your guys thoughts of this and I mean what are, what are the

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chances that maybe some planet or

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somebody in our solar system as of right now may not be able

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to harbour life but someday in the future will

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be. Thanks guys.

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Andrew Dunkley: Thank you Mikey.

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Andrew Dunkley: that's a really interesting question. in terms of the

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Venus theory,

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you might argue that Venus has already been there because

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I remember a story way back when we

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talked about the potential for three

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planets in our own solar system that all

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could have potentially harboured life. We know of one, we

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live on it. But Mars and Venus were also cited

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as planets at some stage

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had what would have been

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a ah, chemistry, an environment

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that could have harboured life. And

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Mars lost its atmosphere which sort of put them to

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bed. Venus went rogue.

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Greenhouse effect. And that put their

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potential for life to bed but doesn't write off

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the possibility that they might have had it.

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Professor Fred Watson: That's true. and I think that's absolutely right. Both those

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planets might have had it.

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as you say Venus had the

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runaway greenhouse effect which put its

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surface temperature up to what is it, 450 or

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thereabouts.

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Andrew Dunkley: That's yeah, Celsius.

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Professor Fred Watson: so I think with Venus it's

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done its dash because as time

348
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goes on the likelihood is that Venus will

349
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get even more inhospitable to life.

350
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as the sun basically

351
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swells towards the end of its

352
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lifetime and I'm talking now about 3 billion

353
00:16:33.640 --> 00:16:36.000
years or so in the future it'll start swelling,

354
00:16:36.940 --> 00:16:39.820
Venus will get even hotter than it is now.

355
00:16:40.271 --> 00:16:43.270
Earth might very well become uninhabitable by

356
00:16:43.270 --> 00:16:46.270
then. Mars however might turn into a

357
00:16:46.590 --> 00:16:49.421
warm world. it's doubtful it would

358
00:16:49.421 --> 00:16:52.131
regain its atmosphere. it might regain

359
00:16:53.171 --> 00:16:56.162
a lot of water which probably would evaporate

360
00:16:56.162 --> 00:16:58.922
into space without pressure of an atmosphere. But

361
00:16:58.922 --> 00:17:01.653
yeah it's impossible. Future ah, habitable

362
00:17:01.653 --> 00:17:04.573
world even if it's not. Now we don't know whether any

363
00:17:04.573 --> 00:17:07.403
microbes on Mars, but that's why we're being so

364
00:17:07.403 --> 00:17:10.083
careful to avoid contaminating them if there are,

365
00:17:10.593 --> 00:17:13.073
Perhaps an even more interesting world is Titan.

366
00:17:15.153 --> 00:17:18.153
As the Goldilocks zone creeps outwards as the

367
00:17:18.153 --> 00:17:20.913
sun expands in its later years,

368
00:17:21.393 --> 00:17:24.313
Titan is going to become a much more desirable

369
00:17:24.313 --> 00:17:26.813
place. in terms of habitability.

370
00:17:27.133 --> 00:17:30.053
It's the only place in the world. Sorry, the only place

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00:17:30.053 --> 00:17:32.613
in the universe that we know of where there are ah,

372
00:17:33.073 --> 00:17:35.433
lakes and rivers in equilibrium with its

373
00:17:35.433 --> 00:17:38.353
atmosphere. They are liquid natural gas rather

374
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than water. But I think it's a, you know, it's a

375
00:17:41.233 --> 00:17:44.153
big planet. It's bigger than the planet Mercury. Sorry, It's a big

376
00:17:44.153 --> 00:17:46.113
satellite. It's bigger than the planet Mercury.

377
00:17:46.633 --> 00:17:49.033
maybe that's a place where we could find

378
00:17:49.613 --> 00:17:52.413
living organisms some way down the track in the future.

379
00:17:52.813 --> 00:17:55.353
Andrew Dunkley: Not, not to mention Europa,

380
00:17:55.353 --> 00:17:57.553
Enceladus, Ganymede, Callista,

381
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Triton.

