Venus’ Volcanic Secrets Revealed, Gaia’s Mission Concludes

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Language: en

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this is Spacetime Series 28 episode 43


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for broadcast on the 9th of April


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2025 coming up on Spacetime why does the


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planet Venus have so many volcanoes the


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European Space Agency shuts down the


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Gaia spacecraft for good and the first


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man mission to orbit above the Earth's


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poles all that and more coming up on


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Spaceime


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welcome to Space Time with Stuart


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[Music]




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Garry a new study suggests that


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convections in its planetary crust could


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explain why Venus has so many


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volcanoes venus is Earth's sister planet


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both worlds are about the same size and


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age they both evolved in the same part


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of the solar system out of the same


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materials at the same time and under


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similar conditions but while the Earth


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is a life sustaining environment Venus


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is a hellish world with a runaway


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greenhouse effect its surface is


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scorchingly hot with average


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temperatures of 462° C that's hot enough


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to melt lead it has thick opaque planet


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shrouding rain clouds but the rain that


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falls isn't water it's droplets of metal


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eating sulfuric acid scientists have


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seen what look like snow clouds on some


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of Venus's tall mountain ranges but the


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snow isn't frozen water it's actually


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metallic and those suffocating clouds on


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Venus is so heavy they crush the


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planet's rich carbon dioxidebased


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atmosphere acting like the lid on a


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pressure cooker and giving the planet a


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surface pressure some 92 times greater


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than the average sea level surface


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pressure on Earth the surface of Venus


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is dominated by thousands of volcanic


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structures more than any other planet in


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the solar system and now a new study


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suggests the planet may even be more


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geologically active near its surface


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than previously thought new calculations


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suggest that the planet's outer crust


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may be constantly churning an unexpected


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phenomenon called convection that could


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help explain many of the volcanoes and


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other features of the Venusian landscape


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one of the studies authors Slava Solomon


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from Washington University in St louie


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says nobody considered the possibility


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of convection in the crust of Venus


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before but solo's calculations suggest


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that convection is possible perhaps even


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likely now if true the findings reported


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in the journal physics of Earth and


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planetary interiors give scientists new


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insights into the evolution of this


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planet convection occurs as heated


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material rises towards the planet's


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surface and cooler materials sink


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creating a constant conveyor belt now on


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Earth convection deep in the mantle


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provides the energy that drives plate


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tectonics solomov says the earth's crust


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which is about 40 km thick under the


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continents about 6 km thick under the


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ocean basins is too thin and too cool to


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support this type of convection but he


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suspects that the crust of Venus just


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might have the right thickness somewhere


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between 30 and 90 km depending on


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location composition and temperature to


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keep that conveyor belt running now to


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test his hypothesis Salomatov and


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colleagues applied new dynamic theories


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which suggest that Venus's crust could


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support convection last year Salomatov


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used a similar approach to determined


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that convection likely didn't happen in


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the mantle of the planet Mercury that's


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because it's simply too small and has


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already cooled significantly since its


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formation 4.6 billion years ago venus on


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the other hand is much bigger therefore


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it can retain more heat both inside and


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out he says surface temperatures at its


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volcanoes and other surface features all


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show clear signs of melting scientists


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have long wondered how heat from the


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planet's interior could be transferred


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to the surface and convection of the


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crust could be a likely missing


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mechanism convection near the surface


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could also influence the type and


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placement of volcanoes on the Venuian


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surface back in 2023 scientists


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published an atlas of Venusian volcanoes


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based on radar images from NASA's Mellan


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mission in the early


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1990s salomattov now wants to combine


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his mathematical modeling with the


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observations of Venus's surface to


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better understand the planet's geology


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now if convection is occurring as he


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suspects some areas of the crust should


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be warmer and less dense than others and


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those differences would be detectable


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using high resolution gravity


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measurements this is spaceime still to


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come the European Space Agency shuts


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down the Gaia spacecraft for good and


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SpaceX launches its first man mission to


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orbit the Earth's poles all that and


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more still to come on Spaceime


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[Music]


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the European Space Agency has finally


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powered down its Gaia spacecraft gaia


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has spent more than a decade gathering


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data on the stars of the Milky Way


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galaxy but on March the 27th Gaia's


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mission control team at the European


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Space Operations Center in Damtar


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Germany switched off the spacecraft


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subsystems and sent the probe into a


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retirement orbit around the sun launched


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back in 2013 GIA has transformed


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science's understanding of the cosmos


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it's precisely mapped the positions


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distances motions and properties of


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nearly 2 billion stars and other


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celestial objects this has provided the


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largest most precise multi-dimensional


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map of the galaxy ever created revealing


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its structure and evolution in


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unprecedented detail gia has uncovered


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evidence of past galactic merges it's


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identified new star clusters it's


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contributed to the discovery of


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exoplanets and black holes it's met


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millions of quazars and galaxies and


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it's tracked hundreds of thousands of


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asteroids and


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comets the missions also enabled the


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creation of the best visualization of


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how our galaxy might really look to an


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outside observer gaia project scientist


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Johannes Zelman from says the


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spacecraft's extensive data releases are


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a unique treasure trove for astronomical


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research which influences almost all


