Theia Unveiled: Tracing the Origins of Earth’s Moon and Lucy’s Journey to Jupiter’s Trojans

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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This is Spacetime Series 28, episode 142


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for broadcast on the 3rd of December,


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2025.


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Coming up on Spaceime, a new study has


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found that the small planet that


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collided with the Earth to create our


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moon also originated from the inner


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solar system. An update on Lucy's


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mission to Jupiter's Trojan asteroids.


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And NASA rules that Starlininer's next


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mission to the International Space


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Station will be limited to cargo only.


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All that and more coming up on Spaceime.


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>> Welcome to Spaceime with Stuart Garry.


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A new study has found that the small


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planet that collided with the earth to


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create our moon also originated from the


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inner solar system about 4 1/2 billion


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years ago. The most momentous event in


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the history of our planet occurred. A


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huge celestial body about the size of


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the planet Mars, which astronomers have


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now named Thea, collided with a young


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proto Earth, creating a vast magma


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ocean, which eventually coalesed,


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differentiated, and then solidified to


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form the Earth as we know it today.


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Meanwhile, some of the debris ejected


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from that impact was flung up into


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orbit, eventually coalesing to form the


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moon. Exactly how that collision


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unfolded and what precisely happened


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afterwards has not been conclusively


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clarified. What is certain, however, is


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that the size, composition, and orbit of


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the Earth changed as a result, and that


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the impact marked the birth of our


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constant companion in space, the moon.


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But there are lots of questions yet to


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be answered. What kind of body was this


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Thea that so dramatically altered the


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course of our planet's development? How


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big was Thea really? We think it was


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about a third the size of the earth.


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What was it made of? And from which part


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of the solar system did it come crashing


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into the earth? The problem is finding


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answers to these questions is difficult.


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After all, Theoa was completely


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destroyed in that collision.


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Nevertheless, faint traces of it can


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still be found today in the composition


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of the Earth and Moon. Now a report in


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the journal science by researchers at


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the Maxplank Institute in the University


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of Chicago have worked out a possible


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list of ingredients that may have made


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up thea and thus helps to point us in


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the direction of its place of origin.


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You see the ratio of certain metal


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isotopes present in a body can be


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especially revealing. Isotopes are


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varants of the same element that differ


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only in the number of neutrons in their


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atomic nucleus and thus in their mass.


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In the early solar system, the isotopes


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of certain given elements were unlikely


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to be evenly distributed. At the outer


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edge of the solar system, for example,


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isotopes occurred in a slightly


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different ratio than what they did near


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the sun. So, information about the


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origin of a body's original building


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blocks is thus stored in its isotopic


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composition. To reach their conclusions


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in this study, the authors determine the


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ratio of different iron isotopes in


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Earth and moon rocks with unprecedented


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precision. They examined 15 terrestrial


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rocks and six lunar rock samples which


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were brought back by the Apollo


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missions. Earlier measurements of the


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isotope ratios of chromium, calcium,


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titanium, and zirconium had already


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shown that the Earth and Moon are


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indistinguishable in terms of their


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composition. So that clearly doesn't


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allow for any direct conclusions about


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the simply too many possible collision


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scenarios. Now most models assume that


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the moon was formed almost exclusively


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from ejected material which was flung


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off from thea but it's also possible


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that it consists primarily of material


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from the early earth's mantle or that


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the rocks from the earth and thea were


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mixed together. Now in order to learn


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more about thea the authors applied a


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kind of reverse engineering for planets


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based on the matching isotope ratios in


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today's terrestrial lunar rocks. They


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looked at which compositions and sizes


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of thea and which composition of the


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early earth could have led to the two


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bodies current compositions. In their


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investigations, the authors looked not


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only at ion isotopes but also at those


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of chromium, malebinum and sacconium.


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The different elements give access to


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different phases of planetary formation.


