Uranus’ Rotational Secrets Revealed, ISS Welcomes New Crew

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.400 --> 00:00:03.510
this is Spacetime Series 28 episode 47


00:00:03.520 --> 00:00:06.030
for broadcast on the 18th of April


00:00:06.040 --> 00:00:09.589
2025 coming up on Spaceime Hubble helps


00:00:09.599 --> 00:00:11.270
determine the rotational rate of the


00:00:11.280 --> 00:00:14.470
planet Uranus a new crew arrives at the


00:00:14.480 --> 00:00:17.029
International Space Station and we look


00:00:17.039 --> 00:00:19.830
at the dangers of going into space all


00:00:19.840 --> 00:00:23.830
that and more coming up on Spaceime


00:00:23.840 --> 00:00:27.890
welcome to Spaceime with Stuart Garry


00:00:27.900 --> 00:00:34.750
[Music]




00:00:42.960 --> 00:00:45.030
astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space


00:00:45.040 --> 00:00:46.709
Telescope have made new measurements of


00:00:46.719 --> 00:00:49.029
the planet Uranus's rotational rate with


00:00:49.039 --> 00:00:51.110
a thousand times more accuracy than


00:00:51.120 --> 00:00:53.750
previous estimates the findings reported


00:00:53.760 --> 00:00:55.750
in the journal Nature were made using a


00:00:55.760 --> 00:00:57.830
new novel technique which analyzed more


00:00:57.840 --> 00:00:59.910
than a decade of Hubble observations of


00:00:59.920 --> 00:01:02.790
Uranus's auroral activities the research


00:01:02.800 --> 00:01:04.789
is important because it establishes a


00:01:04.799 --> 00:01:06.710
crucial new reference point for future


00:01:06.720 --> 00:01:09.590
planetary studies uranus is the seventh


00:01:09.600 --> 00:01:12.230
most distant planet from the sun it's a


00:01:12.240 --> 00:01:14.870
gaseous cyan colored ice giant slightly


00:01:14.880 --> 00:01:17.429
larger than its sister planet Neptune


00:01:17.439 --> 00:01:19.510
most of Uranus is composed of water


00:01:19.520 --> 00:01:21.670
ammonia and methane in a superc critical


00:01:21.680 --> 00:01:23.749
phase of matter which astronomers call


00:01:23.759 --> 00:01:26.230
ices or volatiles the planet's


00:01:26.240 --> 00:01:28.469
atmosphere has a complex layered cloud


00:01:28.479 --> 00:01:30.310
structure and it has the lowest minimum


00:01:30.320 --> 00:01:32.870
temperature in the solar system just 49


00:01:32.880 --> 00:01:34.429
Kelvin that's


00:01:34.439 --> 00:01:38.870
-224° C uranus takes 84 Earth years to


00:01:38.880 --> 00:01:41.350
complete one orbit around the sun but


00:01:41.360 --> 00:01:43.670
its most notable feature has always been


00:01:43.680 --> 00:01:46.670
its axial tilt some 82.23°


00:01:46.680 --> 00:01:49.109
23° in other words it's almost rotating


00:01:49.119 --> 00:01:51.910
on its side even more amazing that


00:01:51.920 --> 00:01:54.230
rotation is retrograde the opposite way


00:01:54.240 --> 00:01:55.670
to where most of the other planets in


00:01:55.680 --> 00:01:58.149
the solar system rotate now because it


00:01:58.159 --> 00:02:00.230
orbits the sun on its side it means that


00:02:00.240 --> 00:02:02.550
each of its poles are getting around 42


00:02:02.560 --> 00:02:04.550
Earth years of continuous sunlight


00:02:04.560 --> 00:02:06.870
followed by a further 42 Earth years of


00:02:06.880 --> 00:02:09.430
continuous darkness uranus is the third


00:02:09.440 --> 00:02:11.110
largest diameter and the fourth largest


00:02:11.120 --> 00:02:14.070
mass among the solar systems planets now


00:02:14.080 --> 00:02:16.070
based on current models inside its


00:02:16.080 --> 00:02:18.390
volatile mantle layer is a rocky core


00:02:18.400 --> 00:02:19.990
surrounded by a thick hydrogen and


00:02:20.000 --> 00:02:22.470
helium atmosphere trace amounts of


00:02:22.480 --> 00:02:24.070
hydrocarbons thought to be produced


00:02:24.080 --> 00:02:26.229
through hydraysis and carbon monoxide


00:02:26.239 --> 00:02:28.150
along with carbon dioxide thought to


00:02:28.160 --> 00:02:29.910