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disciplines in astronomy he says data


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release 4 which is planned for 2026 and


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the final GIA legacy cataloges planned


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for release no earlier than the end of


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2030 will continue shaping astronomy's


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understanding of the cosmos for decades


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to come gaia has far exceeded its


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planned lifetime of 5 years and its fuel


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reserves are now dwindling hence the


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decision to end the mission and the guy


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team carefully considered how best to


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dispose of the spacecraft in line with


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ISA's efforts to responsibly end its


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missions they wanted to find a way to


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prevent Guyia from drifting back towards


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its former home near the scientifically


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valuable Lrange L2 position on the


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opposite side of the Earth from the sun


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so after a lot of planning a trajectory


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was established which allowed one final


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burn of Gaia's thrusters to move the


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spacecraft away from L2 and into a


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stable retirement orbit around the sun


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that'll minimize the chances of it


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coming to within 10 million kilometers


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of the Earth for at least the next


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century once safely in its new orbit


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mission managers deactivated and


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switched off the spacecraft's


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instruments and subsystems one by one


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before deliberately corrupting its


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onboard software the communication


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subsystem and the central computer were


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the last to be deactivated of course


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though Guyire itself has now gone silent


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its contributions to astronomy will


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continue to shape research for decades


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to come its vast and expanding data


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archive remains a treasure trove for


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scientists refining their knowledge of


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galactic archaeology stellar evolution


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exoplanets and much more a workhorse of


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galactic exploration Guyire has charted


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the maps that future explorers will rely


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on to make new discoveries for example


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the star trackers on's Uclid spacecraft


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use Gaia data to precisely orient the


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probe and issa's upcoming Plato mission


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will explore exoplanets around stars


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characterized by Gaia and may follow up


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on new exoplanetary systems discovered


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by Gaia this report on the many many


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achievements of Gaia from ISA TV the


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Gaia mission has transformed our


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understanding of the Milky Way launched


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in 2013 the Gaia Space Telescope set out


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to map our galaxy with precision since


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then Gaia has delivered one breakthrough


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after another gaia has made more than


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three trillion observations of 2 billion


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stars asteroids and distant


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galaxies these observations have allowed


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researchers to peer deep into the Milky


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Way's past present and


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future gaia has redefined our view of


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the Milky Way structure while we knew it


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was a spiral Gaia revealed new details


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on the number and arrangement of its


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arms this has reshaped our understanding


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of its structure and


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composition it's also helped estimate


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the Milky Way's mass which has been


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difficult to determine with much of it


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hidden in an invisible dark matter


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halo but thanks to Gaia's astrometry we


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can now peak into this vast hidden


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region and uncover its true extent


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gaia has also revealed how nearby dwarf


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galaxies and the large melanic cloud are


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shaping its


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evolution as Gaia unravels the Milky


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Way's past it reveals a complex galactic


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family tree one of the most


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groundbreaking discoveries is the Gaia


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sausage and Celadus merger a cosmic


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collision 10 billion years ago this


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merger involved the absorption of a


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smaller galaxy into the Milky Way and


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its remnants can still be seen today


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guys also shed new light on the


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Sagittarius dwarf galaxy which has been


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colliding with the Milky Way for


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billions of years these repeated impacts


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have warped our galaxy's disc and more


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surprisingly may have even triggered the


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formation of the sun 4.6 billion years


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ago


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these interactions are still ongoing and


00:10:16.399 --> 00:10:18.389
continue to shape the movement of stars


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within the Milky Way guyia has also


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mapped star forming regions in stunning


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detail just 500 lighty years from the


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sun which is relatively close in


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astronomical distances these regions


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offer key insights into how stars are


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born gaia isn't just mapping the present


00:10:37.040 --> 00:10:39.110
it's uncovering the Milky Way's deep


00:10:39.120 --> 00:10:41.430
past


00:10:41.440 --> 00:10:44.470
two ancient star streams Shakti and


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Shiva merged with the Milky Way over 12


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billion years ago before it fully formed


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gaia's precision lets us trace their


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orbits revealing how the first stars


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took shape long before our sun was


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born the history of the Milky Way is one


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of constant growth through collision


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over billions of years smaller galaxies


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have merged with our own leaving behind


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traces of these cosmic


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encounters one key discovery is the


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Virgo radial merger which happened just


00:11:16.320 --> 00:11:19.509
2.7 billion years ago much later than


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once thought this highlights just how


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dynamic our galaxy's evolution truly is


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in an exciting breakthrough Gaia


00:11:29.040 --> 00:11:31.110
revealed the presence of potential moons


00:11:31.120 --> 00:11:33.829
orbiting more than 350 asteroids


00:11:33.839 --> 00:11:36.790
previously thought to be solitary by


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detecting tiny wobbles in their orbits


00:11:39.440 --> 00:11:41.509
Gaia uncovered a hidden population of


00:11:41.519 --> 00:11:44.230
binary asteroids nearly doubling their


00:11:44.240 --> 00:11:45.630
known


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population one of Gaia's most unexpected


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findings was discovering stellar mass


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black holes closer to Earth than seen


00:11:53.279 --> 00:11:55.990
before this new population of black


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holes also exist in wider orbits with