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Long before the devastating encounter


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with Thea, a kind of sorting process had


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already taken place inside the early


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Earth. With the formation of the


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planet's iron core, some elements such


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as iron and malebdinum accumulated


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there. So afterwards, they were largely


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absent from the rocky mantle above. The


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iron found in Earth's mantle today could


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therefore only have arrived after the


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core had formed. It may have come from


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Thea. Other elements such as zaconium,


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which didn't sink to the core, document


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the entire history of our planet's


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formation. Of the mathematically


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possible compositions of Thea and the


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early Earth that result from the


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calculations, some can be ruled out as


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implausible. While the composition of


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the early Earth can be represented


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predominantly as a mixture of known


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meteorite classes, this isn't the case


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with Thea. Different meteorite classes


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originate from different areas of the


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outer solar system. They therefore serve


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as references for the building material


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that was available during the formation


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of both the early earth and Thea. In the


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case of Thea, however, previously


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unknown material may also have been


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involved. And the authors believe that


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this material's origin lies closer to


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the sun than the orbit of the earth. The


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calculations therefore suggest that the


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itself must have originated closer to


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the sun than Earth's orbit. This is


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spacetime. Still to come, an update on


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Lucy's mission to Jupiter's Trojan


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asteroids, and NASA rules that the


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trouble plague Starlininer's next


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mission to the International Space


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Station will be limited to cargo only.


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All that and more still to come on


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Spaceime


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One of the many exciting missions


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currently underway is NASA's Lucy


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spacecraft, which is on its way to study


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Jupiter's Trojan asteroids. Lucy was


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launched back in October 2021.


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It's on a 12-year mission to study the


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Trojans, two clusters of asteroids that


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share the gas giant's orbit around the


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sun. Trojans are families of asteroids


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kept in gravitationally stable bound


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groups at the lrangeian L4 and L5


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positions located 60° ahead and 60°


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behind Jupiter's orbit around the sun.


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Lrangeian points are named in honor of


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the Italian French mathematician Joseph


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Lewis Lrange who was working on the


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general free body problem in orbital


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mechanics. The grungian points are


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places in space where a gravitational


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pull of two bodies such as in this case


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between the sun and Jupiter tend to


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cancel each other out thereby allowing


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smaller objects such as asteroids or


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spacecraft to remain there for extended


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periods of time. There are five lrangian


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points known as L1 2 3 4 and 5. Now L1 2


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and 3 are all along a line connecting


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the two bodies. Let's say it's the Earth


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and the Sun. In that case, L1 is between


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the Earth and the Sun is often used by


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spacecraft needing an uninterrupted view


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of the sun, such as the Solar and


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Heliospheric Observatory satellite SOHO.


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The L2 position is on the opposite side


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of the Earth to the Sun. It's home to


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spacecraft like the web space telescope


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because it's ideal for astronomy as


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spacecraft are still close enough to


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communicate with the earth and can keep


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the sun, earth, and moon behind them,


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allowing them to gain solar power while


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still providing a clear dark view of


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deep space for their telescopes. The L3


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position is on the opposite side of the


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sun to where the Earth is. Because L3 is


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always hidden from the Earth by the Sun,


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it's become popular in science fiction


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as the location for any hypothetical


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second Earths. But it's the L4 and L5


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positions which provide stable orbits


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around 60° in front of and 60° behind


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Earth's orbit around the Sun. And it's


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at these locations where Trojan


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asteroids, such as those orbiting with


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Jupiter, are commonly found.


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Jupiter's Trojans are distributed into


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two elongated curved regions around


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these lrangian points with an average


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semic-ircular axis of around 5.2


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astronomical units. An astronomical unit


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is the average distance between the


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Earth and the Sun. 150 million


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kilometers or 8.3 light minutes. The


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first Jovian Trojan discovered 588


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Achilles was spotted in 1906 by German


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astronomer Max Wolf. So far, more than


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15,300 Jovian Trojans have been


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detected. Now, by convention, they're


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each named from Greek mythology after a


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figure of the Trojan Wars, hence the


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name Trojan. It later became convention


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to name Jupiter's L4 Trojan asteroids


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after Greek characters and the L5


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asteroids after Trojan characters.


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Astronomers estimate there are more than


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a million Jovian Trojans larger than a


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kilometer in size. Now that's about the


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same as the number of asteroids larger


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than a kilometer in the main asteroid


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belt between Mars and Jupiter. Many


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Jovian Trojans appear to be dark bodies


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with reddish featureless spectra. No


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firm evidence of the presence of water


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or any other specific compound on their


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surfaces has ever been obtained. But it


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is thought that they're coated in


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tholines organic polymers formed by the


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sun's radiation. The Jovian Trojans are


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thought to have been captured into their


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orbits during the early stages of the


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solar systems formation or at the most


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slightly later during the late heavy


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bombardment during the migration of the


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giant planets. Mind you, Jupiter isn't


