Webb Telescope Confirms Hubble Tension, Vesta’s Liquid Mysteries, and Mars’ Explosive New Year:...

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 1


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for broadcast on the 1st of January 2025


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happy New Year coming up on SpaceTime


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the web Space Telescope confirms Hubble


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tension in the process challenging


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existing Cosmic Theory a new hypothesis


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to explain how liquids could erode out


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gullies on the surface of the airless


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asteroid Vesta and it's New Year's Day


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on Earth but it seems the real fireworks


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are happening on Mars all that and more


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coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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Stuart


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[Music]




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Gary new observations from the webspace


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telescope suggest that a new feature in


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the universe and not a florid telescope


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measurements could be behind the decades


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long mystery of why the universe is


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expanding faster today than what it did


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during its infancy billions of years ago


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the new web data confirms Hubble Space


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Telescope measurements of distances


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between nearby stars and galaxies in the


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process offering a crucial cross check


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to address the mismatching measurements


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on the universe's mysterious expansion


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known as the Hubble tension this


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discrepancy remains unexplained even by


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the best cosmological models in fact the


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more accurate the observations are are


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the wider the Gap seems to be the


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discrepancy between the observed


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expansion rate of the universe and


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predictions according to the standard


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model suggests that science's


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understanding of the universe must be


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incomplete the study's authors Adam Ree


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and Thomas Barber from the Johns Hopkins


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University say the two NASA Flagship


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telescopes web and Hubble now confirm


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each other's findings and astronomers


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need to take this hble tension problem


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very seriously the new research reported


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in the astrophysical journal Builds on


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is Nobel prizewinning discovery that the


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universe's rate of expansion is


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accelerating owing to a mysterious Force


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which astronomers call dark energy which


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is permeating vast stretches of space


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between stars and


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galaxies understanding Dark Energy will


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not only provide a more complete picture


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of the universe it'll also tell us what


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our ultimate fate will be will the


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universe eventually stop expanding and


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start Contracting under Gravity


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eventually ending in a big crunch or


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will the r of expansion simply slowed


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down in the long term eventually


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reaching a steady state based on our


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limited understanding of dark energy


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both these options have been ruled out


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and that leaves two more possibilities


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the big freeze and the Big Rip neither


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of which are especially appetizing the


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big freeze will see the universe


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expanding forever eventually all the


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stars we see in the night sky will be


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Beyond The Cosmic Horizon and the


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universe will appear empty leaving us


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alone in the Cosmos but a far more


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disturbing possibility is that the rate


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of accelerated expansion will continue


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to increase eventually not only will


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galaxies move away from each other's


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line of sight but Stars within the


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galaxies will move away from each other


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as well and as the strength of dark


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energy continues to increase ultimately


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even atoms will be torn apart with a


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final Act seeing quarks ripped apart


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from their


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gluons this is the Big Rip so


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understanding dark energy in the Hubble


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tension is important for understanding


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the ultimate fate of our


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universe to try and get there recent


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colleagues have been using the largest


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sample of web data collected over the


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first two years of its operations this


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allowed them to verify the Hubble


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telescopes measurements for the


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expansion rate of the universe a number


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known as the Hubble constant they Ed


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three different methods to measure


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distances to galaxies that hosted


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Supernova focusing on distances which


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had previously been gauged by the Hubble


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telescope and known to produce the most


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accurate local measurements to this


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number and the observations of both


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telescopes align closely with each other


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revealing that Hubble's measurements are


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accurate and ruling out any possibility


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of an inaccuracy large enough to


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attribute the Hubble tension to Simply


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an error still the Hubble constant


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remains a puzzle because measurements


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based on the telescope's observations of


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the present Universe produce higher


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values compared to projections made


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using the standard model of cosmology a


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widely accepted framework for How the


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Universe Works calibrated with data from


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the cosmic microwave background


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radiation the faint Afterglow of the Big


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Bang itself 13.8 billion years ago the


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standard model of cosmology yields a


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Hubble constant of around 67 to 68 km/s


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per MEAP Parc while measurements based


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on Hubble Telescope observations and our


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observations using web give far higher


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values of between 70 and 76 km/s per


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MEAP Parc with 73 km/s per MEAP Parc


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being taken as the average now this


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mismatch has perplex cosmologist for


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well over a decade because 5 to 6 km/s


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per MEAP difference is simply too large


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to be explained by flaws in measurements


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or observational techniques by the way a


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mega Parc equates to 3.26 million light


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years a Parc itself being 3.26 light


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years and a lightyear being


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approximately 9.4 trillion kilm the


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distance of photon travels in a year at


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the speed of light which is 300,000 km


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second in a vacuum research team suggest


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that since web's new data rules out


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significant biases in Hubble's


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measurements the Hubble tension may stem


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from unknown factors gaps in


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cosmologists understanding of the


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physics of the universe this new study


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covered roughly a third of Hubble's full


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Galaxy sample using the known distance


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to a Galaxy called NGC 4258 as a basic


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reference point now despite the smaller


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data set the authors achieved impressive


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Precision showing a difference between


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measurements of under 2% that's far


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smaller on the approximately 8 to 9%


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size of the Hubble tension discrepancy


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in addition to their analysis of


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pulsating Stars called seate variables


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the gold standard for measuring Cosmic


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distances the team cross check


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measurements based on carbon R stars and


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the brightest red giants across the same


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galaxies all galaxies observed by web


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together with their Supernova yielded a


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Hubble constant of 72.6 km/s per megap


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Parc nearly identical to the value of 72


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.8 km/s per MEAP Parc found by Hubble


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for the very same galaxies the combined


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measurements make for the most precise


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determination yet about the accuracy of


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the distances measured using the Hubble


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telescope sephi Stars which are


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fundamental for determining the Hubble


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constant the Hubble constant reveals the


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evolution of the Universe on extremely


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large scales with vast areas of space


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itself stretching and pushing distant


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galaxies away from one another sort of


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like raisins in a raising dough it is a


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key value scientists used to map the


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structure of the universe deepen our


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understanding of its state 13.8 billion


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years after the big bang and calculate


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other fundamental aspects of the cosmos


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resolving the Hubble tension could


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reveal new insights into more


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discrepancies with a standard


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cosmological model which have come to


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light in recent years now the standard


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model basically explains the evolution


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of galaxies the cosmic microwave


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background radiation from The Big Bang


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the abundances of chemical elements in


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the universe and many other key observ


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ations based on the known laws of


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physics however there are lots of things


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it doesn't do for example it can't


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explain the nature of dark matter or