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companion stars challenging our


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understanding of how these massive


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objects form gaia also unearthed a


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sleeping giant a dormant black hole in


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the constellation Aquila 33 times the


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mass of our sun this sparked new


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questions about the formation and


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behavior of such massive black holes


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as Gaia moves towards its passivation it


00:12:23.120 --> 00:12:25.269
has stopped observing the stars but its


00:12:25.279 --> 00:12:27.629
discoveries will shape astronomy for


00:12:27.639 --> 00:12:30.069
generations two massive data releases


00:12:30.079 --> 00:12:32.150
are still to come refining our knowledge


00:12:32.160 --> 00:12:34.310
of the Milky Way and unlocking new


00:12:34.320 --> 00:12:37.590
cosmic mysteries gaia's legacy is one of


00:12:37.600 --> 00:12:39.750
profound discovery and its data will


00:12:39.760 --> 00:12:42.069
inspire scientists to continue exploring


00:12:42.079 --> 00:12:44.740
our place in the universe


00:12:44.750 --> 00:12:46.230
[Music]


00:12:46.240 --> 00:12:49.590
this is spaceime still to come SpaceX


00:12:49.600 --> 00:12:51.670
launches the first man mission to orbit


00:12:51.680 --> 00:12:53.829
above the Earth's poles and later in the


00:12:53.839 --> 00:12:56.230
science report warnings that agriculture


00:12:56.240 --> 00:12:58.470
is likely to push antibiotic use on


00:12:58.480 --> 00:13:01.590
livestock by a further 29% over the next


00:13:01.600 --> 00:13:04.870
15 years all that and more still to come


00:13:04.880 --> 00:13:08.150
on Spaceime


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[Music]


00:13:21.760 --> 00:13:23.509
spacex has launched the first man


00:13:23.519 --> 00:13:25.990
mission to undertake a polar orbit the


00:13:26.000 --> 00:13:27.910
historic mission launched aboard a


00:13:27.920 --> 00:13:30.389
Falcon 9 rocket from pad 39A at the


00:13:30.399 --> 00:13:31.990
Kennedy Space Center at the Cape


00:13:32.000 --> 00:13:34.629
Canaveral Space Force Base in Florida


00:13:34.639 --> 00:13:36.870
the plan to undertake a polar orbit and


00:13:36.880 --> 00:13:39.509
consequently a 90° inclination was a


00:13:39.519 --> 00:13:41.670
first stage one locks load is complete


00:13:41.680 --> 00:13:44.230
all right we've got a good lock load on


00:13:44.240 --> 00:13:45.990
first in terminal count and is on


00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:47.509
internal power and we've got the


00:13:47.519 --> 00:13:49.509
confirmation Dragon has gone internal


00:13:49.519 --> 00:13:51.910
power coming down from the the crew back


00:13:51.920 --> 00:13:54.710
to the Dragon team here in the mission


00:13:54.720 --> 00:13:57.030
control center dragon SpaceX go for


00:13:57.040 --> 00:14:07.470
launch 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


