Uranus’ Atmospheric Mysteries Unveiled, Space Junk Crisis Deepens

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is Spacetime Series 28 episode 44


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for broadcast on the 11th of April


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2025 coming up on Spaceime new insights


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in the atmosphere of Uranus the 2025


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space environment report on space junk


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and NASA and Boeing preparing for a new


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round of Starlininer testing all that


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and more coming up on Spaceime


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welcome to Spaceime with Stuart Garry


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[Music]


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astronomers have uncovered new insights


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into the atmospheric composition


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dynamics of the mysterious planet Uranus


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the findings are based on two decades


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worth of observations of the ice giant


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by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope uranus


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is a strange world traveling around the


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sun tipped on its side rotating at a


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nearly 90° angle from the plane of its


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orbit it's the seventh planet from the


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sun and the third largest planet in the


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solar system about four times the size


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of the Earth uranus is surrounded by a


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faint ring system and is more than two


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dozen small moons the new Hubble results


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will help astronomers better understand


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how the atmosphere of Uranus works and


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how it responds to changing sunlight


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these long-term observations provide


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valuable data for understanding


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atmospheric dynamics when Voyager 2 flew


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past Uranus back in 1986 it provided a


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close-up snapshot of the sideways world


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we know that Uranus's atmosphere is


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mostly hydrogen and helium with small


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amounts of methane and traces of water


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and ammonia the methane gives Uranus its


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cyan color by absorbing the red


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wavelengths of sunlight what Voyer 2 saw


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resembled a bland blue green billyard


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ball by comparison Hubble chronicled a


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20ear story of seasonal changes between


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2002 and


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2022 over that period scientists used


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Hubble spectrograph to develop an


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accurate picture of the atmospheric


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structure of the planet they observed


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Uranus four times in 2002 in 2012 in


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2015 and again in 2022 finding that


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unlike conditions on the gas giant


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Saturn and Jupiter methane isn't


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uniformly distributed across Uranus


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instead it's strongly depleted near the


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poles and this depletion remained


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relatively constant over the two decades


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however the planet's aerosol and haze


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structure change dramatically


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brightening significantly as the


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northern polar region of the planet


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approaches the northern summer solstice


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in 2030 uranus takes a little over 84


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Earth years to complete each orbit


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around the sun so over the two decades


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the Hubble team have really only seen


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the northern spring as the sun moves


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from shining directly over Uranus's


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equator towards shining almost directly


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over its north pole in 2030 the Hubble


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observations are suggesting complex


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atmospheric circulation patterns on


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Uranus during this period the data


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that's most sensitive to methane


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distribution indicates a downwelling in


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the polar regions and an upwelling in


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other areas over the years the authors


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watched the seasons of Uranus as the


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south pole region darkened going into a


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winter shadow while the northern polar


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region brightened as it began to come


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into a more direct view as the northern


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hemisphere summer approaches at middle


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and lower latitudes aerosols and methane


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depletion have their own latitudinal


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structure that mostly didn't change over


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the two decades of observations however


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in the polar regions aerosols and


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methane depletion behave very


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differently the aerosols near the north


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pole displayed a dramatic increase


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showing up as very dark during the early


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northern spring and turning very bright


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in more recent years aerosols also seem


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to disappear as the solar radiation


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disappeared and this is evidence that


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solar radiation is changing the aerosol


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haze in the atmosphere on the other hand


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methane depletion appears to stay quite


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high in both polar regions throughout


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the observing period needless to say


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astronomers will continue to observe


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Uranus as the planet approaches its


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northern hemisphere summer this is


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spaceime still to come the European


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Space Ay's 2025 space environment report


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and NASA and Boeing prepare for a new


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round of testing of the troubled


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Starlininer spacecraft all that and more


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still to come on Spaceime


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[Music]


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the European Space Agency has released


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its latest space environment report


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warning of the ever growing problem of


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space junk orbiting the Earth our planet


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is surrounded by spacecraft carrying out


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important work to study our changing


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climate deliver global communications


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and navigation services and help answer


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important scientific questions the


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problem is some of their orbits are


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getting really crowded and increasingly


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churning with deadly fastmoving pieces


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of defunct satellites and rockets that


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threaten operational spacecraft since


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2017 the European Space Agency Space


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Debris Office has published an annual


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space environment report in order to


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provide a transparent overview of global


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space activities and determine just how


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well international debris reduction


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measures are working to try and improve


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the long-term sustainability of space


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flight the 2025 report says intact


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satellites and rocket bodies are now


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re-entering the Earth's atmosphere on


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average more than three times a day


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however still not enough satellites are


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programmed to leave heavily congested


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orbits at the end of their lives thereby


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creating an increased risk of collision


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in fact 2024 saw several major


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fragmentation events as well as many


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smaller ones together these have added


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thousands of new debris objects into


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space underlying the need for prevention


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by implementing pacivation and reduced


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orbit lifetime measures the report says


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that even without any additional


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launches the amount of space debris will


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simply keep growing that's because of


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fragmentation events as spacecraft


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collide that results in new debris


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objects building up faster than debris


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can naturally reenter the


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atmosphere the United States is