have originated from comets have been


00:02:29.920 --> 00:02:31.430
detected in the planet's upper


00:02:31.440 --> 00:02:33.830
atmosphere there are many unexplained


00:02:33.840 --> 00:02:36.390
climate phenomena in Uranus's atmosphere


00:02:36.400 --> 00:02:39.270
such as its peak wind speed of 900 km an


00:02:39.280 --> 00:02:41.910
hour variations in its polar cap and


00:02:41.920 --> 00:02:44.550
erratic cloud formations the planet also


00:02:44.560 --> 00:02:46.229
has very low internal heat compared to


00:02:46.239 --> 00:02:48.309
the other giant planets the cause of


00:02:48.319 --> 00:02:50.550
this remains somewhat unclear


00:02:50.560 --> 00:02:52.869
determining any planet's rotational rate


00:02:52.879 --> 00:02:54.630
is challenging especially for a world


00:02:54.640 --> 00:02:56.070
like Uranus where direct measurements


00:02:56.080 --> 00:02:58.390
simply aren't possible so the authors


00:02:58.400 --> 00:03:00.150
developed an innovative method to track


00:03:00.160 --> 00:03:02.149
the rotational motion of Uranus's


00:03:02.159 --> 00:03:04.390
auroral activity the spectacular light


00:03:04.400 --> 00:03:05.910
displays generated in the upper


00:03:05.920 --> 00:03:07.990
atmosphere by the influx of energetic


00:03:08.000 --> 00:03:09.869
particles near the planet's magnetic


00:03:09.879 --> 00:03:12.229
poles this technique revealed that


00:03:12.239 --> 00:03:15.190
Uranus completes a full rotation in 17


00:03:15.200 --> 00:03:18.470
hours 14 minutes and 52 seconds now


00:03:18.480 --> 00:03:20.869
that's 28 seconds longer than the best


00:03:20.879 --> 00:03:22.949
estimate obtained by NASA's Voyager 2


00:03:22.959 --> 00:03:24.710
spacecraft during its flyby of the


00:03:24.720 --> 00:03:27.030
planet back in 1986


00:03:27.040 --> 00:03:29.270
the study's lead author Loren Lami from


00:03:29.280 --> 00:03:31.030
the Paris Observatory says these new


00:03:31.040 --> 00:03:32.630
measurements not only provide an


00:03:32.640 --> 00:03:34.229
essential reference for planetary


00:03:34.239 --> 00:03:35.830
scientists but also solves a


00:03:35.840 --> 00:03:37.589
long-standing issue the fact that


00:03:37.599 --> 00:03:39.509
previous coordinate systems based on the


00:03:39.519 --> 00:03:41.509
outdated rotational periods quickly


00:03:41.519 --> 00:03:43.750
became inaccurate making it impossible


00:03:43.760 --> 00:03:45.830
to track Uranus's magnetic poles over


00:03:45.840 --> 00:03:48.149
time but with this new longitudinal


00:03:48.159 --> 00:03:49.830
system astronomers will now be able to


00:03:49.840 --> 00:03:51.670
compare auroral observations spanning


00:03:51.680 --> 00:03:53.910
nearly 40 years and even plan for an


00:03:53.920 --> 00:03:56.390
upcoming Uranus mission the breakthrough


00:03:56.400 --> 00:03:58.309
was made possible thanks to Hubble's


00:03:58.319 --> 00:04:01.270
long-term monitoring of Uranus over more


00:04:01.280 --> 00:04:03.350
than a decade Hubble Space Telescope


00:04:03.360 --> 00:04:05.030
regularly observed its ultraviolet


00:04:05.040 --> 00:04:07.190
auroral missions enabling researchers to


00:04:07.200 --> 00:04:08.949
track the position of its magnetic poles


00:04:08.959 --> 00:04:11.190
with magnetic field models without


00:04:11.200 --> 00:04:13.030
Hubble's continuous observations it


00:04:13.040 --> 00:04:14.470
would have been impossible to detect the


00:04:14.480 --> 00:04:16.150
periodic signals with the level of


00:04:16.160 --> 00:04:18.949
accuracy needed see unlike the aurora of


00:04:18.959 --> 00:04:21.670
Earth Jupiter or Saturn Uranus's aurora


00:04:21.680 --> 00:04:23.590
behave in a unique and unpredictable


00:04:23.600 --> 00:04:25.510
manner this is due to the planet's


00:04:25.520 --> 00:04:27.350
highly tilted magnetic field which is


00:04:27.360 --> 00:04:29.469
significantly offset from its rotational


00:04:29.479 --> 00:04:31.749
axis the findings are not only helping