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dark energy two key mysterious


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components of the universe which are


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estimated to be responsible for 96% of


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its makeup and accelerated expansion now


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the authors think one possible


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explanation for Hubble tension could be


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that there's something missing in our


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understanding of the early Universe


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possibly some new component of matter a


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sort of early dark energy that gave the


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universe an unexpected kick after the


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big bang other ideas include funny Dark


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Matter properties exotic unknown


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particles changing electron masses or


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primordial magnetic fields but all of


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these are just


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hypotheses this is space time still to


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come how liquids could carve out gullies


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on the airless surface of the asteroid


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Vesta and tracking New Year's day on


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Mars you think Earth's New Year


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celebrations are something that's


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nothing compared to what the red planet


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gives us all that and more still to come


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on


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[Music]


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SpaceTime parked with craters the


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surfaces of many celestial bodies


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throughout our solar system provide


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astronomers with clear evidence of a 4.6


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billion year battering by meteoroids


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asteroids comets space debris but on


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some worlds including the giant maint


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asteroid Vesta which was visited by


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NASA's Dawn spacecraft the surface also


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contains deep channels or gullies and


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the origins of those are not fully


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understood one hypothesis holds that


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they were formed by dry debris flows


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driven by geophysical processes such as


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meteoroid impacts and changes in


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temperature due to exposure to the sun


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however a new study reported in the


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planetary science journal provides some


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evidence that impacts on Vesta may have


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been triggered by a less obvious


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geological process namely sudden and


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brief flows of liquid water that carved


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out gullies and deposited fans of


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sediment the new ideas are based on lab


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experiments designed to mimic conditions


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on Vesta the Nessa study detailed for


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the first time what liquid water could


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be made to do and how long it would flow


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before freezing although the existence


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of Frozen brine deposits on Vestor is


00:09:55.800 --> 00:09:57.910
unconfirmed scientists have previously


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hypothesized that meteor impacts could


00:10:00.279 --> 00:10:02.310
have exposed and melted ice that lay


00:10:02.320 --> 00:10:04.470
Frozen under the surface of Worlds like


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Vesta now in that scenario flows


00:10:07.360 --> 00:10:09.190
resulting from this process could have


00:10:09.200 --> 00:10:11.430
eroded or etched out gullies and other


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surface features which resemble those


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seen here on Earth the problem is no


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one's quite worked out how a Celestial


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body which doesn't have an atmosphere


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and is exposed to the intense vacuum of


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space could host liquids on its surface


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long enough for them to flow and erode


00:10:25.959 --> 00:10:28.829
Away part of that surface see such a


00:10:28.839 --> 00:10:30.389
process would run contrary to our


00:10:30.399 --> 00:10:32.030
current understanding that liquids


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quickly destabilize in a vacuum


00:10:34.040 --> 00:10:36.389
sublimating directly from a solid ice to


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a gas when the pressure drops one of the


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study's authors Jennifer Scully from


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NASA jet propulsion laboratory in


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pasadina California says the new


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experiment show that not only can


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impacts trigger flows of liquids on the


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surface but these liquids do remain


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active long enough to create specific


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surface features she says most liquids


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become unstable quickly on these airless


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bodies with a vacuum of space is


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unyielding but it turns out the critical


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component to change all this is sodium


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chloride in other words table salt the


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experiments showed that uncond


00:11:08.720 --> 00:11:10.829
conditions like those seen on Vesta pure


00:11:10.839 --> 00:11:12.790
water would freeze almost instantly on


00:11:12.800 --> 00:11:15.190
the other hand Briny liquid stayed fluid


00:11:15.200 --> 00:11:17.430
for at least an hour and that's long


00:11:17.440 --> 00:11:19.389
enough to form the erosion flows


00:11:19.399 --> 00:11:21.190
associated with feat's identified


00:11:21.200 --> 00:11:22.870
investor which are estimated to require


00:11:22.880 --> 00:11:25.550
at least half an hour launched back in


00:11:25.560 --> 00:11:28.389
2007 NASA's Dawn spacecraft traveled to


00:11:28.399 --> 00:11:30.430
the main asteroid built between Mars and


00:11:30.440 --> 00:11:33.230
Jupiter an orbited Vesta for 14 months


00:11:33.240 --> 00:11:34.949
before moving onto the dwarf planet


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series where it orbited for another 4