00:14:07.480 --> 00:14:11.150
ignition and liftoff copy


00:14:11.160 --> 00:14:15.350
alpha vehicle down range


00:14:15.360 --> 00:14:18.389
stage one propulsion is nominal t plus


00:14:18.399 --> 00:14:21.110
35 seconds into the round two mission


00:14:21.120 --> 00:14:22.870
the first ever human space flight


00:14:22.880 --> 00:14:24.870
mission to cover the poles and we are


00:14:24.880 --> 00:14:27.509
throttling down the engines on the first


00:14:27.519 --> 00:14:29.910
nominal on the first stage vehicle for


00:14:29.920 --> 00:14:31.829
one throttle down oh it's perfect timing


00:14:31.839 --> 00:14:33.829
with these call outs we dropped down the


00:14:33.839 --> 00:14:37.269
engines for max Q and there's max Q it's


00:14:37.279 --> 00:14:39.350
the the maximum dynamic pressure that


00:14:39.360 --> 00:14:41.350
the vehicle sees on the supersonic we're


00:14:41.360 --> 00:14:44.230
preparing to throttle back up on first


00:14:44.240 --> 00:14:45.990
stage merlin engine stage one throttle


00:14:46.000 --> 00:14:49.269
out one bravo that means if there was a


00:14:49.279 --> 00:14:51.030
need for an abort with the first stage


00:14:51.040 --> 00:14:53.110
now emptying itself of propellant Dragon


00:14:53.120 --> 00:14:54.870
would fly a different profile than if


00:14:54.880 --> 00:14:57.750
say right off the pad we had mvac chill


00:14:57.760 --> 00:14:59.910
is underway we're beginning to chill the


00:14:59.920 --> 00:15:02.150
second stage engine in preparation for


00:15:02.160 --> 00:15:04.310
its ignition we also have a few events


00:15:04.320 --> 00:15:06.310
that are going to happen backto back


00:15:06.320 --> 00:15:08.870
we'll have mo stage separation and


00:15:08.880 --> 00:15:11.750
second stage engine ignition mo is main


00:15:11.760 --> 00:15:13.430
engine cutoff that's where we will shut


00:15:13.440 --> 00:15:15.269
down all of those nine engines on the


00:15:15.279 --> 00:15:16.870
first stage vehicle to slow down stage


00:15:16.880 --> 00:15:19.110
one throttle down mo stage separation


00:15:19.120 --> 00:15:22.470
confirmed stage two copy stage two also


00:15:22.480 --> 00:15:24.069
started the boost back burn on the first


00:15:24.079 --> 00:15:26.629
stage dragon SpaceX trajectory nominal


00:15:26.639 --> 00:15:29.670
dragon copy coming up in a couple of


00:15:29.680 --> 00:15:32.870
minutes we'll have the entry burn on the


00:15:32.880 --> 00:15:34.470
first stage which is currently making


00:15:34.480 --> 00:15:37.750
its way back down to Earth and we did


00:15:37.760 --> 00:15:40.310
perform a boost back burn on this one


00:15:40.320 --> 00:15:42.550
yeah we did uh we did a one engine boost


00:15:42.560 --> 00:15:44.710
back burn we didn't have normally when


00:15:44.720 --> 00:15:47.030
you launch to the east or northeast in a


00:15:47.040 --> 00:15:49.509
crew mission you take advantage of the


00:15:49.519 --> 00:15:51.350
Earth's rotational velocity but in this


00:15:51.360 --> 00:15:52.949
case we're pretty much going straight


00:15:52.959 --> 00:15:55.350
south and so you don't get that eastward


00:15:55.360 --> 00:15:57.910
velocity so the first stage needed to


00:15:57.920 --> 00:15:59.749
use a little more propellant to get the


00:15:59.759 --> 00:16:02.310
crew up into the uh right position for


00:16:02.320 --> 00:16:04.069
stage separation so we can't bring the


00:16:04.079 --> 00:16:05.670
first stage all the way back to land


00:16:05.680 --> 00:16:08.710
like we might do on an ISS mission so


00:16:08.720 --> 00:16:10.150
instead we're going to land on the drone


00:16:10.160 --> 00:16:13.189
ship but not as far south as we would uh


00:16:13.199 --> 00:16:16.069
normally do spacex trajectory nominal


00:16:16.079 --> 00:16:18.069
something like a Starlink mission the


00:16:18.079 --> 00:16:21.670
entry burn has begun copy nominal entry


00:16:21.680 --> 00:16:23.430
burn did complete we didn't hear any


00:16:23.440 --> 00:16:25.910
call outs but we do have a green screen


00:16:25.920 --> 00:16:27.829
here we have a good entry burn second


00:16:27.839 --> 00:16:29.990
stage continuing to head towards the


00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:32.069
separation orbit first stage heading to