00:04:31.759 --> 00:04:33.670
astronomers better understand Uranus's


00:04:33.680 --> 00:04:35.270
magnetosphere but they'll also help


00:04:35.280 --> 00:04:37.430
provide vital information for a future


00:04:37.440 --> 00:04:39.830
Uranus mission the planetary science


00:04:39.840 --> 00:04:42.310
decal survey has already prioritized a


00:04:42.320 --> 00:04:44.310
NASA backed Uranus orbiter and probe


00:04:44.320 --> 00:04:47.270
mission for future planetary exploration


00:04:47.280 --> 00:04:51.110
this report from NASA TV


00:04:51.120 --> 00:04:53.030
uranus is the seventh planet from the


00:04:53.040 --> 00:04:55.270
sun and the third largest planet in the


00:04:55.280 --> 00:04:56.270
solar


00:04:56.280 --> 00:04:58.790
system it also may have the coldest


00:04:58.800 --> 00:05:01.430
interior emitting far less heat than its


00:05:01.440 --> 00:05:04.950
counterparts Jupiter Saturn and Neptune


00:05:04.960 --> 00:05:07.270
it is known as an ice giant because it


00:05:07.280 --> 00:05:09.749
contains more ices including water


00:05:09.759 --> 00:05:12.230
methane and ammonia than Jupiter or


00:05:12.240 --> 00:05:15.189
Saturn and while NASA's learned a great


00:05:15.199 --> 00:05:16.870
deal about this planet over the last


00:05:16.880 --> 00:05:19.110
three decades there's a lot more waiting


00:05:19.120 --> 00:05:20.670
to be


00:05:20.680 --> 00:05:24.629
discovered back in 1986 NASA's Voyager 2


00:05:24.639 --> 00:05:27.270
spacecraft flew by Uranus making it the


00:05:27.280 --> 00:05:29.510
first and only spacecraft to visit this


00:05:29.520 --> 00:05:30.990
distant


00:05:31.000 --> 00:05:33.590
planet previous observations showed that


00:05:33.600 --> 00:05:35.990
Uranus has a unique tilt of its axis so


00:05:36.000 --> 00:05:38.150
it rotates almost on its side causing


00:05:38.160 --> 00:05:40.710
its poles to actually face the sun no


00:05:40.720 --> 00:05:42.469
other planet in our solar system has


00:05:42.479 --> 00:05:43.710
this


00:05:43.720 --> 00:05:46.790
feature in its quick sprint past Uranus


00:05:46.800 --> 00:05:48.870
Voyager discovered 10 new moons orbiting


00:05:48.880 --> 00:05:51.029
the planet that had not been seen before


00:05:51.039 --> 00:05:53.270
and in the decades since even more have


00:05:53.280 --> 00:05:56.390
been found during its encounter Voyager


00:05:56.400 --> 00:05:58.629
also saw new faint rings and explored


00:05:58.639 --> 00:06:02.469
the complex magnetosphere


00:06:02.479 --> 00:06:04.629
voyager only briefly viewed the planet's


00:06:04.639 --> 00:06:08.870
five major moons ariel Miranda Titania


00:06:08.880 --> 00:06:11.990
Oberon and Umbreal these moons have a


00:06:12.000 --> 00:06:13.909
wide variety of terrains and geological


00:06:13.919 --> 00:06:16.390
features some of which indicate possible


00:06:16.400 --> 00:06:17.710
subsurface


00:06:17.720 --> 00:06:20.870
oceans small Miranda has chaotic terrain


00:06:20.880 --> 00:06:23.270
with deep canyons and tall mountains but


00:06:23.280 --> 00:06:25.909
is likely now frozen solid


00:06:25.919 --> 00:06:27.430
ariel appears to have the youngest


00:06:27.440 --> 00:06:30.150
surface with few impact craters while


00:06:30.160 --> 00:06:32.710
Titania has a very old surface the lack


00:06:32.720 --> 00:06:34.629
of large craters and presence of a large


00:06:34.639 --> 00:06:37.469
canyon system may indicate ancient


00:06:37.479 --> 00:06:39.909
resurfacing oberon is also covered with


00:06:39.919 --> 00:06:42.189
craters and has valleys and large


00:06:42.199 --> 00:06:44.390
mountains umbreel's surface is the


00:06:44.400 --> 00:06:46.550
darkest of the Iranian moons and it


00:06:46.560 --> 00:06:49.590
sports a strange polar ring the origin


00:06:49.600 --> 00:06:51.830
of this ring is still a mystery but


00:06:51.840 --> 00:06:53.350
scientists believe that it may have been


00:06:53.360 --> 00:06:55.050
formed by an icy


00:06:55.060 --> 00:06:56.110
[Music]