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currently tracking well over 20,000


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artificial objects in orbit above the


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Earth now of these only about 4,000 are


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operational satellites with the rest


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being disused spacecraft spent rocket


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stages and larger segments of space junk


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big enough to be tracked from the ground


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and current estimates suggest that there


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are probably more than 200 million bits


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of space junk a few centimeters or less


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in size orbiting the Earth now all these


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objects are traveling at orbital speeds


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of 28,000 km an hour


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one of the biggest fears are cascade


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events where satellites spent rocket


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stages or bits of space junk slam into


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each other creating more shrapnel and


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space junk which then slams into other


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spacecraft creating even more space


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debris and so on ultimately the Earth


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could face what's known as a Kesler


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syndrome first proposed by NASA


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scientist Donald Kesler back in 1978 the


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Kesler syndrome involves a runaway chain


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reaction of collisions exponentially


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increasing the amount of debris clouds


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orbiting the Earth to the point where


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the distribution of debris could render


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space activities and the use of


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satellites in specific orbital ranges


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impractical for


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generations and it's not that


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far-fetched the International Space


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Station is regularly forced to change


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orbit to avoid space junk with crews


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needing to seek refuge inside dock


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capsules in the event of a collision and


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the potential need to undertake


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emergency escape back to Earth spacew


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walking astronauts have also recorded


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impact damage to the orbiting outpost


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and returning spacecraft have also shown


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evidence of debris impact caused while


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in orbit and it's all been happening


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very quickly the first major recorded


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satellite collision was back on February


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the 10th


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2009 that's when the 560 kg Aridium 33


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telecommunications satellite collided


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with a deactivated 950 kg Russian Cosmos


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2251 satellite the collision occurred


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some 800 km over Siberia at a relative


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speed of 11.7 km/s that's about


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42,120 kmh destroying both spacecraft in


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January 2020 the DIS used Russian Cosmos


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2491 spy satellite was suddenly hit by a


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piece of space junk shattering it into


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at least 10 major fragments but to date


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the worst incident polluting space with


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deadly shrapnel wasn't an accident but


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deliberate back on January the 11th 2007


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China conducted an anti-satellite


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missile test using a DF-21 ballistic


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missile launched from the Xia satellite


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launch center to deliberately blow up a


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disused Chinese weather satellite for no


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other reason than in order to


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demonstrate to the rest of the world


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that they could do it the missile


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slammed headon into the 750 kg Fanggy


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Yong FY1C Weather Satellite at an


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altitude of 865 km traveling at 8 km/s


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and smashing both spacecraft into a


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massive debris cloud containing hundreds


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of thousands of bits of shrapnel the


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event remains the largest recorded


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creation of space junk in history with


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well over 2,000 pieces of trackablesiz


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space debris cataloged in the immediate


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aftermath beijing was condemned by other


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nations including the United States


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Britain Japan Russia and Australia for


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their actions which dramatically


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worsened the problem of space junk and


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increased the dangers it posed to both


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people and spacecraft and those fears


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proved justified on January the 22nd


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2013 when a Russian laser ranging


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satellite was struck by debris from the


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2007 Chinese missile test damaging the


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spacecraft and changing both its orbit


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and spin rate this summary of the 2025


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space environment report from ISA TV


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humanity has a littering habit from the


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deep sea up into the sky space debris is


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now a wellestablished problem around 70%


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of the 20,000 satellites ever launched


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remain in space today orbiting alongside


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hundreds of millions of fragments left


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behind by collisions explosions and


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intentional destruction and the outlook


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is worsening year on year for each


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satellite ISA has to perform twice as


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many collision avoidance maneuvers than


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it did 10 years ago with some operators


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reporting two such maneuvers per month


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per satellite but the challenge we face


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now is nothing compared to what is to


00:10:33.640 --> 00:10:36.949
come a new era is here the commercial


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space race access to space has become


00:10:39.600 --> 00:10:41.990
faster easier and cheaper and vast


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constellations of satellites are


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dominating entire orbits on a first come


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first serve basis current predictions


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indicate that by 2030 the number of


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active satellites orbiting our planet


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could reach


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100,000 every additional satellite burns


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new rocket emissions increases collision


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risks and stains the skies for


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astronomy humanity's exploitation


00:11:07.519 --> 00:11:10.150
threatens a common inheritance a common


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benefit a cycle we are not unfamiliar


00:11:12.880 --> 00:11:14.389
with


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international regulations and space


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debris mitigation measures are limited


00:11:18.079 --> 00:11:19.750
and we are only just beginning to see


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the consequences of this new complex and


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unregulated mix of institutional and


00:11:24.640 --> 00:11:27.910
commercial space activity so is this a


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crisis in some orbits yes above 800 km


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we cannot rely on the atmosphere to pull


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down debris for disposal once these high


00:11:36.480 --> 00:11:38.069
altitude orbits have been littered with


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shrapnel there is no going back the


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problem is cumulative and with our


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current level of technology irreversible


00:11:46.320 --> 00:11:48.389
application specific orbits such as the


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geostationary ring are simply


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irreplaceable the satellites that enable


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our modern lives are at risk from


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navigation for global transport to time