00:11:37.120 --> 00:11:40.269
years before ending its mission in 2018


00:11:40.279 --> 00:11:42.350
scientists uncovered evidence that Sirus


00:11:42.360 --> 00:11:44.750
had been home to a subsurface reservoir


00:11:44.760 --> 00:11:46.590
of Briney water and may still be


00:11:46.600 --> 00:11:48.590
transferring BRS from its interior to


00:11:48.600 --> 00:11:51.190
its surface today the study's lead


00:11:51.200 --> 00:11:53.269
author Michael Pon from the southwest


00:11:53.279 --> 00:11:55.790
Research Institute in San Antonio Texas


00:11:55.800 --> 00:11:57.550
says the new research offers insights


00:11:57.560 --> 00:12:00.190
into the processes on series but focuses


00:12:00.200 --> 00:12:03.230
also on Vesta where ice and salts May


00:12:03.240 --> 00:12:05.509
produce Briny liquids when heated by an


00:12:05.519 --> 00:12:08.710
asteroid impact to recreate Vestal likee


00:12:08.720 --> 00:12:10.230
conditions that would occur following a


00:12:10.240 --> 00:12:12.470
micrometeoroid impact the authors relied


00:12:12.480 --> 00:12:14.829
on a test chamber at JPL called the


00:12:14.839 --> 00:12:17.310
Dirty under vacuum simulation test bed


00:12:17.320 --> 00:12:20.629
for Icy elements or Dusty for short by


00:12:20.639 --> 00:12:22.269
rapidly reducing the air pressure


00:12:22.279 --> 00:12:24.550
surrounding samples of liquid they mimic


00:12:24.560 --> 00:12:26.750
the environment around fluids that float


00:12:26.760 --> 00:12:30.150
onto the vest surface EXP to vacuum


00:12:30.160 --> 00:12:32.670
conditions pure water froze instantly


00:12:32.680 --> 00:12:35.150
but salty fluids hung around much longer


00:12:35.160 --> 00:12:37.790
continuing to flow before freezing now


00:12:37.800 --> 00:12:39.470
the brins they experimented with were


00:12:39.480 --> 00:12:41.069
just a few centimeters deep while the


00:12:41.079 --> 00:12:43.069
flows on Vesta were meters to tens of


00:12:43.079 --> 00:12:44.910
meters deep and so would have taken even


00:12:44.920 --> 00:12:47.509
longer to refreeze the authors were also


00:12:47.519 --> 00:12:49.430
able to recreate the lids of Frozen


00:12:49.440 --> 00:12:51.430
material thought to form on top of the


00:12:51.440 --> 00:12:54.509
brins now essentially a Frozen top layer


00:12:54.519 --> 00:12:56.629
the lids stabilize the liquid beneath


00:12:56.639 --> 00:12:58.470
them protecting them from exposure to


00:12:58.480 --> 00:13:00.910
the vacuum of space or in this case the


00:13:00.920 --> 00:13:03.069
vacuum of the dusty chamber and hoping


00:13:03.079 --> 00:13:04.550
the liquid to flow longer before


00:13:04.560 --> 00:13:06.949
freezing again this phenomenon is


00:13:06.959 --> 00:13:09.310
similar to how on Earth lava flows


00:13:09.320 --> 00:13:11.470
further inside Lava Tubes than what it


00:13:11.480 --> 00:13:13.430
does when exposed to cool surface


00:13:13.440 --> 00:13:15.550
temperatures it also matches up with


00:13:15.560 --> 00:13:17.310
modeling research conducted around


00:13:17.320 --> 00:13:19.389
potential mud volcanoes on Mars and


00:13:19.399 --> 00:13:21.310
volcanoes that may have spewed icing


00:13:21.320 --> 00:13:23.870
material from geers on the Jovian Moon


00:13:23.880 --> 00:13:26.269
Europa Scully says these results


00:13:26.279 --> 00:13:28.150
contribute to a growing body of work


00:13:28.160 --> 00:13:29.829
that uses lab exper experiments to


00:13:29.839 --> 00:13:31.949
better understand how long liquids last


00:13:31.959 --> 00:13:36.069
on a variety of Worlds this is spacetime


00:13:36.079 --> 00:13:38.389
still to come you think New Year E5


00:13:38.399 --> 00:13:40.629
works on Earth can be spectacular that's


00:13:40.639 --> 00:13:42.870
nothing compared to what happens on Mars


00:13:42.880 --> 00:13:45.069
and later in the science report a new


00:13:45.079 --> 00:13:47.550
study shows that artificial intelligence


00:13:47.560 --> 00:13:50.110
may be able to identify people simply


00:13:50.120 --> 00:13:52.310
based on how they walk all that and more


00:13:52.320 --> 00:13:56.650
still to come on SpaceTime


00:13:56.660 --> 00:14:02.570
[Music]