382
00:17:59.233 --> 00:18:01.153
Professor Fred Watson: All possible. Yapetus.

383
00:18:01.553 --> 00:18:03.873
Andrew Dunkley: Yapetus, yes, yes.

384
00:18:05.503 --> 00:18:07.423
the ice moons in

385
00:18:08.303 --> 00:18:11.183
orbiting the gas giants are all looking,

386
00:18:11.743 --> 00:18:14.743
being looked at favourably for potential life

387
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with their under ice oceans.

388
00:18:17.883 --> 00:18:20.823
So you can't say never. I mean we haven't

389
00:18:21.143 --> 00:18:24.023
yet. We haven't found it yet.

390
00:18:24.183 --> 00:18:26.893
But they have found the,

391
00:18:27.053 --> 00:18:29.813
the seeds of life in the, in the geysers

392
00:18:29.813 --> 00:18:32.374
coming out of Of one or two of these moons.

393
00:18:32.374 --> 00:18:32.914
Professor Fred Watson: Yeah.

394
00:18:33.174 --> 00:18:34.854
Andrew Dunkley: Was it Cassini that did that?

395
00:18:34.934 --> 00:18:36.664
Professor Fred Watson: Yes, with Enceladus.

396
00:18:36.744 --> 00:18:37.664
Andrew Dunkley: Yeah, yeah.

397
00:18:37.664 --> 00:18:39.064
Professor Fred Watson: Such as some of us.

398
00:18:39.304 --> 00:18:42.284
Andrew Dunkley: No, it's The evidence is starting to build up.

399
00:18:43.244 --> 00:18:45.884
I do believe that we will find something

400
00:18:46.204 --> 00:18:49.004
in our own solar system in the not too distant future.

401
00:18:50.364 --> 00:18:51.804
That's my theory anyway.

402
00:18:53.244 --> 00:18:54.884
Professor Fred Watson: I hope you're right because I'd like.

403
00:18:54.884 --> 00:18:57.564
Andrew Dunkley: To know, and in

404
00:18:57.564 --> 00:19:00.204
answer to the initial question, why are we

405
00:19:00.204 --> 00:19:02.514
so obsessed with life? because

406
00:19:02.994 --> 00:19:05.874
we are living creatures and we want to know if there

407
00:19:05.874 --> 00:19:08.514
are any others beyond our planet. I mean it's,

408
00:19:08.794 --> 00:19:11.674
it's a natural thing to consider. And

409
00:19:11.674 --> 00:19:14.474
wouldn't it be great if we found it? It would be the, the

410
00:19:14.954 --> 00:19:17.874
probably the biggest discovery in the

411
00:19:17.874 --> 00:19:19.354
history. History of humanity.

412
00:19:19.434 --> 00:19:20.874
Professor Fred Watson: Yes, exactly.

413
00:19:20.954 --> 00:19:22.074
Andrew Dunkley: Even if it's a flea

414
00:19:24.314 --> 00:19:26.874
or krill, I'm still hanging.

415
00:19:28.954 --> 00:19:31.434
Yes, there's krill, there's whales.

416
00:19:31.514 --> 00:19:31.994
Professor Fred Watson: Yes.

417
00:19:33.914 --> 00:19:34.874
Andrew Dunkley: Thanks Mikey.

418
00:19:34.874 --> 00:19:37.514
Good to hear from you. And our next question comes

419
00:19:37.674 --> 00:19:39.834
from Fritz, who's put

420
00:19:40.694 --> 00:19:41.094
this one.

421
00:19:41.334 --> 00:19:44.214
Paddy: Hi, space nuts. This is Fritz from

422
00:19:44.534 --> 00:19:46.414
Northeast, rural Georgia.