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synchronization for banking and finance


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telecommunications climate monitoring


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air traffic control and international


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communication we need space now more


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than ever to address the climate crisis


00:12:09.200 --> 00:12:11.750
and predict extreme weather events


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sudden damage to these satellites could


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lead to blackouts and breakdowns with


00:12:15.600 --> 00:12:16.990
unforeseen


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consequences a catastrophic chain


00:12:19.200 --> 00:12:21.990
reaction is not just a possibility it is


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already underway in some orbital regions


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our behavior really could see us run out


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of


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space space has so much value beyond


00:12:30.880 --> 00:12:32.870
satellite services it has been an


00:12:32.880 --> 00:12:34.389
integral part of our culture for


00:12:34.399 --> 00:12:36.470
millennia entangled throughout our


00:12:36.480 --> 00:12:38.790
science and philosophies our religions


00:12:38.800 --> 00:12:39.629
and


00:12:39.639 --> 00:12:41.990
mythologies overwhelming our skies with


00:12:42.000 --> 00:12:43.590
satellites is putting groundbased


00:12:43.600 --> 00:12:45.670
astronomy and worldwide social and


00:12:45.680 --> 00:12:48.069
cultural uses of space at risk all


00:12:48.079 --> 00:12:50.230
future generations deserve to wonder at


00:12:50.240 --> 00:12:52.389
the night skies just as our ancestors


00:12:52.399 --> 00:12:54.949
have before us the stakes are high the


00:12:54.959 --> 00:12:57.190
challenge is daunting but there is still


00:12:57.200 --> 00:12:58.949
so much we can do to ensure a


00:12:58.959 --> 00:13:01.670
sustainable future isa is imposing


00:13:01.680 --> 00:13:03.350
stricter rules on itself with the goal


00:13:03.360 --> 00:13:05.629
of becoming debris neutral by


00:13:05.639 --> 00:13:08.629
2030 the agency is reducing the maximum


00:13:08.639 --> 00:13:10.310
time that its satellites can spend in


00:13:10.320 --> 00:13:11.990
orbit after the end of their mission


00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:15.269
from 25 years to 5 and developing more