00:14:10.040 --> 00:14:11.949
New Year's Eve celebrations on Earth


00:14:11.959 --> 00:14:13.230
usually include


00:14:13.240 --> 00:14:15.310
fireworks that's nothing compared to


00:14:15.320 --> 00:14:17.110
what happens on the red planet


00:14:17.120 --> 00:14:19.629
Mars right now the Martian northern


00:14:19.639 --> 00:14:21.350
hemisphere is going through an active


00:14:21.360 --> 00:14:24.350
even explosive spring Thor the red


00:14:24.360 --> 00:14:26.350
planet completed its trip around the sun


00:14:26.360 --> 00:14:28.430
on November the 12th prompting a few


00:14:28.440 --> 00:14:30.949
researchers to raise a toast but the


00:14:30.959 --> 00:14:33.509
Martian year which is 687 Earth days


00:14:33.519 --> 00:14:35.749
long ends in a very different way to


00:14:35.759 --> 00:14:38.550
what we experience here on Earth while


00:14:38.560 --> 00:14:40.230
planet Earth's northern hemisphere is


00:14:40.240 --> 00:14:41.990
going through a winter wonderland the


00:14:42.000 --> 00:14:43.870
Martian northern hemisphere is seeing


00:14:43.880 --> 00:14:46.030
Rising temperatures and Ice thoring


00:14:46.040 --> 00:14:48.230
leading to frost Avalanches crashing


00:14:48.240 --> 00:14:50.550
down cliffsides carbon dioxide gas


00:14:50.560 --> 00:14:52.670
exploding from the ground and powerful


00:14:52.680 --> 00:14:54.949
winds helping reshape the red planet's


00:14:54.959 --> 00:14:58.069
North Pole Serena Dena from Nas's jet


00:14:58.079 --> 00:14:59.790
propulsion Laboratory in passing into


00:14:59.800 --> 00:15:02.230
California says on Mars the spring


00:15:02.240 --> 00:15:04.710
happens with a bang the red planet's


00:15:04.720 --> 00:15:07.189
wispy atmosphere which just 199 the


00:15:07.199 --> 00:15:09.030
atmospheric pressure of Earth doesn't


00:15:09.040 --> 00:15:11.030
allow liquids to pull on the surface


00:15:11.040 --> 00:15:13.310
like it does here on Earth instead of


00:15:13.320 --> 00:15:15.910
melting ice sublimates turning directly


00:15:15.920 --> 00:15:18.829
from a solid into a gas and this sudden


00:15:18.839 --> 00:15:20.949
transition in Spring means a lot of


00:15:20.959 --> 00:15:23.310
violent changes as both water ice and


00:15:23.320 --> 00:15:25.069
carbon dioxide ice which is much more


00:15:25.079 --> 00:15:26.949
plentiful in mass than frozen water


00:15:26.959 --> 00:15:29.309
weakens and breaks that means lots of


00:15:29.319 --> 00:15:32.110
cracks and explosions instead of melting


00:15:32.120 --> 00:15:33.910
using the cameras and other scientific


00:15:33.920 --> 00:15:35.389
instruments aboard NASA's Mars


00:15:35.399 --> 00:15:37.110
reconnaissance orbit of spacecraft


00:15:37.120 --> 00:15:39.069
scientists studying the marsh and spring


00:15:39.079 --> 00:15:41.309
have been seeing some Dynamic surface


00:15:41.319 --> 00:15:43.910
changes in 2015 the probe's high


00:15:43.920 --> 00:15:45.749
resolution imaging science experiment


00:15:45.759 --> 00:15:48.430
camera captured a 20 M wide chunk of


00:15:48.440 --> 00:15:51.550
carbon dioxide Frost in freefall Dena


00:15:51.560 --> 00:15:53.749
says chance observations like this are


00:15:53.759 --> 00:15:56.150
reminders of just how different Mars is


00:15:56.160 --> 00:15:58.550
from Earth especially in springtime when


00:15:58.560 --> 00:16:00.309
the surface changes in the red planet


00:16:00.319 --> 00:16:02.870
are most noticeable another Quirk of the


00:16:02.880 --> 00:16:05.350
marsh and Springtime are gas geisers


00:16:05.360 --> 00:16:07.350
which blast out of the surface throwing


00:16:07.360 --> 00:16:10.790
out dark fans of sand and dust see as


00:16:10.800 --> 00:16:13.189
the sunlight shines through the ice its


00:16:13.199 --> 00:16:15.829
very bottom layers turn into a gas that


00:16:15.839 --> 00:16:17.629
gas continues to build and build


00:16:17.639 --> 00:16:19.509
pressure until it eventually bursts


00:16:19.519 --> 00:16:21.069
through the ice and into the air


00:16:21.079 --> 00:16:23.949
creating dark fans of material but to


00:16:23.959 --> 00:16:26.069
see the best examples of these fans


00:16:26.079 --> 00:16:27.870
researchers will need to wait until


00:16:27.880 --> 00:16:29.550
December this year


00:16:29.560 --> 00:16:31.430
that's when spring starts in the marshan


00:16:31.440 --> 00:16:34.309
southern hemisphere there the fans are


00:16:34.319 --> 00:16:37.470
bigger and far more clearly defined once


00:16:37.480 --> 00:16:39.590
all the ice around the northern geers is


00:16:39.600 --> 00:16:41.790
sublimated in summer What's Left Behind


00:16:41.800 --> 00:16:44.670
in the dirt a scal marks that from space


00:16:44.680 --> 00:16:47.629
look like giant spider EGS for Isaac


00:16:47.639 --> 00:16:49.829
Smith from Toronto's York University one


00:16:49.839 --> 00:16:51.629
of the most fascinating subjects in


00:16:51.639 --> 00:16:54.150
springtime is the Texas siiz ice cap at


00:16:54.160 --> 00:16:57.110
the Maran North Pole etched into the icy


00:16:57.120 --> 00:16:59.870
Dome a swirling troughs revealing traces


00:16:59.880 --> 00:17:02.949
of the red surface below he describes


00:17:02.959 --> 00:17:04.510
this effect as looking a lot like a


00:17:04.520 --> 00:17:07.710
swirl of milk in a cafe latte Smith says


00:17:07.720 --> 00:17:10.429
the swirls are enormous some as long as


00:17:10.439 --> 00:17:12.710
California now you can find similar


00:17:12.720 --> 00:17:14.870
swirls in Antarctica here on Earth but


00:17:14.880 --> 00:17:17.630
nothing on the scale of Mars it seems


00:17:17.640 --> 00:17:20.029
fast Warm Winds carve out the spiral


00:17:20.039 --> 00:17:22.990
shapes over eons and the troughs act as


00:17:23.000 --> 00:17:24.909
channels for Springtime wind gusts that


00:17:24.919 --> 00:17:26.870
become more powerful as the ice at the