423
00:19:48.094 --> 00:19:50.094
My question is for

424
00:19:50.334 --> 00:19:52.974
planetary scientists and Mars

425
00:19:53.054 --> 00:19:56.014
and water on the surface. Why

426
00:19:56.094 --> 00:19:58.774
aren't they discussing further the

427
00:19:58.774 --> 00:20:01.534
Milankovitch cycles and the influence

428
00:20:02.174 --> 00:20:04.974
on Mars having wetter, warmer

429
00:20:05.214 --> 00:20:08.064
phases? This is part of the

430
00:20:08.544 --> 00:20:11.264
obliquity the axle tilt which can

431
00:20:11.264 --> 00:20:13.744
range between 10 to

432
00:20:13.824 --> 00:20:16.304
66.0degrees

433
00:20:17.504 --> 00:20:20.304
over a range of 120,000

434
00:20:20.384 --> 00:20:22.784
years up to a longer modulation

435
00:20:23.824 --> 00:20:26.784
of as much as 1.25 million

436
00:20:26.784 --> 00:20:29.594
years. And even at 40%

437
00:20:29.834 --> 00:20:32.154
it could trigger significant ice

438
00:20:32.874 --> 00:20:34.474
redistribution or melting.

439
00:20:35.694 --> 00:20:37.974
And this could change

440
00:20:38.534 --> 00:20:41.414
what's a cold dry period to a surface

441
00:20:41.574 --> 00:20:44.494
of flowing water at times and

442
00:20:44.494 --> 00:20:46.454
a wetter period at times.

443
00:20:47.254 --> 00:20:50.093
And this happens regularly and Mars will

444
00:20:50.093 --> 00:20:52.774
have a wet and warm period

445
00:20:53.014 --> 00:20:55.014
again. So I'm surprised

446
00:20:55.654 --> 00:20:58.654
planetary scientists don't discuss this when they talk about the

447
00:20:58.654 --> 00:21:01.454
loss of water. But water is there in

448
00:21:01.454 --> 00:21:04.284
the permafrost and such and where did it all

449
00:21:04.284 --> 00:21:07.124
go and everything. But it's not discussed how it

450
00:21:07.124 --> 00:21:10.084
will return. Thanks a lot and love the

451
00:21:10.084 --> 00:21:12.124
show. Can't wait to hear more.

452
00:21:12.444 --> 00:21:12.884
Andrew Dunkley: Thank you.

453
00:21:12.884 --> 00:21:15.644
Andrew Dunkley: Fritz, you kind of touched on that when you were talking about

454
00:21:15.644 --> 00:21:18.084
Mikey's question and how

455
00:21:18.564 --> 00:21:21.444
Venus is probably a write off but Mars will actually

456
00:21:21.604 --> 00:21:24.404
get back to a state of having liquid water.

457
00:21:26.174 --> 00:21:27.774
what's the Malinkov cycle?

458
00:21:29.634 --> 00:21:31.634
Professor Fred Watson: actually the Milankovitch

459
00:21:32.754 --> 00:21:35.284
is yes the name of the person

460
00:21:36.164 --> 00:21:38.854
who put the idea on the map that

461
00:21:40.214 --> 00:21:43.094
various periodicities and they're to do

462
00:21:43.094 --> 00:21:46.074
with the eccentricity or non

463
00:21:46.074 --> 00:21:49.074
circularity of an orbit, the incline

464
00:21:49.074 --> 00:21:51.884
of the you know, the axis in the orbit, and

465
00:21:52.764 --> 00:21:55.764
other parameters like that, these things vary

466
00:21:55.764 --> 00:21:58.524
in cycles. Mars has had exactly

467
00:21:58.524 --> 00:22:01.424
as Fritz says, a really big

468
00:22:01.424 --> 00:22:04.054
range in its axial tilt, 10 to 60

469
00:22:04.054 --> 00:22:06.774
degrees is what he quoted. And I think that's about right.

470
00:22:07.314 --> 00:22:10.244
we think the reason why that hasn't happened on Earth is because the

471
00:22:10.244 --> 00:22:13.084
moon actually stabilises the Earth's rotation. So

472
00:22:13.084 --> 00:22:15.974
it's the tilt of its axis has remained much

473
00:22:16.134 --> 00:22:19.134
much closer to its present 23 and a half

474
00:22:19.134 --> 00:22:22.064
degrees. but the answer

475
00:22:22.064 --> 00:22:24.664
to Fritz's question is that actually planetary

476
00:22:24.664 --> 00:22:27.634
scientists do look at this and you don't have to

477
00:22:27.634 --> 00:22:30.353
look that far to find papers that

478
00:22:30.434 --> 00:22:32.894
refer to these M.