00:16:32.079 --> 00:16:35.189
the drone ship stage 2 FTS has saved we


00:16:35.199 --> 00:16:36.790
are expecting the landing burn on the


00:16:36.800 --> 00:16:39.749
first stage to occur in about 20 seconds


00:16:39.759 --> 00:16:41.910
from now that'll just be a single engine


00:16:41.920 --> 00:16:45.350
burn on the vehicle uh once again the M1


00:16:45.360 --> 00:16:48.550
engines have about 190,000 lbs of thrust


00:16:48.560 --> 00:16:50.550
which is just enough to slow the vehicle


00:16:50.560 --> 00:16:53.189
down just in time for landing


00:16:53.199 --> 00:16:55.430
copy Panama it's another abort call out


00:16:55.440 --> 00:16:57.430
on the second stage you run a space


00:16:57.440 --> 00:16:59.269
station you hear it called Shannon that


00:16:59.279 --> 00:17:01.110
tells you where you can reach if there's


00:17:01.120 --> 00:17:03.269
a problem right now first stage landing


00:17:03.279 --> 00:17:06.069
burn has begun legs are deployed and


00:17:06.079 --> 00:17:08.390
touchdown after six flight but we heard


00:17:08.400 --> 00:17:10.230
the terminal guidance call we've


00:17:10.240 --> 00:17:11.750
essentially reached the altitude now


00:17:11.760 --> 00:17:13.270
we're working the angular momentum of


00:17:13.280 --> 00:17:15.189
the orbit so we're going to listen in


00:17:15.199 --> 00:17:17.429
we're just seconds away from shutdown


00:17:17.439 --> 00:17:18.949
and about a less than a minute after


00:17:18.959 --> 00:17:20.949
that we should have Dragon separation


00:17:20.959 --> 00:17:23.789
from the second stage mvac shut down


00:17:23.799 --> 00:17:26.789
Dragon orbit insertion


00:17:26.799 --> 00:17:28.630
and great news there we heard the call


00:17:28.640 --> 00:17:32.630
out for nominal orbital dragon nominal


00:17:32.640 --> 00:17:34.470
dragon Coffee is nominal the crew


00:17:34.480 --> 00:17:37.029
conducted 22 science experiments during


00:17:37.039 --> 00:17:39.029
the mission including tests monitoring


00:17:39.039 --> 00:17:41.430
glucose regulation a study of space


00:17:41.440 --> 00:17:43.430
flight on women's reproductive health


00:17:43.440 --> 00:17:45.350
and Australian research into growing


00:17:45.360 --> 00:17:47.830
mushrooms in microgravity as a tasty


00:17:47.840 --> 00:17:50.549
high nutrition space food supplement the


00:17:50.559 --> 00:17:53.669
experiment referred to as the mushroom


00:17:53.679 --> 00:17:55.270
another Australian connection to the


00:17:55.280 --> 00:17:57.590
mission is 62-year-old South Australian


00:17:57.600 --> 00:18:00.070
polar explorer Eric Phillips who was one


00:18:00.080 --> 00:18:01.909
of the four crew members on the flight


00:18:01.919 --> 00:18:05.510
i'm uh an Australian polar adventurer uh


00:18:05.520 --> 00:18:07.909
explorer i've skied four new routes to


00:18:07.919 --> 00:18:10.070
the South Pole these are expeditions


00:18:10.080 --> 00:18:12.950
that I've I've planned myself i've


00:18:12.960 --> 00:18:15.190
looked at satellite imagery of these


00:18:15.200 --> 00:18:17.350
glacias that have never been traversed


00:18:17.360 --> 00:18:20.070
before and I I'm going to have the


00:18:20.080 --> 00:18:23.029
opportunity as we fly over Antarctica


00:18:23.039 --> 00:18:26.549
and see those roots from above we know


00:18:26.559 --> 00:18:29.110
that photographs of the Arctic and


00:18:29.120 --> 00:18:31.990
Antarctica are available on Google Earth


00:18:32.000 --> 00:18:34.870
and and through satellite imagery but to


00:18:34.880 --> 00:18:38.710
see them from orbit may reveal things


00:18:38.720 --> 00:18:41.029
about these two areas the Antarctic and


00:18:41.039 --> 00:18:43.510
and the Arctic that that we have


00:18:43.520 --> 00:18:46.150
previously not known this was also the


00:18:46.160 --> 00:18:48.150
sixth launch for the same Falcon 9


00:18:48.160 --> 00:18:49.990
booster and the fourth flight for the


00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:53.110
Dragon capsule Resilience splashdown in