00:13:15.279 --> 00:13:17.269
reliable methods for depleting excess


00:13:17.279 --> 00:13:19.110
fuel and battery power to minimize


00:13:19.120 --> 00:13:22.069
explosion risk isa is also designing


00:13:22.079 --> 00:13:23.829
measures to preserve dark and quiet


00:13:23.839 --> 00:13:25.829
skies by minimizing the impact of


00:13:25.839 --> 00:13:28.550
satellites on optical infrared and radio


00:13:28.560 --> 00:13:31.509
astronomy but space exploration is a


00:13:31.519 --> 00:13:33.350
global endeavor for the shared benefit


00:13:33.360 --> 00:13:34.110
of


00:13:34.120 --> 00:13:36.470
humankind the long-term sustainability


00:13:36.480 --> 00:13:38.710
of space will require action and change


00:13:38.720 --> 00:13:41.590
from both traditional and new players


00:13:41.600 --> 00:13:43.750
together the Zero Debris community is


00:13:43.760 --> 00:13:45.190
working on new principles and


00:13:45.200 --> 00:13:47.110
technologies for minimizing the creation


00:13:47.120 --> 00:13:49.509
of new space debris and improving our


00:13:49.519 --> 00:13:52.230
ability to track monitor and avoid the


00:13:52.240 --> 00:13:55.350
debris already in orbit isa is also


00:13:55.360 --> 00:13:57.189
working to establish the concept of an


00:13:57.199 --> 00:13:59.750
orbital capacity this would evaluate the


00:13:59.760 --> 00:14:02.150
space debris generation risk associated


00:14:02.160 --> 00:14:04.790
with new and existing missions to help


00:14:04.800 --> 00:14:06.870
guide safe and sustainable operations


00:14:06.880 --> 00:14:10.389
now and in the future ultimately ISA


00:14:10.399 --> 00:14:11.829
aims to treat Earth's orbital


00:14:11.839 --> 00:14:13.670
environment like an international nature


00:14:13.680 --> 00:14:15.910
reserve what you bring in with you you


00:14:15.920 --> 00:14:17.910
must take out when you are done and to


00:14:17.920 --> 00:14:20.230
encourage others to do the same in the


00:14:20.240 --> 00:14:21.590
orbits where a chain reaction of


00:14:21.600 --> 00:14:23.110
collisions and breakups has already


00:14:23.120 --> 00:14:25.670
begun active debris removal will be


00:14:25.680 --> 00:14:28.389
essential to prepare for this ISSA will


00:14:28.399 --> 00:14:30.470
begin to equip missions with systems to


00:14:30.480 --> 00:14:32.230
assist their removal if they are unable


00:14:32.240 --> 00:14:34.710
to remove themselves from orbit true


00:14:34.720 --> 00:14:37.269
sustainability is complex and rushed


00:14:37.279 --> 00:14:39.269
solutions risk creating the problem of


00:14:39.279 --> 00:14:41.910
burden shifting solving one problem can


00:14:41.920 --> 00:14:44.790
sometimes create another for example the


00:14:44.800 --> 00:14:46.790
metals and chemicals used in satellites


00:14:46.800 --> 00:14:48.790
are released during re-entry and the


00:14:48.800 --> 00:14:50.310
impact that they have on the environment


00:14:50.320 --> 00:14:52.870
is an accelerating area of research for


00:14:52.880 --> 00:14:54.790
objects that reach the ground the


00:14:54.800 --> 00:14:56.310
current best practice is to let them


00:14:56.320 --> 00:14:58.069
pollute the ocean to avoid human


00:14:58.079 --> 00:15:01.110
casualty risk so how can our use of


00:15:01.120 --> 00:15:03.590
space ever be sustainable space is


00:15:03.600 --> 00:15:05.670
currently a linear economy one that


00:15:05.680 --> 00:15:07.350
starts with the construction of rockets


00:15:07.360 --> 00:15:09.910
and satellites and ends with debris the


00:15:09.920 --> 00:15:11.430
ultimate solution would be the creation


00:15:11.440 --> 00:15:13.590
of a sustainable circular economy in


00:15:13.600 --> 00:15:16.310
orbit to achieve this solutions such as


00:15:16.320 --> 00:15:19.030
inorbit servicing refueling or reusing


00:15:19.040 --> 00:15:21.509
existing satellite platforms or more


00:15:21.519 --> 00:15:23.590
ambitious and futuristic solutions such


00:15:23.600 --> 00:15:26.069
as orbiting recycling stations will be


00:15:26.079 --> 00:15:28.389
necessary if humankind wishes to


00:15:28.399 --> 00:15:30.870
establish itself in Earth orbit or even


00:15:30.880 --> 00:15:32.949
at the moon Mars and beyond for


00:15:32.959 --> 00:15:35.829
centuries to come this is our chance to


00:15:35.839 --> 00:15:38.550
build healthy practices in space our


00:15:38.560 --> 00:15:41.110
time to act already came and now the


00:15:41.120 --> 00:15:43.350
clock is ticking our world could look


00:15:43.360 --> 00:15:45.110
vastly different if our measure of


00:15:45.120 --> 00:15:46.870
success was maintaining a healthy


00:15:46.880 --> 00:15:48.350
balanced relationship with an


00:15:48.360 --> 00:15:51.269
environment pollution isn't inevitable


00:15:51.279 --> 00:15:53.110
but the choices we make today will


00:15:53.120 --> 00:15:55.030
determine access to resources for


00:15:55.040 --> 00:15:57.430
generations to come let's build good


00:15:57.440 --> 00:15:59.829
habits on and around the pale blue dot


00:15:59.839 --> 00:16:02.870
that future generations can be proud of


00:16:02.880 --> 00:16:05.430
habits that humankind can carry with it


00:16:05.440 --> 00:16:07.949
out into the solar system this is


00:16:07.959 --> 00:16:11.030
spaceime still to come NASA and Boeing


00:16:11.040 --> 00:16:12.949
prepare for a new round of Starlininer


00:16:12.959 --> 00:16:15.269
testing and later in the science report


00:16:15.279 --> 00:16:17.590
a new study found that places with high


00:16:17.600 --> 00:16:19.829
concentrations of microlastics have


00:16:19.839 --> 00:16:21.590
populations with higher rates of


00:16:21.600 --> 00:16:24.230
hypertension diabetes and stroke all


00:16:24.240 --> 00:16:27.230
that and more still to come on Spaceime


00:16:27.240 --> 00:16:41.990
[Music]


00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:44.310
nasa and Boeing are working on new tests