00:17:26.880 --> 00:17:29.549
North Pole starts to Thor just like the


00:17:29.559 --> 00:17:31.909
S Ana winds of Southern California or


00:17:31.919 --> 00:17:33.909
the shinook Winds of the Rocky Mountains


00:17:33.919 --> 00:17:35.430
these gusts pick up speed and


00:17:35.440 --> 00:17:36.909
temperature as they ride down the


00:17:36.919 --> 00:17:39.110
troughs in what's called an adiabatic


00:17:39.120 --> 00:17:41.470
process the winds that carve the


00:17:41.480 --> 00:17:43.789
northern Pole's troughs also reshape


00:17:43.799 --> 00:17:46.230
marshan sand Junes causing sand to pile


00:17:46.240 --> 00:17:48.190
up on one side while removing it from


00:17:48.200 --> 00:17:50.750
the other now over time this process


00:17:50.760 --> 00:17:53.110
causes the Junes to migrate just as wind


00:17:53.120 --> 00:17:55.789
does with sand Junes here on Earth last


00:17:55.799 --> 00:17:57.830
September Smith co-authored a paper


00:17:57.840 --> 00:17:59.710
detailing how car carb dioxide Frost


00:17:59.720 --> 00:18:01.390
settles on top of the Polar sand dunes


00:18:01.400 --> 00:18:04.070
during winter freezing them in place


00:18:04.080 --> 00:18:06.350
then when the frost all THS away during


00:18:06.360 --> 00:18:08.549
the Spring the Junes begin to migrate


00:18:08.559 --> 00:18:11.470
again Dena says each Northern spring is


00:18:11.480 --> 00:18:13.350
a little different with variations


00:18:13.360 --> 00:18:15.510
leading to ice sublimating faster or


00:18:15.520 --> 00:18:17.549
slower controlling the pace of all these


00:18:17.559 --> 00:18:20.149
phenomena on the Martian


00:18:20.159 --> 00:18:22.549
surface here on Earth We're entering the


00:18:22.559 --> 00:18:24.710
new year we've also entered the new year


00:18:24.720 --> 00:18:27.110
on Mars and with the change of seasons


00:18:27.120 --> 00:18:29.270
Mars has a lot of great activ


00:18:29.280 --> 00:18:32.430
Avalanches creeping sand dunes exploding


00:18:32.440 --> 00:18:37.029
jets of gas that may even create some


00:18:37.039 --> 00:18:39.470
spiders the Martian New Year happened in


00:18:39.480 --> 00:18:40.950
November and my friends and I got


00:18:40.960 --> 00:18:43.350
together to celebrate while it's winter


00:18:43.360 --> 00:18:45.590
here at NASA's jet propulsion laboratory


00:18:45.600 --> 00:18:47.310
the Martian New Year starts at


00:18:47.320 --> 00:18:49.789
Springtime in the northern hemisphere


00:18:49.799 --> 00:18:51.950
increased sunlight warms up that winter


00:18:51.960 --> 00:18:54.190
ice which is mostly Frozen carbon


00:18:54.200 --> 00:18:56.950
dioxide which you probably know as dry


00:18:56.960 --> 00:18:59.470
ice so one of the ways that we can track


00:18:59.480 --> 00:19:01.390
the springtime changes on Mars is with


00:19:01.400 --> 00:19:03.950
NASA's Mars reconnaissance Orbiter or as


00:19:03.960 --> 00:19:07.149
we call it mro as mro flies over the


00:19:07.159 --> 00:19:09.630
polar regions it can study the polar ice


00:19:09.640 --> 00:19:12.350
cap which grows in the fall and winter


00:19:12.360 --> 00:19:14.909
and then retreats in the spring


00:19:14.919 --> 00:19:17.110
increased sunlight in the spring warms


00:19:17.120 --> 00:19:19.390
up that winter ice causing large


00:19:19.400 --> 00:19:22.149
Avalanches near the North Pole ice and


00:19:22.159 --> 00:19:25.149
dust chunks from the cliff sides plummet


00:19:25.159 --> 00:19:28.070
down the slope Springtime warming also


00:19:28.080 --> 00:19:30.830
wakens sleeping Giants surrounding the


00:19:30.840 --> 00:19:33.310
North Pole of Mars are sand dunes that


00:19:33.320 --> 00:19:36.230
get completely covered with ice as that


00:19:36.240 --> 00:19:38.990
ice is removed in the spring winds are


00:19:39.000 --> 00:19:41.070
able to reach the surface allowing the


00:19:41.080 --> 00:19:43.430
sand and the dunes to move forward again


00:19:43.440 --> 00:19:45.190
as Dunes have been doing on Mars for


00:19:45.200 --> 00:19:48.110
millions of years Springtime also brings


00:19:48.120 --> 00:19:50.950
a very unearth likee process forming


00:19:50.960 --> 00:19:54.510
exploding Jets on Mars carbon dioxide


00:19:54.520 --> 00:19:57.990
ice does not melt like water ice instead


00:19:58.000 --> 00:20:01.310
it goes from solid straight to a gas on


00:20:01.320 --> 00:20:03.750
Mars the seasonal warming causes that


00:20:03.760 --> 00:20:06.270
ice to vaporize but from the bottom of


00:20:06.280 --> 00:20:08.830
the ice laab high-pressured gas builds


00:20:08.840 --> 00:20:11.430
up until it's able to explode out in a


00:20:11.440 --> 00:20:13.950
high-pressured geyser spewing gas and


00:20:13.960 --> 00:20:15.830
sand and other materials onto the


00:20:15.840 --> 00:20:18.270
surface additionally that gases it


00:20:18.280 --> 00:20:20.950
escapes sometimes carves tracks into the


00:20:20.960 --> 00:20:23.190
Martian surface in the southern


00:20:23.200 --> 00:20:25.710
hemisphere we see giant branching


00:20:25.720 --> 00:20:28.190
patterns of these tracks which in the ml


00:20:28.200 --> 00:20:30.950
images look an awful lot like spiders so


00:20:30.960 --> 00:20:32.270
these are just a few of the active


00:20:32.280 --> 00:20:34.390
changes that we see on Mars as it enters


00:20:34.400 --> 00:20:36.630
into its New Year using images from


00:20:36.640 --> 00:20:38.310
spacecraft we can track and compare


00:20:38.320 --> 00:20:40.390
these changes year to year helping us


00:20:40.400 --> 00:20:42.190
learn more about our planetary neighbor


00:20:42.200 --> 00:20:47.270
and its exciting seasonal


00:20:47.280 --> 00:20:50.390
Cycles that's Serena Dena from NASA jet


00:20:50.400 --> 00:20:52.710
propulsion laboratory in Pasadena


00:20:52.720 --> 00:20:55.590
California and this is spacetime


00:20:55.600 --> 00:21:11.310
[Music]