00:18:53.120 --> 00:18:54.710
the Pacific Ocean off the coast of


00:18:54.720 --> 00:18:57.029
Oceanside California took place 3 and


00:18:57.039 --> 00:18:59.190
1/2 days after the launch the spacecraft


00:18:59.200 --> 00:19:01.990
having orbited the poles 55 times an


00:19:02.000 --> 00:19:05.590
average altitude of 437 kilome and we


00:19:05.600 --> 00:19:07.510
are still currently in the blackout


00:19:07.520 --> 00:19:09.590
comms period but we are expecting to


00:19:09.600 --> 00:19:11.669
come out of that any minute now the


00:19:11.679 --> 00:19:13.909
recovery ship Shannon patiently waiting


00:19:13.919 --> 00:19:16.150
as well as a couple fast boats there


00:19:16.160 --> 00:19:18.630
part of the recovery team they'll first


00:19:18.640 --> 00:19:21.270
meet Dragon once it splashes down make


00:19:21.280 --> 00:19:22.950
sure that the vehicle is safe and then


00:19:22.960 --> 00:19:24.950
begin the recovery operations we have


00:19:24.960 --> 00:19:27.190
two sets of parachutes on board Dragon


00:19:27.200 --> 00:19:28.789
during re-entry the first are the


00:19:28.799 --> 00:19:30.150
drogues we're standing by for that


00:19:30.160 --> 00:19:31.750
drogue shoot deploy that will happen


00:19:31.760 --> 00:19:35.350
when Dragon is moving at about 350 mph


00:19:35.360 --> 00:19:38.630
dragon SpaceX com check spacex Dragon we


00:19:38.640 --> 00:19:40.950
have you loud and clear we have you the


00:19:40.960 --> 00:19:42.870
same we see a healthy flight computer


00:19:42.880 --> 00:19:45.510
expect automated shoot deployment dragon


00:19:45.520 --> 00:19:49.270
copy agps has converged expect nominal


00:19:49.280 --> 00:19:51.830
altitude for drug shoot deploy dragon


00:19:51.840 --> 00:19:54.549
copy we have confirmation that we have


00:19:54.559 --> 00:19:56.710
come out of the blackout period and


00:19:56.720 --> 00:19:59.110
established comms back with the prom


00:19:59.120 --> 00:20:00.789
crew as they're making their way back


00:20:00.799 --> 00:20:02.549
down to Earth so again those drogue


00:20:02.559 --> 00:20:04.390
shoots are are special and that they are


00:20:04.400 --> 00:20:06.789
smaller and lighter than our brace for


00:20:06.799 --> 00:20:10.390
drugs copy we brace for drogue the seats


00:20:10.400 --> 00:20:12.150
are rotating in preparation for a


00:20:12.160 --> 00:20:14.390
splashdown and the crew is bracing for


00:20:14.400 --> 00:20:16.630
the drogue parachutes they're going to


00:20:16.640 --> 00:20:19.270
feel maybe a little bit of a jolt as the


00:20:19.280 --> 00:20:20.789
vehicle is going to slow down very


00:20:20.799 --> 00:20:22.390
quickly just ahead of the call out for


00:20:22.400 --> 00:20:24.070
drogue shoot deployment dragon will


00:20:24.080 --> 00:20:26.230
autonomously safe the propulsion system


00:20:26.240 --> 00:20:28.310
on board and then deploy those drogue


00:20:28.320 --> 00:20:31.430
parachutes visual on two healthy drogue


00:20:31.440 --> 00:20:34.390
copy we see the same two healthy drogues


00:20:34.400 --> 00:20:37.750
a6 Dragon brace remains copy brace


00:20:37.760 --> 00:20:39.669
remains we are expecting the main


00:20:39.679 --> 00:20:42.310
parachutes to deploy drogue shoots are


00:20:42.320 --> 00:20:44.630
doing that initial slowdown we see


00:20:44.640 --> 00:20:47.270
visual on four healthy mains physics


00:20:47.280 --> 00:20:49.909
Dragon we see the same four healthy


00:20:49.919 --> 00:20:52.390
mains the main parachutes have deployed


00:20:52.400 --> 00:20:54.710
they are expanding once they're fully


00:20:54.720 --> 00:20:56.549
expanded they are going to slow the


00:20:56.559 --> 00:21:00.430
vehicle down all the way to about 16


00:21:00.440 --> 00:21:04.070
mph right in time for splashing down


00:21:04.080 --> 00:21:06.470
into the Pacific Ocean today right now


00:21:06.480 --> 00:21:08.549
Dragon has saved all propulsion systems


00:21:08.559 --> 00:21:12.789
on board copy 1 m dragon right now is


00:21:12.799 --> 00:21:14.870
also terminating the Nitro suit and


00:21:14.880 --> 00:21:16.870
cabin purges and is beginning to


00:21:16.880 --> 00:21:18.549
increase pressure in preparation for


00:21:18.559 --> 00:21:20.149
landing and additionally the mission


00:21:20.159 --> 00:21:21.909
control team here in Hawthorne is


00:21:21.919 --> 00:21:23.270
reporting the precise landing


00:21:23.280 --> 00:21:25.029
coordinates to the recovery team so that


00:21:25.039 --> 00:21:28.549
they know exactly where 800 where the


00:21:28.559 --> 00:21:30.549
copy 800 exactly where they're expected


00:21:30.559 --> 00:21:32.630
to touch down and you are hearing those


00:21:32.640 --> 00:21:35.270
call outs we are confirming the altitude


00:21:35.280 --> 00:21:37.190
as the vehicle makes its way back down


00:21:37.200 --> 00:21:39.669
to Earth our next major milestone is


00:21:39.679 --> 00:21:43.909
splashdown 200 copy 200 m and braced for


00:21:43.919 --> 00:21:46.230
splashdown inside of that Dragon capsule


00:21:46.240 --> 00:21:50.390
are the four from 2 crew members welcome


00:21:50.400 --> 00:21:54.070
home from 2 we have confirmation of


00:21:54.080 --> 00:21:56.149
splashdown of the Dragon spacecraft


00:21:56.159 --> 00:21:58.549
dragon has returned home with the From 2


00:21:58.559 --> 00:22:00.789
crew the FRAM 2 mission is named in


00:22:00.799 --> 00:22:02.630
honor of the Norwegian polar research


00:22:02.640 --> 00:22:05.110
vessel Fram it undertook three


00:22:05.120 --> 00:22:06.950
expeditions to the Arctic Ocean ice


00:22:06.960 --> 00:22:10.149
flows between 1893 and 1896 to the


00:22:10.159 --> 00:22:12.310
Arctic archipelago west of Greenland


00:22:12.320 --> 00:22:15.270
between 1898 and 1902 and to the


00:22:15.280 --> 00:22:18.190
Antarctic between 1910 and


00:22:18.200 --> 00:22:22.990
1912 this is spacetime


00:22:23.000 --> 00:22:36.630
[Music]


00:22:36.640 --> 00:22:38.390
and time now to take another brief look


00:22:38.400 --> 00:22:39.909
at some of the other stories making news


00:22:39.919 --> 00:22:41.870
in science this week with a science


00:22:41.880 --> 00:22:44.230
report a new study warns that


00:22:44.240 --> 00:22:46.549
agriculture could push antibiotic use in


00:22:46.559 --> 00:22:49.590
livestock by a further 29% over the next


00:22:49.600 --> 00:22:52.470
15 years the findings reported in the


00:22:52.480 --> 00:22:54.230
journal Nature Communications come


00:22:54.240 --> 00:22:56.070
despite widespread knowledge that the


00:22:56.080 --> 00:22:58.070
overuse of antibiotics poses a


00:22:58.080 --> 00:22:59.990
significant health danger for the spread


00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:02.470
of more resistant bacterial strains the