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alone to have Trojan asteroids. They've


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been found orbiting many of the other


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planets in our solar system as well,


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including Mars, Neptune, Uranus, and


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even the Earth. No spacecraft has ever


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visited a Jovian Trojan. That's where


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the Lucy mission comes in. Lucy is


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covering some 6 and 12 billion


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kilometers, visiting a record-breaking


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seven asteroids, one in the main


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asteroid belt, and six Trojans. The


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mission's principal investigator, Harold


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Leverson, from the Southwest Research


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Institute in Boulder, Colorado, says


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Trojans are leftovers from the early


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days of our solar system. Effectively,


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they're fossils of planetary formation


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and therefore hold vital clues about


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deciphering the solar systems early


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history. He says, "Like Lucy, the human


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ancestor fossil after which it's named,


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the Lucy spacecraft will revolutionize


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science's understanding of the solar


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systems origins. The mission will


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provide an unparalleled glimpse of the


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formation of the solar system, helping


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astronomers better understand the source


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of volatiles and organics on terrestrial


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planets, as well as the evolution of the


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planetary system as a whole. This report


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from NASA TV. We are going to an amazing


00:11:07.040 --> 00:11:09.670
variety of objects with this mission.


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>> The Lucy mission is going to fly past


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seven asteroids in 12 years with one


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spacecraft.


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>> And it's really almost pure luck that


00:11:18.640 --> 00:11:21.030
allowed us to get as many rich targets


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as we are. Literally, the planets were


00:11:23.760 --> 00:11:26.949
aligning to allow us to do this mission.


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The Lucy mission is named after the Lucy


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fossil, the Australopythecus fossil that


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was discovered in the 1970s in Ethiopia.


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And just like the Lucy fossil


00:11:37.279 --> 00:11:38.790
transformed our understanding of


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homminid evolution, the Lucy mission


00:11:41.279 --> 00:11:43.350
will transform our understanding of


00:11:43.360 --> 00:11:45.750
solar system evolution. Trojan asteroids


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are an interesting population of small


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bodies that are left over from the


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formation of the planets and they lead


00:11:53.120 --> 00:11:55.910
or follow Jupiter in its orbit by


00:11:55.920 --> 00:11:59.430
roughly 60°. If you just look at the


00:11:59.440 --> 00:12:01.670
gravitational attraction of the sun and


00:12:01.680 --> 00:12:04.230
Jupiter and put something exactly 60° in


00:12:04.240 --> 00:12:06.949
front of Jupiter, it's stable forever.


00:12:06.959 --> 00:12:09.829
So as a result, these objects are really


00:12:09.839 --> 00:12:12.389
the leftovers of planet formation. The


00:12:12.399 --> 00:12:14.629
stuff that went into growing Jupiter and


00:12:14.639 --> 00:12:18.230
Saturn are now trapped in these


00:12:18.240 --> 00:12:19.190
locations.


00:12:19.200 --> 00:12:21.190
>> The very first asteroid we get to is a


00:12:21.200 --> 00:12:23.190
main belt asteroid named Donald


00:12:23.200 --> 00:12:25.590
Johansson. We named that asteroid in


00:12:25.600 --> 00:12:27.990
honor of the researcher who found the


00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:30.870
Lucy fossil. We're use that asteroid to


00:12:30.880 --> 00:12:33.030
do a rehearsal on our spacecraft to make


00:12:33.040 --> 00:12:34.790
sure everything is working properly so


00:12:34.800 --> 00:12:36.069
that when we get to the Trojan


00:12:36.079 --> 00:12:37.990
asteroids, we're ready to go.


00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:39.829
>> We're visiting both of the Trojan


00:12:39.839 --> 00:12:41.910
swarms. In the first orbit, we're going


00:12:41.920 --> 00:12:43.990
into the leading swarm and we're going


00:12:44.000 --> 00:12:46.710
to encounter four Trojan targets.


00:12:46.720 --> 00:12:50.069
>> Earbies, Palm, Lucas, and Orus. And from


00:12:50.079 --> 00:12:51.269
this, we're going to sample the


00:12:51.279 --> 00:12:54.150
diversity in sizes and colors and


00:12:54.160 --> 00:12:56.710
compositions. The first two flybys


00:12:56.720 --> 00:12:59.190
happened just about 30 days apart. So,


00:12:59.200 --> 00:13:01.269
it's going to be a pretty busy kickoff


00:13:01.279 --> 00:13:04.550
to the season of exploring the asteroids


00:13:04.560 --> 00:13:07.430
in the L4 swarm. And then we'll fly past


00:13:07.440 --> 00:13:10.389
Earth again and out to the L5 swarm.