00:06:56.120 --> 00:06:58.870
impact since Voyager groundbased


00:06:58.880 --> 00:07:00.469
telescopes and the Hubble Space


00:07:00.479 --> 00:07:02.469
Telescope have played the leading role


00:07:02.479 --> 00:07:05.309
in our understanding of Uranus since


00:07:05.319 --> 00:07:07.830
1992 Hubble has watched the slowly


00:07:07.840 --> 00:07:10.070
changing uranian seasons including


00:07:10.080 --> 00:07:12.469
changes in its unusual pale blue color


00:07:12.479 --> 00:07:14.629
and polar hazes


00:07:14.639 --> 00:07:16.150
telescopes have also revealed that


00:07:16.160 --> 00:07:18.629
Uranus has a complex weather system with


00:07:18.639 --> 00:07:20.790
massive storms that can last for months


00:07:20.800 --> 00:07:26.270
or even years with wind speeds over 500


00:07:26.280 --> 00:07:29.110
mph the ongoing search for ocean worlds


00:07:29.120 --> 00:07:31.430
and life beyond Earth makes Uranus an


00:07:31.440 --> 00:07:33.350
exciting target for the James Web Space


00:07:33.360 --> 00:07:35.830
Telescope and for future uplose


00:07:35.840 --> 00:07:37.749
exploration


00:07:37.759 --> 00:07:39.350
new data will help scientists to


00:07:39.360 --> 00:07:41.029
understand the formation and evolution


00:07:41.039 --> 00:07:43.749
of Uranus as well as its moons and rings


00:07:43.759 --> 00:07:45.670
and provide clues as to whether liquid


00:07:45.680 --> 00:07:48.990
water may reside beneath their icy


00:07:49.000 --> 00:07:51.510
crusts the fascinating properties of


00:07:51.520 --> 00:07:53.510
this planet discovered in just the span


00:07:53.520 --> 00:07:55.830
of a few decades reveal that unlocking


00:07:55.840 --> 00:07:57.909
mysteries here can help scientists learn


00:07:57.919 --> 00:08:00.230
even more about our solar system and our


00:08:00.240 --> 00:08:02.790
place in it


00:08:02.800 --> 00:08:06.230
this is spaceime still to come a Russian


00:08:06.240 --> 00:08:07.830
Sawyer spacecraft arrives at the


00:08:07.840 --> 00:08:09.510
International Space Station with a new


00:08:09.520 --> 00:08:11.589
crew and we look at the dangers of going


00:08:11.599 --> 00:08:13.909
into space all that and more still to


00:08:13.919 --> 00:08:15.970
come on Spaceime


00:08:15.980 --> 00:08:22.230
[Music]




00:08:30.160 --> 00:08:31.670
a new crew has arrived aboard the


00:08:31.680 --> 00:08:33.269
international space station with a


00:08:33.279 --> 00:08:35.350
Russian soy use capsule successfully


00:08:35.360 --> 00:08:37.589
docking to the orbiting outpost the


00:08:37.599 --> 00:08:40.389
soyuse MS-27 spacecraft docked onto the


00:08:40.399 --> 00:08:42.949
Russian Pal modules Nadia port following


00:08:42.959 --> 00:08:45.509
a fasttrack rendevous of just 3 hours 10


00:08:45.519 --> 00:08:47.590
minutes and 28 seconds after launching


00:08:47.600 --> 00:08:49.670
aboard a Sawyer's 21A rocket from the


00:08:49.680 --> 00:08:51.990
Banor Cosmo Drrome in the Central Asian


00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:55.269
Republic of Kazakhstan the MS27's three


00:08:55.279 --> 00:08:57.030
crew members of two Russians and an


00:08:57.040 --> 00:08:59.030
American will spend eight months on


00:08:59.040 --> 00:09:02.150
station as part of the expedition 7273


00:09:02.160 --> 00:09:03.910
crew before returning to Earth in


00:09:03.920 --> 00:09:06.389
December during the crew's time in orbit


00:09:06.399 --> 00:09:08.190
they'll conduct more than 200


00:09:08.200 --> 00:09:10.230
experiments they'll also undertake


00:09:10.240 --> 00:09:12.150
ongoing maintenance work on the station


00:09:12.160 --> 00:09:14.230
systems and carry out at least one


00:09:14.240 --> 00:09:16.630
spacew walk following its docking the


00:09:16.640 --> 00:09:20.550
Soyuse MS-27 joins the Soyuse MS-26 the


00:09:20.560 --> 00:09:22.790
Dragon spacecraft endurance as well as


00:09:22.800 --> 00:09:25.910
the Progress MS29 and MS30 cargo ships


00:09:25.920 --> 00:09:27.829
as part of the space station's current


00:09:27.839 --> 00:09:30.790
compliment of visiting spacecraft this


00:09:30.800 --> 00:09:33.670
is spacetime still to come the dangers


00:09:33.680 --> 00:09:35.829
of going into space and later in the


00:09:35.839 --> 00:09:38.550
science report scientists develop a meat


00:09:38.560 --> 00:09:40.949
flavor in order to make lab grown meats


00:09:40.959 --> 00:09:43.190
more meatier all that and more still to


00:09:43.200 --> 00:09:44.810
come on


00:09:44.820 --> 00:09:59.230
[Music]