00:16:44.320 --> 00:16:46.870
and evaluations towards finally ironing


00:16:46.880 --> 00:16:48.870
out the ongoing problems with Boeing's


00:16:48.880 --> 00:16:51.509
CST 100 Star Liner following a string of


00:16:51.519 --> 00:16:53.350
disastrous test flight attempts in


00:16:53.360 --> 00:16:55.910
recent years the joint teams are working


00:16:55.920 --> 00:16:57.509
to resolve Starlininer's in-flight


00:16:57.519 --> 00:16:59.269
anomalies and preparing for new


00:16:59.279 --> 00:17:01.269
propulsion system testing ahead of more


00:17:01.279 --> 00:17:03.990
flight certification tests in the future


00:17:04.000 --> 00:17:06.150
nasa's space operations administrator


00:17:06.160 --> 00:17:08.949
Ken Bowox says the AY's investment in


00:17:08.959 --> 00:17:10.230
commercial crew transportation


00:17:10.240 --> 00:17:12.309
capabilities is crucial to providing the


00:17:12.319 --> 00:17:14.470
needed flexibility to operate in space


00:17:14.480 --> 00:17:16.630
as safely as possible and respond to


00:17:16.640 --> 00:17:18.829
changes quickly when they


00:17:18.839 --> 00:17:21.510
arise starlininer's first man space


00:17:21.520 --> 00:17:23.029
flight returned to Earth safely in


00:17:23.039 --> 00:17:24.870
September but without its crew following


00:17:24.880 --> 00:17:26.390
ongoing problems with both its


00:17:26.400 --> 00:17:28.669
propulsion system and repeated helium


00:17:28.679 --> 00:17:31.110
leaks the crew were left aboard the


00:17:31.120 --> 00:17:33.110
International Space Station they


00:17:33.120 --> 00:17:34.789
eventually returned to Earth last month


00:17:34.799 --> 00:17:37.830
aboard a SpaceX Dragon capsule instead


00:17:37.840 --> 00:17:40.230
for NASA it was the last straw in the


00:17:40.240 --> 00:17:43.029
long list of failures for Starlininer it


00:17:43.039 --> 00:17:44.710
followed two earlier unmanned


00:17:44.720 --> 00:17:47.029
Starlininer test flights first in


00:17:47.039 --> 00:17:49.510
December 2019 was plagued with computer


00:17:49.520 --> 00:17:51.909
problems that saw Starlininer enter


00:17:51.919 --> 00:17:53.990
orbit too early unable to reach its


00:17:54.000 --> 00:17:55.830
intended target the International Space


00:17:55.840 --> 00:17:58.470
Station and just prior to its de-orbit


00:17:58.480 --> 00:18:00.070
and return to Earth Mission Manage


00:18:00.080 --> 00:18:02.230
discovered another computer problem this


00:18:02.240 --> 00:18:04.470
one far more serious as it would have


00:18:04.480 --> 00:18:06.230
caused the capsule and its service motor


00:18:06.240 --> 00:18:07.590
to collide during their planned


00:18:07.600 --> 00:18:09.750
separation prior to re-entry which would


00:18:09.760 --> 00:18:11.789
have resulted in the destruction of both


00:18:11.799 --> 00:18:14.230
vehicles and once on the ground another


00:18:14.240 --> 00:18:15.750
problem was discovered which would have


00:18:15.760 --> 00:18:17.270
prevented Starlininer from docking with


00:18:17.280 --> 00:18:19.110
the space station anyway had it been


00:18:19.120 --> 00:18:21.110
able to reach it a complete


00:18:21.120 --> 00:18:23.430
re-evaluation the Starlininer spacecraft


00:18:23.440 --> 00:18:25.990
and its systems was undertaken that


00:18:26.000 --> 00:18:28.710
resulted in over 155 changes being


00:18:28.720 --> 00:18:31.430
ordered by NASA a second test flight


00:18:31.440 --> 00:18:33.590
slated for November 2020 was cancelled


00:18:33.600 --> 00:18:35.590
due to more software issues and the


00:18:35.600 --> 00:18:37.510
discovery of corrosion damage to 13


00:18:37.520 --> 00:18:39.510
propulsion system valves resulting in


00:18:39.520 --> 00:18:41.430
the need to undertake a complete rebuild


00:18:41.440 --> 00:18:43.110
of the spacecraft including the


00:18:43.120 --> 00:18:45.110
development of a new service module


00:18:45.120 --> 00:18:46.789
apparently the valves had been corroded


00:18:46.799 --> 00:18:48.390
by the intrusion of moisture which


00:18:48.400 --> 00:18:50.630
interacted with the propellant trouble


00:18:50.640 --> 00:18:52.470
is the source of the moisture was never


00:18:52.480 --> 00:18:54.870
found a second unmanned orbital


00:18:54.880 --> 00:18:56.789
Starlininer test flight finally launched


00:18:56.799 --> 00:18:58.950
in May 2022


00:18:58.960 --> 00:19:00.710
however two orbital maneuvering and


00:19:00.720 --> 00:19:02.630
attitude control system thrusters failed


00:19:02.640 --> 00:19:04.950
during the orbital insertion burn that


00:19:04.960 --> 00:19:06.710
force mission manages to compensate


00:19:06.720 --> 00:19:08.470
using the remaining thrusters with the


00:19:08.480 --> 00:19:10.430
addition of the reaction control system


00:19:10.440 --> 00:19:12.470
thrusters but a couple of reaction


00:19:12.480 --> 00:19:13.990
control system thrusters used to


00:19:14.000 --> 00:19:16.150
maneuver Starliner also failed due to


00:19:16.160 --> 00:19:17.830
low chamber pressure during the docking


00:19:17.840 --> 00:19:20.230
procedure to the space station and


00:19:20.240 --> 00:19:21.990
mission managers found some thermal


00:19:22.000 --> 00:19:23.669
systems used to cool the spacecraft


00:19:23.679 --> 00:19:25.909
showed extra cold temperatures requiring


00:19:25.919 --> 00:19:27.430
engineers to manage it during the


00:19:27.440 --> 00:19:29.990
docking eventually the spacecraft did


00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:32.150
return safely to Earth landing back at