00:13:10.399 --> 00:13:12.470
>> The final object we're visiting, which I


00:13:12.480 --> 00:13:15.269
must admit is my favorite, is a binary


00:13:15.279 --> 00:13:15.829
object.


00:13:15.839 --> 00:13:17.910
>> So, that's two Trojans that orbit a


00:13:17.920 --> 00:13:19.509
common center of mass. It's called


00:13:19.519 --> 00:13:21.430
Petroas and Menishius.


00:13:21.440 --> 00:13:23.910
>> These objects are nearly identical in


00:13:23.920 --> 00:13:26.629
size that orbit one another. From the


00:13:26.639 --> 00:13:28.550
Lucy mission, we're going to study the


00:13:28.560 --> 00:13:30.310
diversity of our targets because that


00:13:30.320 --> 00:13:32.310
tells us something about their origin


00:13:32.320 --> 00:13:33.670
and where they came from.


00:13:33.680 --> 00:13:35.509
>> The interesting thing about small bodies


00:13:35.519 --> 00:13:38.069
in general is they are the leftovers of


00:13:38.079 --> 00:13:40.069
planet formation. If you look at the


00:13:40.079 --> 00:13:41.829
eight planets that we know about, for


00:13:41.839 --> 00:13:43.590
example, they are highly processed


00:13:43.600 --> 00:13:45.829
because of internal processing. These


00:13:45.839 --> 00:13:48.870
asteroids are objects that really


00:13:48.880 --> 00:13:51.430
haven't changed much from when the


00:13:51.440 --> 00:13:53.670
planets assembled themselves. And as a


00:13:53.680 --> 00:13:56.790
result, by studying them, we can figure


00:13:56.800 --> 00:13:59.670
out the physical conditions of the early


00:13:59.680 --> 00:14:02.949
solar system, as well as how the planets


00:14:02.959 --> 00:14:06.069
grew and how they moved around early on.


00:14:06.079 --> 00:14:08.790
>> All of that will help us form a detailed


00:14:08.800 --> 00:14:10.949
picture of what these objects really


00:14:10.959 --> 00:14:13.750
look like. Because right now, our best


00:14:13.760 --> 00:14:16.790
images are just a point of light. Even


00:14:16.800 --> 00:14:19.189
using the Hubble Space Telescope or


00:14:19.199 --> 00:14:21.670
adaptive optics on large groundbased


00:14:21.680 --> 00:14:24.230
telescopes, we can't see surface


00:14:24.240 --> 00:14:26.310
details. And it's going to take the Lucy


00:14:26.320 --> 00:14:28.870
mission to go to these targets and see


00:14:28.880 --> 00:14:30.470
what they're really made of and what


00:14:30.480 --> 00:14:38.710
they look like.


00:14:38.720 --> 00:14:40.870
And in that report from Massa TV, we


00:14:40.880 --> 00:14:42.550
heard from Lucy principal investigator


00:14:42.560 --> 00:14:44.790
Hal Leverson and Lucy deputy principal


00:14:44.800 --> 00:14:47.110
investigator Kathy Olen, both from the


00:14:47.120 --> 00:14:49.350
Southwest Research Institute in Boulder,


00:14:49.360 --> 00:14:53.110
Colorado. This is Spaceime. Still to


00:14:53.120 --> 00:14:55.350
come, NASA says Boeing's trouble plague


00:14:55.360 --> 00:14:57.430
Starlininer spacecraft won't be carrying


00:14:57.440 --> 00:14:59.350
any astronauts on its next flight to the


00:14:59.360 --> 00:15:01.269
International Space Station. And later


00:15:01.279 --> 00:15:03.829
in the science report, neurologists have


00:15:03.839 --> 00:15:05.990
identified the five major epochs of


00:15:06.000 --> 00:15:07.990
brain structure over the course of a


00:15:08.000 --> 00:15:10.470
human lifetime. All that and more still


00:15:10.480 --> 00:15:27.910
to come on Spaceime.