479
00:22:32.894 --> 00:22:35.844
Milankovitch cycles. in terms

480
00:22:35.844 --> 00:22:38.594
of Mars climate. I found a nice one

481
00:22:38.914 --> 00:22:40.964
by some Swiss authors published in

482
00:22:41.354 --> 00:22:44.234
2019. this is

483
00:22:44.234 --> 00:22:46.914
called time scales of the climate record in the south

484
00:22:46.914 --> 00:22:49.754
polar ice cap of Mars. And it's basically

485
00:22:50.074 --> 00:22:52.954
linking the ice layer

486
00:22:52.954 --> 00:22:53.674
deposits

487
00:22:55.994 --> 00:22:58.754
basically in the south polar ice cap of Mars, the largest

488
00:22:58.754 --> 00:23:01.674
water ice reservoirs on Mars as they say in

489
00:23:01.674 --> 00:23:04.444
the abstract of their paper, and linking them to

490
00:23:04.444 --> 00:23:07.164
climate oscillations, the Milankovitch cycles of

491
00:23:07.164 --> 00:23:10.014
Mars's orbit. and so that's quite

492
00:23:10.014 --> 00:23:12.994
an interesting paper. As I said I don't Know whether I mentioned

493
00:23:12.994 --> 00:23:15.914
published in 2019 in Geophysical

494
00:23:15.914 --> 00:23:18.824
Research Letters. and there are other papers too that talk

495
00:23:18.824 --> 00:23:21.824
about the climatic effect of these

496
00:23:21.984 --> 00:23:24.744
orbital cycles. So it's not something that's

497
00:23:24.744 --> 00:23:27.584
being ignored by planetary scientists. I think the view that

498
00:23:27.584 --> 00:23:29.584
they've come to though is that

499
00:23:30.384 --> 00:23:33.154
they're giving you relatively modest changes

500
00:23:33.154 --> 00:23:35.994
in climate. the fact that

501
00:23:35.994 --> 00:23:38.954
the solar parameters will themselves change over

502
00:23:38.954 --> 00:23:41.554
time, as we were discussing in Mikey's question,

503
00:23:42.044 --> 00:23:44.814
that means that even without those you might find that

504
00:23:44.814 --> 00:23:47.814
Mars is warming up enough that perhaps we will see

505
00:23:47.814 --> 00:23:50.774
a warm wet planet one day, but we won't be around to see it here

506
00:23:50.774 --> 00:23:52.734
on planet Earth because we'll be gone by then.

507
00:23:52.974 --> 00:23:55.594
Andrew Dunkley: Yeah, however, as you said

508
00:23:55.914 --> 00:23:58.594
with Mikey's question, that water will probably.

509
00:23:58.594 --> 00:24:01.524
Professor Fred Watson: Get, it depends what, yeah, what the,

510
00:24:01.764 --> 00:24:04.724
what the circumstances are. But yeah, check out

511
00:24:04.704 --> 00:24:07.574
Mars and Milankovitch cycles and there's quite a

512
00:24:07.574 --> 00:24:09.054
few papers that refer to it.

513
00:24:09.294 --> 00:24:12.094
Andrew Dunkley: Very good, thank you Fritz. Great question though.

514
00:24:12.414 --> 00:24:15.274
Love those curveballs. That's ah, a rip

515
00:24:15.274 --> 00:24:15.554
up.