00:19:32.160 --> 00:19:33.750
the White Sands missile range in New


00:19:33.760 --> 00:19:37.110
Mexico 6 days later without incident but


00:19:37.120 --> 00:19:39.029
once back on the ground more problems


00:19:39.039 --> 00:19:40.789
were detected this time with the harness


00:19:40.799 --> 00:19:42.310
straps on the parachute system which


00:19:42.320 --> 00:19:43.990
required extra strengthening and also


00:19:44.000 --> 00:19:45.830
with the glue used on the installation


00:19:45.840 --> 00:19:47.630
of the spacecraft electrical wiring


00:19:47.640 --> 00:19:50.150
harnesses it turns out that glue was


00:19:50.160 --> 00:19:52.310
flammable that resulted in another


00:19:52.320 --> 00:19:55.270
complete rebuild and all that pushed the


00:19:55.280 --> 00:19:57.350
first man test flight of Starlininer to


00:19:57.360 --> 00:19:58.270
June


00:19:58.280 --> 00:20:01.270
2024 but what was to be an 8-day flight


00:20:01.280 --> 00:20:03.029
to the International Space Station


00:20:03.039 --> 00:20:05.830
turned out to be a 9-month stay as


00:20:05.840 --> 00:20:07.909
Starlininer arrived at the space station


00:20:07.919 --> 00:20:10.310
five of its 28 reaction control system


00:20:10.320 --> 00:20:12.470
thrusters malfunctioned it was clear


00:20:12.480 --> 00:20:14.390
evidence that underlying issues remained


00:20:14.400 --> 00:20:16.870
with the spacecraft mission managers


00:20:16.880 --> 00:20:18.310
eventually got four of the five


00:20:18.320 --> 00:20:20.310
problematic thrusters operational before


00:20:20.320 --> 00:20:22.070
clearing Starlininer to approach and


00:20:22.080 --> 00:20:23.909
dock with the orbiting outpost on its


00:20:23.919 --> 00:20:26.789
second docking attempt eventually NASA


00:20:26.799 --> 00:20:28.950
decided Starlininer simply wasn't safe


00:20:28.960 --> 00:20:30.630
enough for man flight and the crew were


00:20:30.640 --> 00:20:32.390
ordered to remain on station leaving


00:20:32.400 --> 00:20:35.110
Star Liner to return to Earth empty in


00:20:35.120 --> 00:20:37.110
the months following its return NASA and


00:20:37.120 --> 00:20:38.789
Boeing have been working on post-flight


00:20:38.799 --> 00:20:41.750
data analysis of its crude flight test


00:20:41.760 --> 00:20:43.669
the major in-flight propulsion system


00:20:43.679 --> 00:20:45.590
anomalies Starline has been experiencing


00:20:45.600 --> 00:20:47.510
in orbit are expected to remain open


00:20:47.520 --> 00:20:49.549
pending further ground tests and system


00:20:49.559 --> 00:20:52.149
upgrades testing at White Sands will


00:20:52.159 --> 00:20:53.909
include integrated firing of key


00:20:53.919 --> 00:20:56.390
Starlininer thrusters a test of the


00:20:56.400 --> 00:20:58.070
spacecraft's thermal protection system


00:20:58.080 --> 00:21:00.070
upgrades operational solutions for


00:21:00.080 --> 00:21:01.909
future space flight issues and the


00:21:01.919 --> 00:21:03.990
testing of new helium system seals in


00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:05.510
order to mitigate the risk of future


00:21:05.520 --> 00:21:08.149
leaks only once they get through all


00:21:08.159 --> 00:21:10.230
these planned test campaigns will they


00:21:10.240 --> 00:21:12.310
have a better idea of exactly how fit


00:21:12.320 --> 00:21:15.510
the spacecraft is to fly again and only


00:21:15.520 --> 00:21:17.190
then will NASA determine where


00:21:17.200 --> 00:21:18.870
Starlininer best fits in the schedule


00:21:18.880 --> 00:21:20.789
for the International Space Station and


00:21:20.799 --> 00:21:23.430
its crew and cargo missions now that


00:21:23.440 --> 00:21:24.870
could be towards the end of this year


00:21:24.880 --> 00:21:28.230
but more likely early 2026


00:21:28.240 --> 00:21:29.520
this is


00:21:29.530 --> 00:21:39.710
[Music]




00:21:45.159 --> 00:21:47.430
spaceime and time now to take another


00:21:47.440 --> 00:21:48.789
brief look at some of the other stories


00:21:48.799 --> 00:21:50.789
making news in science this week with


00:21:50.799 --> 00:21:52.789
the science report


00:21:52.799 --> 00:21:54.789
a new study has shown that places with


00:21:54.799 --> 00:21:56.870
high concentrations of microplastics


00:21:56.880 --> 00:21:58.789
also have populations with higher rates


00:21:58.799 --> 00:22:01.669
of hypertension diabetes stroke and


00:22:01.679 --> 00:22:04.310
other non-communicable diseases the


00:22:04.320 --> 00:22:06.070
findings presented at the American


00:22:06.080 --> 00:22:07.990
College of Kylo annual scientific


00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:09.909
sessions looked at the concentrations of