00:21:11.320 --> 00:21:12.950
and time now to take another brief look


00:21:12.960 --> 00:21:14.470
at some of the other stories making new


00:21:14.480 --> 00:21:16.590
in science this week with a science


00:21:16.600 --> 00:21:19.230
report a new study shows that teen


00:21:19.240 --> 00:21:21.110
smoking doesn't just increase the risk


00:21:21.120 --> 00:21:23.470
of heart disease later in life it causes


00:21:23.480 --> 00:21:25.269
early and Lasting damage to Heart


00:21:25.279 --> 00:21:27.950
muscles and their function a report in


00:21:27.960 --> 00:21:29.549
the journal's of the American College of


00:21:29.559 --> 00:21:32.029
Cardiology analyzed data from


00:21:32.039 --> 00:21:34.950
1,931 adults using complete records of


00:21:34.960 --> 00:21:37.390
smoking and heart scans at age


00:21:37.400 --> 00:21:40.070
24 they found that tobacco smoking from


00:21:40.080 --> 00:21:43.110
age 10 to 24 was associated with a 33 to


00:21:43.120 --> 00:21:45.789
52% higher chance of premature


00:21:45.799 --> 00:21:48.269
structural and functional heart problems


00:21:48.279 --> 00:21:50.070
it was also associated with an increase


00:21:50.080 --> 00:21:52.230
in heart Mass even after controlling for


00:21:52.240 --> 00:21:54.750
other risk factors the authors say the


00:21:54.760 --> 00:21:56.669
increase in heart mass in just a few


00:21:56.679 --> 00:21:58.909
years of smoking should convey how


00:21:58.919 --> 00:22:00.870
dangerous the consequences of smoking


00:22:00.880 --> 00:22:03.070
are for people who continue to smoke


00:22:03.080 --> 00:22:04.789
from a young


00:22:04.799 --> 00:22:07.269
age scientists are calling for Urgent


00:22:07.279 --> 00:22:09.310
action to protect the highly endangered


00:22:09.320 --> 00:22:11.590
Palmer wallaby researchers from the


00:22:11.600 --> 00:22:13.430
Australian National University are


00:22:13.440 --> 00:22:15.549
recommending the creation of more foxf


00:22:15.559 --> 00:22:17.269
free safe havens and greater


00:22:17.279 --> 00:22:18.870
collaboration between government and


00:22:18.880 --> 00:22:20.669
land owners in order to ensure the


00:22:20.679 --> 00:22:22.990
survival of this rare endangered species


00:22:23.000 --> 00:22:25.470
of WABE a report in the journal


00:22:25.480 --> 00:22:27.310
Australian zoologist warns that the


00:22:27.320 --> 00:22:29.310
Palmer wabby also Al known as the white


00:22:29.320 --> 00:22:31.789
throated wabby is listed as a vulnerable


00:22:31.799 --> 00:22:33.510
species in Australia while the


00:22:33.520 --> 00:22:35.269
international Union for the conservation


00:22:35.279 --> 00:22:37.350
of nature classifies it as near


00:22:37.360 --> 00:22:40.390
threatened the rare mupu is only found


00:22:40.400 --> 00:22:42.110
along the Great Dividing Range in


00:22:42.120 --> 00:22:44.310
Northern New South


00:22:44.320 --> 00:22:46.909
Wales a new study has shown that


00:22:46.919 --> 00:22:49.190
artificial intelligence may be able to


00:22:49.200 --> 00:22:51.630
identify people simply based on the way


00:22:51.640 --> 00:22:53.990
they walk and that could be opening the


00:22:54.000 --> 00:22:55.750
door one day to using your distinctive


00:22:55.760 --> 00:22:57.990
Swagger as part of home or airport


00:22:58.000 --> 00:23:00.430
security systems or to help confirm the


00:23:00.440 --> 00:23:03.149
identity of criminal suspects in


00:23:03.159 --> 00:23:05.149
totalitarian countries it could also be


00:23:05.159 --> 00:23:07.230
used to identify people who have covered


00:23:07.240 --> 00:23:09.310
up their faces with surgical masks and


00:23:09.320 --> 00:23:11.950
dark sunglasses in order to avoid facial


00:23:11.960 --> 00:23:14.230
recognition systems a report in the


00:23:14.240 --> 00:23:16.110
journal interface claims scientists


00:23:16.120 --> 00:23:18.630
trained AI models on over 700 people


00:23:18.640 --> 00:23:20.230
from different countries walking on


00:23:20.240 --> 00:23:21.909
pressure pads to measure the unique


00:23:21.919 --> 00:23:23.909
forces applied to the ground while


00:23:23.919 --> 00:23:26.510
walking they found that the AI model's


00:23:26.520 --> 00:23:28.590
ability to recognize People based simply


00:23:28.600 --> 00:23:31.669
on their walk ranged from 52 to 100%


00:23:31.679 --> 00:23:33.750
accuracy with factors like Footwear


00:23:33.760 --> 00:23:35.950
walking speed and body mass all playing


00:23:35.960 --> 00:23:38.310
a role in the way people


00:23:38.320 --> 00:23:40.710
walk Australia's therapeutic Goods


00:23:40.720 --> 00:23:43.190
Administration approves airpod Pro 2os


00:23:43.200 --> 00:23:45.430
for use as hearing aids and we take a


00:23:45.440 --> 00:23:48.110
look back at the biggest Tech flops of


00:23:48.120 --> 00:23:50.510
2024 with the details we're joined by


00:23:50.520 --> 00:23:52.789
technology editor alexar Roy from Tech


00:23:52.799 --> 00:23:55.230
advice. live yeah this is the airpods


00:23:55.240 --> 00:23:58.510
Pro 2 and look already if you had air


00:23:58.520 --> 00:24:02.149
ODS Pro you were able to activate a


00:24:02.159 --> 00:24:04.789
conversation mode that would more


00:24:04.799 --> 00:24:06.870
readily send the voice of somebody


00:24:06.880 --> 00:24:09.070
speaking to you like a a waiter at a


00:24:09.080 --> 00:24:10.710
cafe and you could hear it more clearly


00:24:10.720 --> 00:24:12.510
and I did help friends to set that up


00:24:12.520 --> 00:24:14.950
but this actually turns the airpods Pro


00:24:14.960 --> 00:24:18.070
2 into therapeutic grade hearing aids


00:24:18.080 --> 00:24:20.470
now this was already activated in the US


00:24:20.480 --> 00:24:22.230
but this will require a software update


00:24:22.240 --> 00:24:23.830
which will come over the next couple of


00:24:23.840 --> 00:24:25.510
weeks they've been approved as devices


00:24:25.520 --> 00:24:27.909
adjusted by the user to meet their


00:24:27.919 --> 00:24:30.549
hearing needs with perceived mild to


00:24:30.559 --> 00:24:32.950
moderate hearing impairment so look for


00:24:32.960 --> 00:24:35.269
$3.99 Australian dollars obviously a


00:24:35.279 --> 00:24:37.549
little bit less than us but the value is


00:24:37.559 --> 00:24:38.830
more or less the same on you have the


00:24:38.840 --> 00:24:40.990
tax you get hearing aids that compete


00:24:41.000 --> 00:24:42.950
with ones that cost at least a couple of


00:24:42.960 --> 00:24:45.510
thousand dollar to a lot more and one of


00:24:45.520 --> 00:24:47.750
the cool things about the airpods of


00:24:47.760 --> 00:24:49.590
course is inexpensive they're quick to


00:24:49.600 --> 00:24:51.389
charge they fit in your pocket you can


00:24:51.399 --> 00:24:52.870
have one or you can have both and of


00:24:52.880 --> 00:24:54.470
course the other big news is the the


00:24:54.480 --> 00:24:56.149
trends year on year what's happening in


00:24:56.159 --> 00:24:57.950
terms of Technology yeah look there's


00:24:57.960 --> 00:24:59.750
going to be a number of these


00:24:59.760 --> 00:25:02.149
predictions for 2025 but an interesting


00:25:02.159 --> 00:25:04.470
article I found at tech radar was


00:25:04.480 --> 00:25:07.870
ranking the biggest Tech flops of 2024


00:25:07.880 --> 00:25:09.110
the least interesting of the flops was


00:25:09.120 --> 00:25:12.350
the GoPro Hero 2024 this was supposed to


00:25:12.360 --> 00:25:14.590
be compact cheap and dead easy to use


00:25:14.600 --> 00:25:16.830
but it fumbles the ball in terms of its


00:25:16.840 --> 00:25:18.750
image quality according to tech radar


00:25:18.760 --> 00:25:22.430
something is called the EV ring EV i e


00:25:22.440 --> 00:25:25.230
it was meant to be a smart ring with a


00:25:25.240 --> 00:25:27.990
woman first design what did it do so the


00:25:28.000 --> 00:25:30.190
e ring boasted according to Tech Raider


00:25:30.200 --> 00:25:32.149
a bunch of traditional function sleep


00:25:32.159 --> 00:25:34.029
tracking heart rate monitoring but it


00:25:34.039 --> 00:25:36.870
stumbled they say here in its execution


00:25:36.880 --> 00:25:38.990
the menstrual tracking was very basic


00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:40.510
the activity tracking features are basic