516
00:24:16.914 --> 00:24:19.914
Andrew Dunkley: Let's take a little break from the show to tell you about our

517
00:24:19.914 --> 00:24:22.754
sponsor Insta360 and their

518
00:24:22.754 --> 00:24:25.704
brand spanking new 300160 degree camera,

519
00:24:25.704 --> 00:24:28.674
the X5. Now at

520
00:24:28.674 --> 00:24:31.674
the end of this I'll tell you how you can get a special bonus

521
00:24:31.674 --> 00:24:34.064
as a Space Nuts listener, being

522
00:24:34.784 --> 00:24:37.574
a free 114 centimetre

523
00:24:37.574 --> 00:24:40.174
invisible selfie stick. It's worth around

524
00:24:40.174 --> 00:24:43.044
US$25 and you

525
00:24:43.044 --> 00:24:45.604
can get that if you buy the standard package,

526
00:24:46.074 --> 00:24:48.094
through insta360. So what is

527
00:24:48.094 --> 00:24:50.374
insta360? Well it's a camera,

528
00:24:51.094 --> 00:24:53.654
but it's no ordinary camera. This is a

529
00:24:53.654 --> 00:24:56.534
beautiful piece of equipment. it is their

530
00:24:56.534 --> 00:24:59.134
flagship model and it can take

531
00:24:59.134 --> 00:25:02.134
footage 360 degrees. You don't have

532
00:25:02.134 --> 00:25:04.974
to point it at anything. You just start recording

533
00:25:04.974 --> 00:25:07.854
and it records everything around you and then you

534
00:25:07.854 --> 00:25:10.414
can sort out what you want later on through their

535
00:25:10.574 --> 00:25:13.294
mobile phone app or cell phone app. And it works on

536
00:25:13.294 --> 00:25:16.224
Android and Apple and it

537
00:25:16.224 --> 00:25:18.984
works in all sorts of situations. It works in low

538
00:25:18.984 --> 00:25:21.834
light, it works, it works underwater. it has

539
00:25:21.914 --> 00:25:24.474
outstanding image quality. We're talking

540
00:25:24.554 --> 00:25:26.682
8K, 8K

541
00:25:26.906 --> 00:25:29.034
360 degree video

542
00:25:29.594 --> 00:25:32.394
night shooting. It's just changed the game

543
00:25:32.394 --> 00:25:34.874
in terms of night shooting and

544
00:25:35.204 --> 00:25:38.184
as I said you just need to start recording

545
00:25:38.184 --> 00:25:41.024
and it will just focus on everything around you and you can

546
00:25:41.024 --> 00:25:43.624
figure out what you want to do with that footage later.

547
00:25:44.624 --> 00:25:47.344
regardless. And it's AI powered.

548
00:25:47.424 --> 00:25:50.034
It has all these amazing AI Powered

549
00:25:50.034 --> 00:25:52.994
tools that just make the job so much easier.

550
00:25:53.074 --> 00:25:55.554
On top of that there are replaceable lenses.

551
00:25:56.034 --> 00:25:58.904
these lenses are made of very tough optical glass

552
00:25:59.624 --> 00:26:02.194
and they are much better in terms of drop

553
00:26:02.194 --> 00:26:04.914
resistance than your average camera and

554
00:26:05.474 --> 00:26:07.834
waterproofing to 15 metres or

555
00:26:07.834 --> 00:26:10.564
49ft. And the list

556
00:26:10.564 --> 00:26:13.414
goes on. they are fabulous. also the built in

557
00:26:13.414 --> 00:26:16.224
wind guard we don't think about that much but wind

558
00:26:16.224 --> 00:26:18.914
can really mess up your audio and they use an

559
00:26:18.914 --> 00:26:21.034
audio algorithm to get rid of that problem.

560
00:26:21.754 --> 00:26:24.694
So that's the product. if you would like to have

561
00:26:24.694 --> 00:26:26.904
a look at it, go to the store,

562
00:26:27.304 --> 00:26:30.584
store.insta360.com

563
00:26:30.744 --> 00:26:32.984
that's store.insta360

564
00:26:34.574 --> 00:26:37.224
and if you one of the first 30 Space

565
00:26:37.224 --> 00:26:40.224
Nuts listeners to sign up for the

566
00:26:40.384 --> 00:26:43.274
standard package, you will pick, pick

567
00:26:43.274 --> 00:26:45.804
up that 114 centimetre invisible

568
00:26:45.804 --> 00:26:48.644
selfie stick worth $24.99 US.