00:23:02.480 --> 00:23:05.029
so-called superbugs the authors say


00:23:05.039 --> 00:23:07.110
increases in demand for animal products


00:23:07.120 --> 00:23:09.430
as human populations grow means global


00:23:09.440 --> 00:23:11.350
livestock numbers are likely to increase


00:23:11.360 --> 00:23:13.270
in the coming decades and that could


00:23:13.280 --> 00:23:15.270
lead to more antibiotics in total being


00:23:15.280 --> 00:23:17.750
used on livestock they modeled various


00:23:17.760 --> 00:23:19.909
scenarios and say that a business as


00:23:19.919 --> 00:23:21.830
usual approach to antibiotic use on


00:23:21.840 --> 00:23:24.549
farms would lead to a 29% increase in


00:23:24.559 --> 00:23:27.190
antibiotic use by 2040 as livestock


00:23:27.200 --> 00:23:29.750
numbers increase antibiotics are


00:23:29.760 --> 00:23:31.590
commonly used in livestock not for


00:23:31.600 --> 00:23:34.350
health reasons but to increase body


00:23:34.360 --> 00:23:37.430
mass a new study warns that seabirds


00:23:37.440 --> 00:23:39.750
mistakenly eating plastic thinking it's


00:23:39.760 --> 00:23:42.149
food are suffering failing organs brain


00:23:42.159 --> 00:23:44.070
and nerve problems as well as cell


00:23:44.080 --> 00:23:46.630
damage a report in the journal Science


00:23:46.640 --> 00:23:48.789
Advances found that plastic pollution


00:23:48.799 --> 00:23:51.110
ingested by seabirds can not only cause


00:23:51.120 --> 00:23:53.029
malnutrition but also lead to cell


00:23:53.039 --> 00:23:54.470
damage organ dysfunction and


00:23:54.480 --> 00:23:56.789
neurological decline the authors reached


00:23:56.799 --> 00:23:58.710
their conclusions after studying young


00:23:58.720 --> 00:24:00.789
sable she waters that appeared to be


00:24:00.799 --> 00:24:03.110
outwardly healthy but they found even


00:24:03.120 --> 00:24:05.270
small amounts of plastic ingested by the


00:24:05.280 --> 00:24:07.590
seabirds showed clear signs of cell


00:24:07.600 --> 00:24:09.990
damage organ dysfunction and even signs


00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:12.710
of neurodeeneration


00:24:12.720 --> 00:24:14.870
a new study warns that teen girls who


00:24:14.880 --> 00:24:16.950
spend longer on their phones are more


00:24:16.960 --> 00:24:19.110
likely to have both less sleep and lower


00:24:19.120 --> 00:24:21.909
sleep quality the findings reported in


00:24:21.919 --> 00:24:23.830
the journal plus Global Public Health


00:24:23.840 --> 00:24:25.990
suggest the link increases the risk of


00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:28.630
symptoms of depression the study tracked


00:24:28.640 --> 00:24:30.630
the screen time sleep and mental health


00:24:30.640 --> 00:24:34.149
of 4,810 Swedish teenagers aged between


00:24:34.159 --> 00:24:37.350
12 and 16 over a 12-month period they


00:24:37.360 --> 00:24:39.430
found that increased screen time led to


00:24:39.440 --> 00:24:41.909
worse sleep within 3 months


00:24:41.919 --> 00:24:44.070
now for boys the authors found increased


00:24:44.080 --> 00:24:46.549
screen time was directly linked to high


00:24:46.559 --> 00:24:48.630
depressive symptoms over the year


00:24:48.640 --> 00:24:50.390
whereas for girls they say about half


00:24:50.400 --> 00:24:51.990
the link between screen time and


00:24:52.000 --> 00:24:54.070
depression could be explained by poorer


00:24:54.080 --> 00:24:57.470
sleep duration and poorer sleep


00:24:57.480 --> 00:24:59.990
quality japanese video game giant


00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:02.310
Nintendo has released details about its