00:09:59.240 --> 00:10:01.670
Spaceime we all know that space is


00:10:01.680 --> 00:10:03.430
dangerous not just for satellites and


00:10:03.440 --> 00:10:06.070
spacecraft but also for people so


00:10:06.080 --> 00:10:08.470
exactly what are the dangers to better


00:10:08.480 --> 00:10:10.630
understand how the human body changes in


00:10:10.640 --> 00:10:12.630
space flight NASA and issa have been


00:10:12.640 --> 00:10:14.470
sending people into space on long


00:10:14.480 --> 00:10:17.350
duration missions in low Earth orbit the


00:10:17.360 --> 00:10:19.389
biggest change is the impact of


00:10:19.399 --> 00:10:21.590
microgravity because bones aren't


00:10:21.600 --> 00:10:23.269
carrying any weight and muscles don't


00:10:23.279 --> 00:10:25.350
need to work very hard bone density


00:10:25.360 --> 00:10:28.150
lowers and muscles weaken but there are


00:10:28.160 --> 00:10:31.110
also other changes the human eyeball for


00:10:31.120 --> 00:10:33.509
example changes its shape that affects


00:10:33.519 --> 00:10:35.910
vision fluids that normally occupy


00:10:35.920 --> 00:10:37.910
specific areas of the body under normal


00:10:37.920 --> 00:10:40.550
1g conditions end up moving into other


00:10:40.560 --> 00:10:42.710
areas meaning nausea and dizziness


00:10:42.720 --> 00:10:44.630
become a real issue for balance and


00:10:44.640 --> 00:10:46.389
astronauts always feel as if they've got


00:10:46.399 --> 00:10:48.630
a head cold and of course the further


00:10:48.640 --> 00:10:50.550
away you are from Earth's atmosphere and


00:10:50.560 --> 00:10:52.389
protective magnetospheric shield the


00:10:52.399 --> 00:10:53.949
greater the risk of


00:10:53.959 --> 00:10:56.470
radiation apollo crew on deep space


00:10:56.480 --> 00:10:58.310
missions to the moon reported seeing


00:10:58.320 --> 00:11:01.030
sudden flashes of light it turns out


00:11:01.040 --> 00:11:03.030
these were cosmic rays penetrating their


00:11:03.040 --> 00:11:05.269
eyeballs and all these issues and more


00:11:05.279 --> 00:11:07.350
will amplify as humans venture deeper


00:11:07.360 --> 00:11:09.509
into space returning to the moon on the


00:11:09.519 --> 00:11:11.990
Artemus missions this time to stay there


00:11:12.000 --> 00:11:14.069
and later on even longer missions to the


00:11:14.079 --> 00:11:16.389
red planet Mars and beyond and that's


00:11:16.399 --> 00:11:18.630
probably only a decade or so away


00:11:18.640 --> 00:11:20.710
biological and physical sciences expert


00:11:20.720 --> 00:11:23.030
Lisa Carnell from NASA says despite more


00:11:23.040 --> 00:11:25.110
than 60 years of human space flight


00:11:25.120 --> 00:11:27.190
there's still so much we still don't


00:11:27.200 --> 00:11:29.990
know what are the dangers of going into


00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:32.310
space for human space flight the first


00:11:32.320 --> 00:11:35.030
thing I think about is the astronauts


00:11:35.040 --> 00:11:37.190
actually strapping themselves to a


00:11:37.200 --> 00:11:39.350
rocket and if that isn't dangerous


00:11:39.360 --> 00:11:42.069
enough once they launch and they're out


00:11:42.079 --> 00:11:45.350
into space in deep exploration we have


00:11:45.360 --> 00:11:48.389
to worry about radiation radiation is


00:11:48.399 --> 00:11:50.550
coming at them from all directions from


00:11:50.560 --> 00:11:53.110
the sun we have solar particles we have


00:11:53.120 --> 00:11:55.750
galactic cosmic rays that are all over


00:11:55.760 --> 00:11:58.790
in the universe and those cause damage


00:11:58.800 --> 00:12:02.550
to DNA on Earth here we use sunscreen to


00:12:02.560 --> 00:12:04.949
protect us from DNA damage our


00:12:04.959 --> 00:12:06.550
astronauts are protected from the


00:12:06.560 --> 00:12:08.150
shielding that's around them in the


00:12:08.160 --> 00:12:10.389
space vehicles we also have to worry


00:12:10.399 --> 00:12:13.509
about microgravity so what happens there


00:12:13.519 --> 00:12:15.750
we see a lot of bone and muscle loss in


00:12:15.760 --> 00:12:18.550
our astronauts and so to prevent this we


00:12:18.560 --> 00:12:21.190
actually have the astronauts exercising


00:12:21.200 --> 00:12:24.470
for hours every day and of course we


00:12:24.480 --> 00:12:26.550
don't want to run out of food on a space


00:12:26.560 --> 00:12:28.710
exploration mission so we want to make


00:12:28.720 --> 00:12:30.550
sure that we have everything that the


00:12:30.560 --> 00:12:32.629
astronauts need to take with them to


00:12:32.639 --> 00:12:34.550
make sure that we can sustain them there


00:12:34.560 --> 00:12:36.949
are many risks associated with human


00:12:36.959 --> 00:12:39.509
space exploration nasa's been planning


00:12:39.519 --> 00:12:41.590
for these missions to make our


00:12:41.600 --> 00:12:45.269
astronauts return home safely


00:12:45.279 --> 00:12:46.800
this is


00:12:46.810 --> 00:13:01.150
[Music]