569
00:26:49.284 --> 00:26:51.924
So all you have to do is go

570
00:26:52.004 --> 00:26:52.404
to

571
00:26:53.764 --> 00:26:56.724
store.insta360.com

572
00:26:56.964 --> 00:26:59.924
for the Insta360x5 standard

573
00:26:59.924 --> 00:27:01.014
package. That's

574
00:27:01.014 --> 00:27:03.734
store.insta360.com

575
00:27:04.054 --> 00:27:06.574
and don't forget the promo code Space

576
00:27:06.574 --> 00:27:09.494
Nuts. That's very important. So

577
00:27:09.524 --> 00:27:12.404
there it is. I'm sure you won't be disappointed.

578
00:27:12.404 --> 00:27:15.204
This is an amazing piece of equipment and you'll have many

579
00:27:15.204 --> 00:27:18.164
hours of fun and I'm sure whatever you do with

580
00:27:18.164 --> 00:27:20.484
it, whether it's domestic or professional,

581
00:27:20.964 --> 00:27:23.284
it will live up to the

582
00:27:23.284 --> 00:27:25.044
expectations. So that's

583
00:27:25.044 --> 00:27:27.604
store.insta360.com

584
00:27:28.234 --> 00:27:31.234
with the promo code Space Nuts and we'll have all

585
00:27:31.234 --> 00:27:32.714
that information in the show notes.

586
00:27:33.034 --> 00:27:34.954
Now back to the show.

587
00:27:35.514 --> 00:27:38.474
Andrew Dunkley: Okay, we checked all four systems and being with a go

588
00:27:38.474 --> 00:27:40.764
Space Nuts, one final

589
00:27:41.404 --> 00:27:43.964
thought and this one comes from

590
00:27:44.124 --> 00:27:47.004
Paddy. He said hi Andrew and Fred Watson. I

591
00:27:47.004 --> 00:27:49.834
have a premise for a book for Andrew. your

592
00:27:49.834 --> 00:27:52.754
discussion on Martian water provoked the thought what

593
00:27:52.754 --> 00:27:55.324
if humans are on Mars, drink

594
00:27:55.324 --> 00:27:58.084
unfiltered water and ingest a Martian

595
00:27:58.084 --> 00:28:01.044
microbe that merges with human cells

596
00:28:01.204 --> 00:28:04.074
like mitochondria did, resulting in

597
00:28:04.074 --> 00:28:07.034
whatever you wish to knew the story

598
00:28:07.114 --> 00:28:09.724
with. I hope you like the idea.

599
00:28:09.724 --> 00:28:12.594
Cheers from Patty. I do like the idea.

600
00:28:12.674 --> 00:28:15.074
Funny, funny you should bring that up Patty because

601
00:28:15.864 --> 00:28:18.634
this is my last show for a few months. Judy and

602
00:28:18.634 --> 00:28:21.124
I and going around the world

603
00:28:21.124 --> 00:28:23.204
basically and we're going to take our time.

604
00:28:23.784 --> 00:28:26.784
and Judy said, you know, I don't want you

605
00:28:26.784 --> 00:28:29.704
to get bored. Why, why don't you write a book while you're away.

606
00:28:29.704 --> 00:28:32.664
And I was trying to come up with concepts. I was

607
00:28:32.904 --> 00:28:35.294
thinking about maybe, you know, a story

608
00:28:36.574 --> 00:28:38.894
revolving around Earth building its own

609
00:28:39.134 --> 00:28:41.934
Dyson Sphere or some kind of megastructure.