00:22:09.919 --> 00:22:11.990
microplastics in water bodies around the


00:22:12.000 --> 00:22:13.510
coasts and lakes shores in the United


00:22:13.520 --> 00:22:17.350
States between 2015 and 2019 the authors


00:22:17.360 --> 00:22:19.430
then use statistical analyses of rates


00:22:19.440 --> 00:22:21.430
of conditions like high blood pressure


00:22:21.440 --> 00:22:23.830
diabetes stroke and cancer in those


00:22:23.840 --> 00:22:25.590
areas as well as other social


00:22:25.600 --> 00:22:27.590
environmental factors including medium


00:22:27.600 --> 00:22:30.070
household incomes employment rates and


00:22:30.080 --> 00:22:32.070
particulate matter air pollution in the


00:22:32.080 --> 00:22:34.710
same areas they found that higher


00:22:34.720 --> 00:22:36.710
microplastic concentrations were


00:22:36.720 --> 00:22:38.549
associated with higher blood pressure


00:22:38.559 --> 00:22:41.110
higher diabetes rates and higher stroke


00:22:41.120 --> 00:22:45.190
rates but not with higher cancer rates


00:22:45.200 --> 00:22:46.870
a new study has shown that people who


00:22:46.880 --> 00:22:48.549
are usually being constantly distracted


00:22:48.559 --> 00:22:50.549
by their cell phones are just as likely


00:22:50.559 --> 00:22:52.470
to find other ways to procrastinate if


00:22:52.480 --> 00:22:55.190
their phones aren't nearby a report in


00:22:55.200 --> 00:22:56.710
the journal Frontiers of Computer


00:22:56.720 --> 00:22:59.430
Science asked 22 people to work for 2


00:22:59.440 --> 00:23:02.230
days in a private soundproofed room they


00:23:02.240 --> 00:23:03.909
asked either place their phones on their


00:23:03.919 --> 00:23:05.909
desk or on another desk just out of


00:23:05.919 --> 00:23:08.149
reach the authors found the participants


00:23:08.159 --> 00:23:09.909
didn't spend any less time pursuing


00:23:09.919 --> 00:23:11.430
leisure activities when their phones


00:23:11.440 --> 00:23:13.830
were further away they wound up still


00:23:13.840 --> 00:23:15.830
switching between work and leisure tasks


00:23:15.840 --> 00:23:17.230
just as


00:23:17.240 --> 00:23:19.590
often scientists have turned a woman's


00:23:19.600 --> 00:23:21.510
thoughts into speech using a device


00:23:21.520 --> 00:23:23.430
trained on her brain activity that can


00:23:23.440 --> 00:23:25.750
speak in real time the researchers


00:23:25.760 --> 00:23:27.990
implanted their device into a 47year-old


00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:29.590
woman who had been unable to speak for


00:23:29.600 --> 00:23:31.669
18 years and they trained their device


00:23:31.679 --> 00:23:33.830
on her brain activity as she internally


00:23:33.840 --> 00:23:35.990
spoke sentences containing just over a


00:23:36.000 --> 00:23:38.549
thousand unique words the voice of the


00:23:38.559 --> 00:23:40.390
device was also trained using a clip of


00:23:40.400 --> 00:23:42.310
the woman speaking before her injury in


00:23:42.320 --> 00:23:44.710
order to help her voice sound like her a


00:23:44.720 --> 00:23:45.990
report in the journal Nature


00:23:46.000 --> 00:23:48.390
Neuroscience says while similar devices


00:23:48.400 --> 00:23:50.630
have been designed previously this new


00:23:50.640 --> 00:23:52.470
technology is the first to allow


00:23:52.480 --> 00:23:55.870
realtime conversation and avoid


00:23:55.880 --> 00:23:59.909
delays neuraluic programming or NLP is a


00:23:59.919 --> 00:24:01.350
collection of psychological and


00:24:01.360 --> 00:24:03.190
communication strategies that can be


00:24:03.200 --> 00:24:05.029
applied to help someone reach a desired


00:24:05.039 --> 00:24:08.070
goal classic NLP techniques which have


00:24:08.080 --> 00:24:10.310
been around since the 1970s include


00:24:10.320 --> 00:24:12.230
things like using visualization to


00:24:12.240 --> 00:24:14.149
change thought processes and habits


00:24:14.159 --> 00:24:15.909
mirroring body languages to make


00:24:15.919 --> 00:24:17.830
connections with other people and using


00:24:17.840 --> 00:24:20.390
affirmations or incantations to try and


00:24:20.400 --> 00:24:22.870
turn your aspirations into reality such


00:24:22.880 --> 00:24:25.830
as I think therefore I can while neural


00:24:25.840 --> 00:24:27.789
linguistic programming is considered a


00:24:27.799 --> 00:24:30.470
pseudocience in remains popular among


00:24:30.480 --> 00:24:32.310
some business coaches sales and


00:24:32.320 --> 00:24:34.870
marketing executives and athletes and


00:24:34.880 --> 00:24:36.789
while some people might find it useful


00:24:36.799 --> 00:24:38.230
although probably not for the reasons


00:24:38.240 --> 00:24:40.549
they think it's also being used by other


00:24:40.559 --> 00:24:42.070
people who have turned it into a


00:24:42.080 --> 00:24:44.390
commercial cult tim Mendum from


00:24:44.400 --> 00:24:46.230
Australian Skeptics says amid the


00:24:46.240 --> 00:24:47.750
psychological coaching are some


00:24:47.760 --> 00:24:49.510
disreputable groups who are offering


00:24:49.520 --> 00:24:51.750
promises of big money and certificate


00:24:51.760 --> 00:24:53.510
training neural linguistics is a


00:24:53.520 --> 00:24:56.310
psychology treatment process that is


00:24:56.320 --> 00:24:57.669
claiming to have some scientific


00:24:57.679 --> 00:24:59.990
background that is designed to help you


00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:02.070
cope with your particular issues that