00:13:01.160 --> 00:13:03.590
spacetime and time now to take another


00:13:03.600 --> 00:13:04.870
brief look at some of the other stories


00:13:04.880 --> 00:13:06.550
making news in science this week with


00:13:06.560 --> 00:13:09.350
the science report a new study has shown


00:13:09.360 --> 00:13:11.430
that the shingles vaccine reduces the


00:13:11.440 --> 00:13:14.629
probability of dementia by up to 20% the


00:13:14.639 --> 00:13:16.470
findings reported in the journal nature


00:13:16.480 --> 00:13:18.629
are based on a large scale Welsh study


00:13:18.639 --> 00:13:20.550
looking at people born after the 2nd of


00:13:20.560 --> 00:13:23.269
September 1933 who were eligible for a


00:13:23.279 --> 00:13:25.910
shingles vaccination now these were then


00:13:25.920 --> 00:13:27.910
compared with people born before that


00:13:27.920 --> 00:13:30.069
date who weren't eligible the study


00:13:30.079 --> 00:13:31.670
allowed researchers to compare two


00:13:31.680 --> 00:13:33.350
different groups who differed in age but


00:13:33.360 --> 00:13:35.590
just a few weeks and when they compared


00:13:35.600 --> 00:13:37.430
new dementia diagnoses between the


00:13:37.440 --> 00:13:39.430
vaccine eligible and the ineligible


00:13:39.440 --> 00:13:41.190
populations they found that receiving


00:13:41.200 --> 00:13:43.190
the vaccine decreased the likelihood of


00:13:43.200 --> 00:13:44.949
being diagnosed with dementia during the


00:13:44.959 --> 00:13:47.269
7-year follow-up study period by around


00:13:47.279 --> 00:13:49.310
a fifth or


00:13:49.320 --> 00:13:51.750
20% if you're one of those people who


00:13:51.760 --> 00:13:53.670
don't like to kill animals just so you


00:13:53.680 --> 00:13:55.910
can have a tasty meal lab grown meat has


00:13:55.920 --> 00:13:57.590
become one of the big items on your


00:13:57.600 --> 00:14:00.150
grocery bill and its use has come a long


00:14:00.160 --> 00:14:01.509
way in terms of looking like


00:14:01.519 --> 00:14:04.550
recognizable dishes but some say flavor


00:14:04.560 --> 00:14:07.430
hasn't quite kept up now a report in the


00:14:07.440 --> 00:14:09.350
journal Nature Communications claims


00:14:09.360 --> 00:14:11.350
Korean researchers may have solved this


00:14:11.360 --> 00:14:13.350
problem they've developed what they're


00:14:13.360 --> 00:14:15.269
calling a meaty flavor and it can be


00:14:15.279 --> 00:14:17.150
released by cooking the food at specific


00:14:17.160 --> 00:14:19.269
temperatures the authors designed a


00:14:19.279 --> 00:14:21.189
temperature responsive scaffold for the


00:14:21.199 --> 00:14:23.110
meat where a switchable flavor compound


00:14:23.120 --> 00:14:25.350
is mixed into a gelatinous base and when


00:14:25.360 --> 00:14:28.710
heated up to over 150° C releases a


00:14:28.720 --> 00:14:31.509
tasty meatiness flavor however there is


00:14:31.519 --> 00:14:33.910
one problem the authors haven't actually


00:14:33.920 --> 00:14:36.790
chowed down on the new meaty flavor yet


00:14:36.800 --> 00:14:38.389
instead they've confirmed the flavor


00:14:38.399 --> 00:14:40.470
using an electronic nose and chemical


00:14:40.480 --> 00:14:42.550
analysis of its smell and all that


00:14:42.560 --> 00:14:44.470
suggests the flavor profile is very


00:14:44.480 --> 00:14:46.750
similar to that of grilled


00:14:46.760 --> 00:14:49.670
beef chemtrail conspiracy theorists are


00:14:49.680 --> 00:14:51.990
getting desperate they're now using AI


00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:54.230
to modify TV interviews in order to