00:25:40.520 --> 00:25:42.870
Fleep functionality doesn't seem as good


00:25:42.880 --> 00:25:44.870
as the competitors can do number nine


00:25:44.880 --> 00:25:46.789
was Windows recall the features allowed


00:25:46.799 --> 00:25:49.389
you to search through everything on your


00:25:49.399 --> 00:25:51.070
computer because of screenshots that it


00:25:51.080 --> 00:25:53.510
took every few big brother to have that


00:25:53.520 --> 00:25:55.789
access nobody no Microsoft still they've


00:25:55.799 --> 00:25:57.230
delayed it and they've delayed it again


00:25:57.240 --> 00:26:00.029
and again the new app was a big failure


00:26:00.039 --> 00:26:01.549
they basically had to revert back to the


00:26:01.559 --> 00:26:02.950
old one because people were very upset


00:26:02.960 --> 00:26:05.510
with the new one Sonos is the wireless


00:26:05.520 --> 00:26:07.029
speaker system that allows you to play


00:26:07.039 --> 00:26:08.430
the same music on all the different


00:26:08.440 --> 00:26:10.269
speakers in the house at the same time


00:26:10.279 --> 00:26:12.070
or have different speakers playing


00:26:12.080 --> 00:26:13.549
different music in different rooms and


00:26:13.559 --> 00:26:15.149
control it all from an app and they were


00:26:15.159 --> 00:26:17.070
pretty much the first to do this in a


00:26:17.080 --> 00:26:19.190
smart app kind of way with wireless


00:26:19.200 --> 00:26:20.510
speakers that you know you start to plug


00:26:20.520 --> 00:26:22.070
into power but they connected to your


00:26:22.080 --> 00:26:24.029
network wirelessly the new app was meant


00:26:24.039 --> 00:26:25.549
to make things simpler and better and


00:26:25.559 --> 00:26:26.870
it's one of those instances where


00:26:26.880 --> 00:26:28.669
everybody clamored for the old that


00:26:28.679 --> 00:26:30.669
there was also at number seven a game


00:26:30.679 --> 00:26:33.710
called Concord this was a game that just


00:26:33.720 --> 00:26:35.630
didn't work properly people really


00:26:35.640 --> 00:26:37.909
thought it was cringy the sales were


00:26:37.919 --> 00:26:40.269
weak on the PS5 and on the PC the


00:26:40.279 --> 00:26:41.590
servers were shut down within a couple


00:26:41.600 --> 00:26:43.669
of weeks people were refunded so when a


00:26:43.679 --> 00:26:46.269
game fails and flops so spectacularly


00:26:46.279 --> 00:26:47.269
that is definitely one that's going to


00:26:47.279 --> 00:26:48.950
end up on your list then there was


00:26:48.960 --> 00:26:51.029
according to again tech radar number six


00:26:51.039 --> 00:26:53.630
was Windows 11 24 H2 so that was the


00:26:53.640 --> 00:26:54.950
version of Windows that was for the


00:26:54.960 --> 00:26:57.990
second half of 2024 but they had a lot


00:26:58.000 --> 00:27:00.549
of bugs which of course annoyed people


00:27:00.559 --> 00:27:03.070
small bugs big bugs strange bugs for PC


00:27:03.080 --> 00:27:04.870
Gamers and the short version is that


00:27:04.880 --> 00:27:06.230
we're often told you should update


00:27:06.240 --> 00:27:07.590
sraight away because you fix


00:27:07.600 --> 00:27:09.510
vulnerabilities but major operating


00:27:09.520 --> 00:27:10.870
system manufacturers of which there are


00:27:10.880 --> 00:27:12.590
only a few I mean Microsoft being one of


00:27:12.600 --> 00:27:13.950
them they need to be testing these


00:27:13.960 --> 00:27:15.070
things on as many different


00:27:15.080 --> 00:27:16.990
configurations as deeply and as widely


00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:18.350
as possible and that's why they have The