00:15:27.920 --> 00:15:29.750
NASA says Boeing's trouble plagued


00:15:29.760 --> 00:15:31.910
Starlininer spacecraft won't be carrying


00:15:31.920 --> 00:15:33.990
any astronauts on its next flight to the


00:15:34.000 --> 00:15:36.629
International Space Station. Instead,


00:15:36.639 --> 00:15:38.790
the mission will be limited to cargo and


00:15:38.800 --> 00:15:41.509
supplies only. The decision comes 8


00:15:41.519 --> 00:15:43.590
months after the first and only man


00:15:43.600 --> 00:15:45.350
starliner flight saw the capsule


00:15:45.360 --> 00:15:47.269
returned to Earth empty with its crew


00:15:47.279 --> 00:15:49.110
left stranded on the International Space


00:15:49.120 --> 00:15:51.509
Station for more than 9 months. That


00:15:51.519 --> 00:15:53.189
followed a series of issues with the


00:15:53.199 --> 00:15:54.550
vehicle's propulsion and orbital


00:15:54.560 --> 00:15:56.230
maneuvering systems, as well as its


00:15:56.240 --> 00:15:58.870
helium pressurization system. And it's


00:15:58.880 --> 00:16:01.269
not the first time Starliner suffered


00:16:01.279 --> 00:16:04.069
issues. Faulty computer programming


00:16:04.079 --> 00:16:05.749
prevented the first Starlininer mission


00:16:05.759 --> 00:16:07.430
to the space station from even reaching


00:16:07.440 --> 00:16:09.829
its target. And more faulty computer


00:16:09.839 --> 00:16:11.749
programming, which luckily was corrected


00:16:11.759 --> 00:16:13.430
in time, would have caused the Star


00:16:13.440 --> 00:16:15.189
Liner to be destroyed during its


00:16:15.199 --> 00:16:17.350
re-entry. There have been other problems


00:16:17.360 --> 00:16:18.949
with corrosion in the spacecraft's


00:16:18.959 --> 00:16:21.030
propulsion system as well. Issues with


00:16:21.040 --> 00:16:22.870
the strength of the parachute webbing,


00:16:22.880 --> 00:16:24.550
the concerns over the safety of


00:16:24.560 --> 00:16:26.629
insulation on the spacecraft's wiring


00:16:26.639 --> 00:16:29.030
harness, and problems with environmental


00:16:29.040 --> 00:16:31.990
controls inside the spacecraft's cabin.


00:16:32.000 --> 00:16:34.310
For Starlininer, it's been a case of one


00:16:34.320 --> 00:16:36.870
problem after another, and it seems


00:16:36.880 --> 00:16:39.350
NASA's had enough. As well as limiting


00:16:39.360 --> 00:16:41.350
its next flight to cargo only, NASA's


00:16:41.360 --> 00:16:42.949
also slashed the total number of


00:16:42.959 --> 00:16:45.030
Starlininer missions down from six to


00:16:45.040 --> 00:16:47.430
four. As for Starlininer's next flight,


00:16:47.440 --> 00:16:49.269
that's the cargo mission, it's currently


00:16:49.279 --> 00:16:51.910
slated for April next year. If that goes


00:16:51.920 --> 00:16:53.749
well, then a man mission could happen


00:16:53.759 --> 00:16:55.509
towards the end of the year. The


00:16:55.519 --> 00:16:57.269
remaining two flights will also carry


00:16:57.279 --> 00:16:59.189
crew to the International Space Station


00:16:59.199 --> 00:17:00.790
until the orbiting outpost is


00:17:00.800 --> 00:17:03.749
decommissioned in 2030.


00:17:03.759 --> 00:17:05.829
Starlininer was one of two spacecraft


00:17:05.839 --> 00:17:08.390
selected by NASA back in 2014 as part of


00:17:08.400 --> 00:17:10.710
the AY's commercial crew program to


00:17:10.720 --> 00:17:12.710
transport astronauts to and from the


00:17:12.720 --> 00:17:15.110
space station. But unlike the other


00:17:15.120 --> 00:17:17.510
successful applicant, SpaceX's Dragon


00:17:17.520 --> 00:17:18.949
spacecraft, which has performed


00:17:18.959 --> 00:17:21.029
flawlessly, Boeing Starlininer has


00:17:21.039 --> 00:17:22.949
suffered from continuous failures and


00:17:22.959 --> 00:17:25.750
quality control blunders. It's been a


00:17:25.760 --> 00:17:28.789
costly disaster for Boeing. SpaceX


00:17:28.799 --> 00:17:30.789
launched its first man Dragon mission to


00:17:30.799 --> 00:17:33.909
the space station for NASA in 2020. It's


00:17:33.919 --> 00:17:36.310
now completed 12 crew change missions as


00:17:36.320 --> 00:17:38.070
well as several private missions into


00:17:38.080 --> 00:17:56.150
orbit. This is spacetime.