00:14:54.240 --> 00:14:56.949
promote their pseudoscientific beliefs


00:14:56.959 --> 00:14:59.110
tim Mendum from Australian Skeptic says


00:14:59.120 --> 00:15:01.670
a segment from Australia's network 10


00:15:01.680 --> 00:15:03.509
which featured skeptic Ken Mloud


00:15:03.519 --> 00:15:05.350
debunking the chemtrail myth is the


00:15:05.360 --> 00:15:07.670
latest victim of this trend this is a


00:15:07.680 --> 00:15:10.230
classic case of the awful use of AI this


00:15:10.240 --> 00:15:12.389
was a TV show the morning program that


00:15:12.399 --> 00:15:14.870
was pretty much a tabloid type thing


00:15:14.880 --> 00:15:16.629
mixture of sort of gossip and rumor and


00:15:16.639 --> 00:15:18.870
advertorials and that sort of thing


00:15:18.880 --> 00:15:20.470
hitting programs channel 10 are known


00:15:20.480 --> 00:15:21.910
for yeah yeah this is probably one of


00:15:21.920 --> 00:15:23.269
the hardest hitting programs to have


00:15:23.279 --> 00:15:24.710
which is looking at chemtrails right


00:15:24.720 --> 00:15:27.110
which is a fairly out there theory that


00:15:27.120 --> 00:15:29.030
the government is dropping all sorts of


00:15:29.040 --> 00:15:32.310
chemicals or uh chips or something into


00:15:32.320 --> 00:15:35.189
the atmosphere from planes to pollute us


00:15:35.199 --> 00:15:37.189
all or control our brains or whatever


00:15:37.199 --> 00:15:38.790
you drive us crazy whatever it's a


00:15:38.800 --> 00:15:40.629
strange one cuz there's a lot of lot of


00:15:40.639 --> 00:15:42.470
loopholes of course in reality it's


00:15:42.480 --> 00:15:44.470
simply the condensation of water vapor


00:15:44.480 --> 00:15:46.230
in the air caused by the disturbance of


00:15:46.240 --> 00:15:47.829
the passing plane that's right and


00:15:47.839 --> 00:15:49.749
normally titled contrails or


00:15:49.759 --> 00:15:51.350
condensation trails people just see


00:15:51.360 --> 00:15:52.790
these little clouds in the sky following


00:15:52.800 --> 00:15:54.310
planes and some people assume it's sort


00:15:54.320 --> 00:15:55.590
of like crop dusting that they're


00:15:55.600 --> 00:15:56.870
dropping all sorts of strange things


00:15:56.880 --> 00:15:58.550
anyway a story on this channel 10


00:15:58.560 --> 00:16:00.470
program TV channel 10 program was


00:16:00.480 --> 00:16:02.069
looking at chemtrails and the opening


00:16:02.079 --> 00:16:03.749
blurbs describe them as conspiracy


00:16:03.759 --> 00:16:05.829
theory allegations blah blah blah now


00:16:05.839 --> 00:16:07.350
the people who promote chemtrails and


00:16:07.360 --> 00:16:08.949
there was one of them on this program


00:16:08.959 --> 00:16:10.550
along with a skeptic who was debunking


00:16:10.560 --> 00:16:11.829
what he was saying but the people who


00:16:11.839 --> 00:16:13.590
were in favor of chemtrails weren't too


00:16:13.600 --> 00:16:15.110
pleased with the fact that this TV


00:16:15.120 --> 00:16:16.790
station is saying "Uh-huh probably not


00:16:16.800 --> 00:16:19.030
true." So they took the clip of the host


00:16:19.040 --> 00:16:21.269
of the program and they dubbed over her


00:16:21.279 --> 00:16:23.030
words saying chemtrails are true


00:16:23.040 --> 00:16:24.710
chemtrails are affecting us here's the


00:16:24.720 --> 00:16:26.470
horror story trying to sort of lip sync


00:16:26.480 --> 00:16:28.230
the lips which is not always great on AI


00:16:28.240 --> 00:16:29.670
but the voices are getting very good


00:16:29.680 --> 00:16:31.590
these days so it's a video clip put on


00:16:31.600 --> 00:16:33.590
Facebook this phony sort of dialogue


00:16:33.600 --> 00:16:35.670
phony voice over and then they cut to


00:16:35.680 --> 00:16:37.590
the chemtrail promoter who was on the


00:16:37.600 --> 00:16:39.509
program stating his case conveniently


00:16:39.519 --> 00:16:41.509
they leave off the skeptic who was sort


00:16:41.519 --> 00:16:44.470
of debunking all those it's a total fake


00:16:44.480 --> 00:16:46.310
bad as a fake can get when you think


00:16:46.320 --> 00:16:48.550
about it it's so dishonest that I'm


00:16:48.560 --> 00:16:50.230
surprised it doesn't border on criminal


00:16:50.240 --> 00:16:52.870
yet i mean in a way it does if you've if


00:16:52.880 --> 00:16:54.389
Angela Bishop who's the journalist


00:16:54.399 --> 00:16:55.990
involved has been misrepresented and


00:16:56.000 --> 00:16:57.670
clearly she has I think there's a


00:16:57.680 --> 00:16:59.509
there's a good case for legal action oh


00:16:59.519 --> 00:17:00.870
yeah i mean the trouble is trying to


00:17:00.880 --> 00:17:02.389
track down who actually did it is the


00:17:02.399 --> 00:17:03.430