00:25:02.320 --> 00:25:04.470
new Switch 2 console announcing an


00:25:04.480 --> 00:25:07.110
update for the hugely successful 2017


00:25:07.120 --> 00:25:09.510
original that's already sold over 150


00:25:09.520 --> 00:25:12.789
million units what's new is a C button


00:25:12.799 --> 00:25:15.110
that activates game chat allowing users


00:25:15.120 --> 00:25:17.430
to speak with one another during playing


00:25:17.440 --> 00:25:19.029
its controllers which attached with


00:25:19.039 --> 00:25:21.029
magnets can also be used like a desktop


00:25:21.039 --> 00:25:23.430
computer mouse and its game share


00:25:23.440 --> 00:25:25.510
function enables players to share games


00:25:25.520 --> 00:25:27.310
with friends and temporarily play


00:25:27.320 --> 00:25:29.669
together with the details we're joined


00:25:29.679 --> 00:25:31.990
by technology editor Alexarovit from


00:25:32.000 --> 00:25:33.669
techadvice.life


00:25:33.679 --> 00:25:35.350
good day Stuart yes well the new


00:25:35.360 --> 00:25:37.269
Nintendo Switch 2 has been long awaited


00:25:37.279 --> 00:25:39.750
and it has come out with nicely upgraded


00:25:39.760 --> 00:25:41.510
specs the sort of specs you'd expect to


00:25:41.520 --> 00:25:43.029
see you know the second generation


00:25:43.039 --> 00:25:46.230
device so the original one was 6.2 in an


00:25:46.240 --> 00:25:48.549
LCD screen with basically 720p


00:25:48.559 --> 00:25:51.110
resolution there was a second generation


00:25:51.120 --> 00:25:53.190
the Switch OLED about 4 or 5 years ago


00:25:53.200 --> 00:25:56.230
and that had a larger 7in display but


00:25:56.240 --> 00:25:59.110
the Switch 2 bumps this up to a 7.9 in


00:25:59.120 --> 00:26:02.630
display 1080p and it's using a 120 Hz


00:26:02.640 --> 00:26:05.029
refresh rate now it's LCD not OLED and


00:26:05.039 --> 00:26:07.190
that's probably to lower the costs but


00:26:07.200 --> 00:26:09.110
we have a faster ARM processor better


00:26:09.120 --> 00:26:11.110
graphics as you would imagine and this


00:26:11.120 --> 00:26:13.269
is the ultimate portable gaming device


00:26:13.279 --> 00:26:15.350
sony gave up on its PlayStation Portable


00:26:15.360 --> 00:26:17.590
and its PS VA some years back i still


00:26:17.600 --> 00:26:19.110
have a PS Vita but you know and it was a


00:26:19.120 --> 00:26:20.630
cool device still looks very cool to


00:26:20.640 --> 00:26:22.310
this day but it didn't have the


00:26:22.320 --> 00:26:24.390
longevity that Nintendo has had in the


00:26:24.400 --> 00:26:26.630
handheld gaming space right back to


00:26:26.640 --> 00:26:28.390
those original Donkey Kong gaming watch


00:26:28.400 --> 00:26:29.909
devices which I still have at home and


00:26:29.919 --> 00:26:31.990
sell for crazy prices on eBay and then


00:26:32.000 --> 00:26:33.430
of course the Game Boy in black and


00:26:33.440 --> 00:26:34.870
white i remember that fondly with the


00:26:34.880 --> 00:26:36.870
Tetris game was a huge hit we had all


00:26:36.880 --> 00:26:39.110
sorts of variations with color screens


00:26:39.120 --> 00:26:41.830
the Nintendo 3DS and the 3D craze was


00:26:41.840 --> 00:26:43.669
quite popular and Nintendo was more


00:26:43.679 --> 00:26:45.350
about depth rather than things popping


00:26:45.360 --> 00:26:46.870
out of the screen and then the Switch


00:26:46.880 --> 00:26:48.549
One and the Switch 2 which have really


00:26:48.559 --> 00:26:50.789
taken the gaming world by storm and


00:26:50.799 --> 00:26:52.390
should sell in the hundreds of millions


00:26:52.400 --> 00:26:54.230
once again and what about price how do


00:26:54.240 --> 00:26:56.590
they compare in the US it's


00:26:56.600 --> 00:26:59.830
$449 for the Nintendo Switch and $500


00:26:59.840 --> 00:27:01.750
including the new Mario Kart game in


00:27:01.760 --> 00:27:03.669
Australian dollars it's about $700 for


00:27:03.679 --> 00:27:06.710
the unit itself and $780 Australian with


00:27:06.720 --> 00:27:08.789
the game so a bit more expensive but


00:27:08.799 --> 00:27:10.870
this is a premium device it'll give you


00:27:10.880 --> 00:27:12.789
much more satisfying gaming experience


00:27:12.799 --> 00:27:15.510
than using an iPad even an iPad mini or


00:27:15.520 --> 00:27:17.110
an Android tablet of a similar size


00:27:17.120 --> 00:27:18.710
because this is really designed for


00:27:18.720 --> 00:27:21.350
gaming with the JoyCons that are easy to


00:27:21.360 --> 00:27:23.190
use is you can use it in desktop mode


00:27:23.200 --> 00:27:25.110
with a dock plug it into the TV you can


00:27:25.120 --> 00:27:26.630
use it on the go you can do those things


00:27:26.640 --> 00:27:28.789
with an iPad as well but Nintendo just


00:27:28.799 --> 00:27:30.950
has especially a whole stack of really


00:27:30.960 --> 00:27:33.590
valuable IP all the Mario games Mario


00:27:33.600 --> 00:27:35.350
Kart which is the big popular driving


00:27:35.360 --> 00:27:37.110
game that everyone loves to play i think


00:27:37.120 --> 00:27:39.590
if the kids of 1985 looking you know


00:27:39.600 --> 00:27:41.190
whenever it was looking at that Game Boy


00:27:41.200 --> 00:27:42.789
Color thought what it might be in the


00:27:42.799 --> 00:27:44.549
future they probably didn't think it


00:27:44.559 --> 00:27:46.470
would be anywhere near as good as it is


00:27:46.480 --> 00:27:48.549
and uh it's going to go on sale June 5th


00:27:48.559 --> 00:27:49.909
and it'll be a global hit and there'll


00:27:49.919 --> 00:27:51.269
be a lot of pester power from kids


00:27:51.279 --> 00:27:52.870
wanting their parents to buy them one as


00:27:52.880 --> 00:27:54.870
soon as they can that's Alexar of Roit


00:27:54.880 --> 00:27:58.490
from


00:27:58.500 --> 00:28:07.030
[Music]




00:28:11.159 --> 00:28:14.470
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