00:25:02.080 --> 00:25:03.990
you have everything from confidence


00:25:04.000 --> 00:25:05.750
depression through to postpartum


00:25:05.760 --> 00:25:07.190
depression and all sorts of different


00:25:07.200 --> 00:25:09.669
things and it's not regarded highly in


00:25:09.679 --> 00:25:11.350
scientific terms it's not regarded as


00:25:11.360 --> 00:25:12.870
being very well founded even though


00:25:12.880 --> 00:25:15.029
there are organizations and people with


00:25:15.039 --> 00:25:16.630
qualifications you would hope would sort


00:25:16.640 --> 00:25:18.070
of indicate that they'd be a bit more


00:25:18.080 --> 00:25:19.909
critical neural linguistic programming


00:25:19.919 --> 00:25:23.110
NLT is supposedly applied individually


00:25:23.120 --> 00:25:25.029
so each person's individual


00:25:25.039 --> 00:25:27.190
circumstances means you work out the


00:25:27.200 --> 00:25:28.310
treatment you're going to give them


00:25:28.320 --> 00:25:30.310
through this confidence building helping


00:25:30.320 --> 00:25:33.269
you sort out your deep traumas etc what


00:25:33.279 --> 00:25:35.669
is happening is that the industry is


00:25:35.679 --> 00:25:38.070
being taken over by some people who


00:25:38.080 --> 00:25:40.789
because of the reliance that people who


00:25:40.799 --> 00:25:43.430
go see an NLP practitioner have for the


00:25:43.440 --> 00:25:45.269
practitioner it becomes a bit cultish


00:25:45.279 --> 00:25:47.029
and people are encouraged to come back


00:25:47.039 --> 00:25:48.950
and back and back for more treatment


00:25:48.960 --> 00:25:51.669
more courses increasingly expensive etc


00:25:51.679 --> 00:25:53.430
etc things that they can't afford and


00:25:53.440 --> 00:25:55.110
then in some cases they're actually


00:25:55.120 --> 00:25:56.549
saying that they're training up this


00:25:56.559 --> 00:25:58.390
person to become their own NLP


00:25:58.400 --> 00:26:01.029
practitioner so it's one pseudocience


00:26:01.039 --> 00:26:03.110
largely creating other people to follow


00:26:03.120 --> 00:26:05.269
them to promote pseudocience it's almost


00:26:05.279 --> 00:26:06.710
like a pyramid scheme when you think


00:26:06.720 --> 00:26:08.470
about it it is a bit like pyramid scheme


00:26:08.480 --> 00:26:10.149
it's a bit like multi-level marketing is


00:26:10.159 --> 00:26:12.070
called which is basically I sell my


00:26:12.080 --> 00:26:14.230
courses to you you sell those courses to


00:26:14.240 --> 00:26:15.590
everyone else and it's a pyramid right


00:26:15.600 --> 00:26:17.750
uh people see cult aspects to this


00:26:17.760 --> 00:26:20.950
training this NLP treatment processes


00:26:20.960 --> 00:26:22.390
the more you get involved the more you


00:26:22.400 --> 00:26:23.750
need to be involved and the more you


00:26:23.760 --> 00:26:24.950
know you need to be involved the bit


00:26:24.960 --> 00:26:27.190
more courses you are sold on and you can


00:26:27.200 --> 00:26:29.190
do a 10-week course to help you out with


00:26:29.200 --> 00:26:30.870
these particular problems and then oh by


00:26:30.880 --> 00:26:32.470
the way we've discovered these things so


00:26:32.480 --> 00:26:33.990
happy to go to the second level course


00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:36.070
or the premier course or the gold level


00:26:36.080 --> 00:26:37.269
course or this sort of thing and you


00:26:37.279 --> 00:26:38.470
know once you're in you're trapped and


00:26:38.480 --> 00:26:40.149
you're pouring out tens of thousands of


00:26:40.159 --> 00:26:41.750
dollars to a practitioner and then you


00:26:41.760 --> 00:26:43.350
reach the the end stage and say what


00:26:43.360 --> 00:26:44.950
about being a practitioner yourself and


00:26:44.960 --> 00:26:46.630
then you're going out the other end to


00:26:46.640 --> 00:26:48.950
inflict that practice on somebody else


00:26:48.960 --> 00:26:50.950
in some instances a well-intentioned way


00:26:50.960 --> 00:26:53.190
to treat people with depression etc with


00:26:53.200 --> 00:26:55.029
psychological issues but it's like any


00:26:55.039 --> 00:26:56.710
of these things it can be it's it's


00:26:56.720 --> 00:26:59.110
vague and it can be manipulated by other


00:26:59.120 --> 00:27:04.330
people that's Tim Mindum from Australian


00:27:04.340 --> 00:27:16.990
[Music]


00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:20.230
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