problem i mean there's all sorts of


00:17:03.440 --> 00:17:05.270
fakes out there the sort of noted


00:17:05.280 --> 00:17:07.189
figures supposedly promoting financial


00:17:07.199 --> 00:17:09.029
schemes and I know that the patron of


00:17:09.039 --> 00:17:10.870
Australian skeptics Dick Smith who's a


00:17:10.880 --> 00:17:13.110
millionaire he's had his vision used and


00:17:13.120 --> 00:17:15.350
a voice over that sounds remarkably like


00:17:15.360 --> 00:17:17.189
his real voice stating this um


00:17:17.199 --> 00:17:19.350
endorsement of this shony financial


00:17:19.360 --> 00:17:20.630
scheme that's sort of designed to get


00:17:20.640 --> 00:17:22.069
people's money in and sort of probably


00:17:22.079 --> 00:17:23.990
probably give no return for it it's


00:17:24.000 --> 00:17:25.029
happening a lot it's happening


00:17:25.039 --> 00:17:26.870
increasingly so it's dangerous it's


00:17:26.880 --> 00:17:28.150
going to be a great excuse for


00:17:28.160 --> 00:17:29.590
politicians in the future though isn't


00:17:29.600 --> 00:17:31.430
it well it already is yeah that's not me


00:17:31.440 --> 00:17:33.430
that's fake news that's a fake video and


00:17:33.440 --> 00:17:34.950
some of them are totally fake videos the


00:17:34.960 --> 00:17:36.710
image is fake and the and the voice over


00:17:36.720 --> 00:17:38.470
the audio is fake so this is


00:17:38.480 --> 00:17:40.630
unfortunately a big danger of things so


00:17:40.640 --> 00:17:41.909
therefore it's hard enough to say to


00:17:41.919 --> 00:17:43.350
people from a skeptic don't always


00:17:43.360 --> 00:17:45.029
believe what you see look into it


00:17:45.039 --> 00:17:46.549
closely but here if you got an image of


00:17:46.559 --> 00:17:48.390
someone who is a genuine image in this


00:17:48.400 --> 00:17:50.230
case with a false voice although it


00:17:50.240 --> 00:17:51.909
sounds like their voice stating a case


00:17:51.919 --> 00:17:53.909
which they never stated it is an issue


00:17:53.919 --> 00:17:55.270
the major issue is not just a silly


00:17:55.280 --> 00:17:56.950
little thing it actually becomes quite


00:17:56.960 --> 00:17:58.630
serious and the implications of this are


00:17:58.640 --> 00:17:59.990
huge it's certainly one of the dangers


00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:01.990
of AI that these things can happen this


00:18:02.000 --> 00:18:03.669
should go under existing consumer


00:18:03.679 --> 00:18:05.909
affairs law it's liable slander misuse


00:18:05.919 --> 00:18:07.750
of information image theft it's data


00:18:07.760 --> 00:18:09.350
theft it's all sorts of things so this


00:18:09.360 --> 00:18:11.669
one should be already available if they


00:18:11.679 --> 00:18:13.270
bother to follow up on it and that's the


00:18:13.280 --> 00:18:14.950
problem that's Tim Minham from


00:18:14.960 --> 00:18:18.460
Australian Skeptics


00:18:18.470 --> 00:18:26.650
[Music]




00:18:31.760 --> 00:18:34.789
and that's the show for now spacetime is


00:18:34.799 --> 00:18:36.630
available every Monday Wednesday and


00:18:36.640 --> 00:18:39.270
Friday through Apple Podcasts iTunes


00:18:39.280 --> 00:18:42.070
Stitcher Google Podcast Pocketcasts


00:18:42.080 --> 00:18:46.230
Spotify Acast Amazon Music Bites.com


00:18:46.240 --> 00:18:49.029
SoundCloud YouTube your favorite podcast


00:18:49.039 --> 00:18:50.710
download provider and from


00:18:50.720 --> 00:18:53.510
spaceimewithstartgary.com


00:18:53.520 --> 00:18:55.270
spacetime's also broadcast through the


00:18:55.280 --> 00:18:57.270
National Science Foundation on Science


00:18:57.280 --> 00:19:00.070
Zone Radio and on both iHeart Radio and


00:19:00.080 --> 00:19:02.710
TuneIn Radio and you can help to support


00:19:02.720 --> 00:19:05.029
our show by visiting the Spacetime store


00:19:05.039 --> 00:19:07.110
for a range of promotional merchandising


00:19:07.120 --> 00:19:09.590
goodies or by becoming a Spacetime


00:19:09.600 --> 00:19:11.750
patron which gives you access to triple


00:19:11.760 --> 00:19:13.590
episode commercial free versions of the


00:19:13.600 --> 00:19:15.750
show as well as lots of bonus audio


00:19:15.760 --> 00:19:17.750
content which doesn't go to air access


00:19:17.760 --> 00:19:19.830
to our exclusive Facebook group and


00:19:19.840 --> 00:19:22.830
other rewards just go to


00:19:22.840 --> 00:19:25.830
spaceimewithstgarry.com for full details


00:19:25.840 --> 00:19:27.590
you've been listening to Spacetime with


00:19:27.600 --> 00:19:29.990
Stuart Garry this has been another


00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:34.760
quality podcast production from byes.com