610
00:28:42.654 --> 00:28:45.484
But, now you've given me something else to think about. So

611
00:28:46.694 --> 00:28:49.614
might. Might go down that road. Although it's

612
00:28:49.614 --> 00:28:52.574
kind of been done before. There was a movie many, many

613
00:28:52.574 --> 00:28:55.314
years ago about a, meteorite

614
00:28:55.314 --> 00:28:58.234
that hit Earth and it had some

615
00:28:58.234 --> 00:29:01.074
kind of viral thing in it that.

616
00:29:01.074 --> 00:29:03.754
That was basically killing people. And the whole story

617
00:29:03.754 --> 00:29:05.834
centred around a bunch of scientists that were

618
00:29:06.234 --> 00:29:09.194
basically in lockdown in some facility

619
00:29:09.194 --> 00:29:11.834
in the middle of the desert trying to figure out how to stop it.

620
00:29:12.544 --> 00:29:14.944
I can't remember what it was called, but it's a great film.

621
00:29:15.184 --> 00:29:18.154
Fabulous film. scared the bajeebis out of me.

622
00:29:19.194 --> 00:29:22.194
It was. It wasn't the Blob or anything like that. This was

623
00:29:22.194 --> 00:29:24.684
just a micro. But it had, It. It

624
00:29:24.844 --> 00:29:27.804
just was highly volatile and, and very

625
00:29:27.804 --> 00:29:30.414
destructive and. Yeah, but

626
00:29:30.494 --> 00:29:33.334
look, definitely food for thought,

627
00:29:33.334 --> 00:29:35.774
Patti. I'll. I'll give it some consideration

628
00:29:36.014 --> 00:29:38.924
and wonder how I can actually merge that with

629
00:29:38.924 --> 00:29:40.404
a Dyson spear angle.

630
00:29:41.074 --> 00:29:44.034
Professor Fred Watson: Sure you'll manage it, Andrew. I look forward to hearing about

631
00:29:44.034 --> 00:29:46.584
it. when you come back in August, we'll

632
00:29:47.304 --> 00:29:50.234
probably get a full rundown of what the plot is. Yes.

633
00:29:51.374 --> 00:29:54.334
Andrew Dunkley: a few people have contacted me saying, oh, when are you in

634
00:29:54.414 --> 00:29:56.413
New York? I might. And things like that.

635
00:29:56.413 --> 00:29:57.694
Professor Fred Watson: So cool.

636
00:29:58.094 --> 00:30:01.094
Andrew Dunkley: We might be able to track a few people down and have a chat. But

637
00:30:01.094 --> 00:30:03.484
look, what I'm going to try and do during

638
00:30:03.954 --> 00:30:06.954
the trip is do some monologues back into the show so

639
00:30:06.954 --> 00:30:09.614
I can give you updates of, of what we're doing. So

640
00:30:09.694 --> 00:30:12.654
if anyone's interested. If you're not, I'll just stay out of it.

641
00:30:13.534 --> 00:30:16.484
Professor Fred Watson: I think that would be great. I think you should, do that. It will,

642
00:30:16.604 --> 00:30:18.924
be something that Heidi and I can fit into the,

643
00:30:19.324 --> 00:30:22.144
into the scheme of things, I hope. And, and enjoy it very

644
00:30:22.144 --> 00:30:24.944
much. So we look forward to that every

645
00:30:24.944 --> 00:30:25.224
week.

646
00:30:25.224 --> 00:30:27.724
Andrew Dunkley: But, there's some really interesting

647
00:30:27.724 --> 00:30:30.264
places. So, there might be something to talk about.

648
00:30:31.364 --> 00:30:34.084
we'll see. It looks like every time we go somewhere there's a

649
00:30:34.084 --> 00:30:35.164
volcano, it erupts.

650
00:30:35.164 --> 00:30:35.444
Professor Fred Watson: So.

651
00:30:37.564 --> 00:30:40.564
Andrew Dunkley: Might be able to. That, we'll see how it goes.

652
00:30:40.584 --> 00:30:43.434
but yeah, we've been planning this trip for a long, long time and

653
00:30:43.514 --> 00:30:45.594
yeah, we, we head off next week.