00:27:18.360 --> 00:27:20.470
Insider builds but clearly this was a


00:27:20.480 --> 00:27:22.750
big failure now number five was airpods


00:27:22.760 --> 00:27:26.110
Max 2024 now the original airpods Max


00:27:26.120 --> 00:27:27.269
these are the ones that go over your


00:27:27.279 --> 00:27:29.510
ears like a b or Sony pair of over the


00:27:29.520 --> 00:27:30.870
year headphones they were launched in


00:27:30.880 --> 00:27:33.430
2020 and they got really good reviews


00:27:33.440 --> 00:27:34.750
for that time and what was meant to


00:27:34.760 --> 00:27:36.070
happen was that this year we were meant


00:27:36.080 --> 00:27:38.549
to get airpods Pro Max version 2 but


00:27:38.559 --> 00:27:40.710
instead what we got was an airpods Max


00:27:40.720 --> 00:27:42.470
with a USB port so it was exactly the


00:27:42.480 --> 00:27:44.230
same version as before but its charging


00:27:44.240 --> 00:27:46.350
port was switched from lightning to USB


00:27:46.360 --> 00:27:47.750
so people were very upset about that


00:27:47.760 --> 00:27:49.630
number four on the list was the rabbit


00:27:49.640 --> 00:27:52.029
R1 so this was meant to be a companion


00:27:52.039 --> 00:27:53.950
device that was like half the size of a


00:27:53.960 --> 00:27:56.190
mobile phone that was your AI companion


00:27:56.200 --> 00:27:58.310
it could do things for you it could do


00:27:58.320 --> 00:28:00.389
and apps for you you could order Ubers


00:28:00.399 --> 00:28:02.110
you could do these various things which


00:28:02.120 --> 00:28:03.549
people said well hang on can't I just do


00:28:03.559 --> 00:28:06.149
that through the chat gbt on my phone or


00:28:06.159 --> 00:28:07.830
why do I need an app to order an Uber


00:28:07.840 --> 00:28:09.430
for me when I can just do it myself I


00:28:09.440 --> 00:28:10.750
mean I just push a couple of buttons and


00:28:10.760 --> 00:28:12.590
it was one of these devices that was


00:28:12.600 --> 00:28:14.870
trying to sell itself as an AI companion


00:28:14.880 --> 00:28:16.269
but it flopped it couldn't even tell


00:28:16.279 --> 00:28:17.549
sort of tell you the weather properly


00:28:17.559 --> 00:28:18.830
people were very disappointed with it


00:28:18.840 --> 00:28:20.710
and somebody realized that you could


00:28:20.720 --> 00:28:22.830
hack it extract the software from it and


00:28:22.840 --> 00:28:25.070
just run it on any Android so it was a


00:28:25.080 --> 00:28:26.950
hardware device that was running an


00:28:26.960 --> 00:28:29.470
Android app and after the initial flurry


00:28:29.480 --> 00:28:31.230
and people got the devices it flopped


00:28:31.240 --> 00:28:32.710
and it failed and people hated it then


00:28:32.720 --> 00:28:34.750
number three on the list was Spotify


00:28:34.760 --> 00:28:37.470
wrapped 2024 and now this is meant to be


00:28:37.480 --> 00:28:39.029
a look at what people listen to most


00:28:39.039 --> 00:28:40.549
over the year but according to Tech


00:28:40.559 --> 00:28:42.070
Rader there was something of an


00:28:42.080 --> 00:28:44.350
explosion of bad feeling around R this


00:28:44.360 --> 00:28:46.350
year and the reasons were that there was


00:28:46.360 --> 00:28:48.470
a lot of AI features that were


00:28:48.480 --> 00:28:50.509
overplayed there were fewer stats about


00:28:50.519 --> 00:28:52.750
your top tunes and there was data that


00:28:52.760 --> 00:28:54.789
was missing on the top genres and albums


00:28:54.799 --> 00:28:56.230
that people were playing Rel


00:28:56.240 --> 00:28:59.350
relentlessly so uh this was a top of the


00:28:59.360 --> 00:29:01.350
pops type list that delivered less


00:29:01.360 --> 00:29:03.549
information than in previous years and


00:29:03.559 --> 00:29:05.669
nobody liked it then number two was a


00:29:05.679 --> 00:29:07.710
cousin as it were to the rabbit R1 this


00:29:07.720 --> 00:29:10.430
was a pin that you wore on your lapel a


00:29:10.440 --> 00:29:11.830
little bit like you know a Star Trek


00:29:11.840 --> 00:29:13.389
Communicator and the St Tre


00:29:13.399 --> 00:29:15.190
communicators were all activated by


00:29:15.200 --> 00:29:16.870
voice you talking to other people this


00:29:16.880 --> 00:29:19.950
device was actually beaming information


00:29:19.960 --> 00:29:22.630
VI laser into your hand so you held your


00:29:22.640 --> 00:29:24.630
hand and you could see weather reports


00:29:24.640 --> 00:29:26.549
or you could see arrows to turn left or


00:29:26.559 --> 00:29:28.549
right and you could also then walk to


00:29:28.559 --> 00:29:30.509
the device and ask it various questions


00:29:30.519 --> 00:29:32.669
and it was meant to be like a Star Trek


00:29:32.679 --> 00:29:34.509
style Communicator blended with AI and


00:29:34.519 --> 00:29:36.389
steroids but when it came out it didn't


00:29:36.399 --> 00:29:38.509
work very well the handheld controls to


00:29:38.519 --> 00:29:40.710
control that were fiddly the screen got


00:29:40.720 --> 00:29:42.190
sort of washed out in bright sunlight I


00:29:42.200 --> 00:29:44.389
mean it was an attempt that flopped and


00:29:44.399 --> 00:29:46.110
then the company wanted to sell it off


00:29:46.120 --> 00:29:48.430
and uh so that failed and again this is


00:29:48.440 --> 00:29:50.750
technology over promising and underd


00:29:50.760 --> 00:29:52.470
delivering but the number one product


00:29:52.480 --> 00:29:53.870
that tech radar said was the biggest


00:29:53.880 --> 00:29:56.269
flop of 2024 was the Apple Vision Pro


00:29:56.279 --> 00:29:57.710
now this is a bit unfair because I've


00:29:57.720 --> 00:29:59.909
put on on an Apple Vision Pro and it is


00:29:59.919 --> 00:30:02.630
stunning you can get this incredible


00:30:02.640 --> 00:30:05.269
massive wraparound display of your


00:30:05.279 --> 00:30:07.230
MacBook screen floating in mid you can


00:30:07.240 --> 00:30:09.070
have multiple apps floating in midair


00:30:09.080 --> 00:30:10.870
you're can to have apps pinned to


00:30:10.880 --> 00:30:12.350
different parts of your house so when


00:30:12.360 --> 00:30:14.750
you walk in there's TV screens there's


00:30:14.760 --> 00:30:16.669
apps all sitting there in that area


00:30:16.679 --> 00:30:18.630
waiting for you but the big problem with


00:30:18.640 --> 00:30:20.669
it was that it's heavy it's heavy and


00:30:20.679 --> 00:30:22.630
it's large and after about 20 minutes I


00:30:22.640 --> 00:30:24.630
could feel the weight on the front of my


00:30:24.640 --> 00:30:26.149
head so a lot of people said that the


00:30:26.159 --> 00:30:29.070
Vision Pro was a dev kit rather than a


00:30:29.080 --> 00:30:31.509
product for sale but because people say


00:30:31.519 --> 00:30:33.070
on the internet because of the failure


00:30:33.080 --> 00:30:34.909
of the Apple car Tim Cook needed


00:30:34.919 --> 00:30:36.789
something to sort of rally the troops


00:30:36.799 --> 00:30:38.669
and whilst the rest of the world was


00:30:38.679 --> 00:30:40.789
working on AI Solutions Apple was


00:30:40.799 --> 00:30:42.630
wasting years working on the Apple car


00:30:42.640 --> 00:30:44.870
and then this headset which was years


00:30:44.880 --> 00:30:46.789
from becoming something that was


00:30:46.799 --> 00:30:48.470
affordable and that people could be


00:30:48.480 --> 00:30:50.630
happy to put on in this same year we saw


00:30:50.640 --> 00:30:52.909
the Orion Project from meta from


00:30:52.919 --> 00:30:54.310
Facebook which looks like a pair of


00:30:54.320 --> 00:30:56.430
Rayband glasses a little bit thicker but


00:30:56.440 --> 00:30:59.669
not much and that looked like something


00:30:59.679 --> 00:31:01.710
that was the future not these ski goals


00:31:01.720 --> 00:31:03.149
you put on with this giant band around


00:31:03.159 --> 00:31:04.430
the back of your head that was Heavy


00:31:04.440 --> 00:31:06.870
after 20 minutes and cost five or $6,000


00:31:06.880 --> 00:31:09.789
so clearly these headsets definitely


00:31:09.799 --> 00:31:11.430
these augmented reality headsets


00:31:11.440 --> 00:31:13.710
definitely are the future but it needs


00:31:13.720 --> 00:31:15.789
another good five years of development


00:31:15.799 --> 00:31:17.029
and Improvement so that was the biggest


00:31:17.039 --> 00:31:19.909
flop 2024 needs to be miniaturized like


00:31:19.919 --> 00:31:21.509
with most tech needs to be miniaturized


00:31:21.519 --> 00:31:24.269
that's Alex Sahara Roy from Tech advice.


00:31:24.279 --> 00:31:26.830
life


00:31:26.840 --> 00:31:40.230
[Music]


00:31:40.240 --> 00:31:43.110
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