654
00:30:45.594 --> 00:30:45.994
Andrew Dunkley: So.

655
00:30:46.314 --> 00:30:48.154
Andrew Dunkley: Very exciting, very exciting.

656
00:30:49.284 --> 00:30:52.164
and that brings us to the end. Thanks to everybody who contributed.

657
00:30:52.164 --> 00:30:55.044
Keep the questions coming because Heidi will need them to

658
00:30:55.044 --> 00:30:57.774
try and stump Fred Watson. which is very, very

659
00:30:57.774 --> 00:30:59.874
hard to do. but yes,

660
00:31:00.624 --> 00:31:03.224
just go to our website and send them via the

661
00:31:03.224 --> 00:31:05.904
AMA tab. So there's two

662
00:31:05.904 --> 00:31:08.864
URLs Space Nuts IO or

663
00:31:08.864 --> 00:31:11.104
Space Nuts podcast.com

664
00:31:11.664 --> 00:31:14.374
and keep those, keep those messages coming in.

665
00:31:15.024 --> 00:31:17.864
and Heidi and Fred Watson will tackle them over the next

666
00:31:17.864 --> 00:31:20.784
few months. Gosh, it's hard to believe it'll be that long.

667
00:31:20.784 --> 00:31:23.674
But, yeah, I've never been away from home for that long in

668
00:31:23.674 --> 00:31:26.484
my life. But you know,

669
00:31:26.484 --> 00:31:29.324
it'll be exciting. And thank you as always, Fred Watson.

670
00:31:29.324 --> 00:31:31.204
Thank you very much as always.

671
00:31:31.284 --> 00:31:34.144
Professor Fred Watson: A pleasure, Andrew. And yeah, have a great trip. We

672
00:31:34.144 --> 00:31:37.064
hope everything goes well for you. I look forward

673
00:31:37.064 --> 00:31:39.944
to seeing your emails from time to time. Find out what's

674
00:31:39.944 --> 00:31:42.864
happening. I'd be interested to know whether you'll be homeless when

675
00:31:42.864 --> 00:31:43.464
you get back.

676
00:31:44.584 --> 00:31:47.344
Andrew Dunkley: It's a distinct possibility. We put an ass on the market

677
00:31:47.344 --> 00:31:49.784
and just deal with all that when we get home.

678
00:31:50.664 --> 00:31:53.364
Professor Fred Watson: There you go. Nice, good, good, good stuff.

679
00:31:53.364 --> 00:31:56.274
And so have a great time, both you and Judy. And we'll

680
00:31:56.274 --> 00:31:57.674
speak again in August.

681
00:31:57.914 --> 00:32:00.634
Andrew Dunkley: Indeed. Thank you, Fred Watson. Thanks as always been,

682
00:32:00.794 --> 00:32:01.674
it's been terrific.

683
00:32:01.674 --> 00:32:04.394
And thanks, to Huw in the studio who

684
00:32:04.394 --> 00:32:06.744
couldn't be with us today. Tried to ride a,

685
00:32:07.154 --> 00:32:09.634
Milankovich cycle and the chain fell off.

686
00:32:10.914 --> 00:32:13.834
And from me, Andrew Dunkley. Thanks for your company. See you in

687
00:32:13.834 --> 00:32:14.354
a few months.

688
00:32:14.354 --> 00:32:14.674
Professor Fred Watson: Bye.

689
00:32:14.674 --> 00:32:14.994
Andrew Dunkley: Bye.

690
00:32:16.114 --> 00:32:18.914
Generic: You've been listening to the Space Nuts Podcast,

691
00:32:20.674 --> 00:32:23.314
available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify,

692
00:32:23.474 --> 00:32:26.234
iHeartRadio or your favourite podcast

693
00:32:26.234 --> 00:32:27.954
player. You can also stream on

694
00:32:27.954 --> 00:32:30.674
demand at bitesz.com This has been

695
00:32:30.674 --> 00:32:33.034
another quality podcast production from

696
00:32:33.034 --> 00:32:34.194
bitesz.com