00:17:56.160 --> 00:17:57.909
And time now to take another brief look


00:17:57.919 --> 00:17:59.430
at some of the other stories making news


00:17:59.440 --> 00:18:01.190
in science this week with a science


00:18:01.200 --> 00:18:04.150
report. Neuroscientists have identified


00:18:04.160 --> 00:18:06.710
five major epochs of brain structure


00:18:06.720 --> 00:18:09.350
over the course of a human lifetime. The


00:18:09.360 --> 00:18:11.190
findings reported in the journal Nature


00:18:11.200 --> 00:18:13.909
Communications show how human brains


00:18:13.919 --> 00:18:15.990
rewire themselves to support different


00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:19.029
ways of thinking as people grow, mature,


00:18:19.039 --> 00:18:22.070
and ultimately decline. The study led by


00:18:22.080 --> 00:18:24.070
Cambridge University compared the brains


00:18:24.080 --> 00:18:27.669
of 3,82 people between 0 and 90 years of


00:18:27.679 --> 00:18:30.390
age using MRI scans which map neural


00:18:30.400 --> 00:18:32.070
connections by tracking how water


00:18:32.080 --> 00:18:34.549
molecules move through brain tissue.


00:18:34.559 --> 00:18:36.470
They found the brain structure for an


00:18:36.480 --> 00:18:38.630
average human life is split up into four


00:18:38.640 --> 00:18:40.870
pivotal turning points between birth and


00:18:40.880 --> 00:18:43.909
death. It seems childhood brain topology


00:18:43.919 --> 00:18:46.390
runs from birth until a turning point at


00:18:46.400 --> 00:18:48.310
around age nine. That's when it


00:18:48.320 --> 00:18:50.630
transitions to an adolescent phase.


00:18:50.640 --> 00:18:52.470
That's an error that lasts up until the


00:18:52.480 --> 00:18:55.350
age of around 32 on average. The brain's


00:18:55.360 --> 00:18:57.510
neural wiring then shifts into a more


00:18:57.520 --> 00:18:59.750
adult mode. This is the longest era


00:18:59.760 --> 00:19:02.230
which can last over three decades. A


00:19:02.240 --> 00:19:04.710
third turning point around the age of 66


00:19:04.720 --> 00:19:07.029
marks the start of an early aging phase


00:19:07.039 --> 00:19:09.669
of brain architecture. And finally, the


00:19:09.679 --> 00:19:12.150
late aging brain takes shape around the


00:19:12.160 --> 00:19:14.950
age of 83 years old.


00:19:14.960 --> 00:19:17.430
So what's going on inside the noggin?


00:19:17.440 --> 00:19:19.270
Well, during the early childhood phase,


00:19:19.280 --> 00:19:21.669
the brain underos network consolidation


00:19:21.679 --> 00:19:23.430
as a wealth of synapses, that's the


00:19:23.440 --> 00:19:24.950
connections between neurons over


00:19:24.960 --> 00:19:26.549
produced in a baby's brain are


00:19:26.559 --> 00:19:28.150
whittleled down with only the more


00:19:28.160 --> 00:19:30.630
active ones surviving. Across the whole


00:19:30.640 --> 00:19:32.789
human brain, connections rewire in the


00:19:32.799 --> 00:19:34.870
same pattern from birth until about 9


00:19:34.880 --> 00:19:37.590
years of age. Meanwhile, gray and white


00:19:37.600 --> 00:19:39.990
matter grow rapidly in volume. So that


00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:41.590
cortical thickness that's the distance


00:19:41.600 --> 00:19:43.350
between the outer gray matter and the


00:19:43.360 --> 00:19:45.350
inner white matter reaches a peak and


00:19:45.360 --> 00:19:46.710
cortical folding that's the


00:19:46.720 --> 00:19:48.630
characteristic ridges on the outer brain


00:19:48.640 --> 00:19:51.669
stabilizes by the first turning point at


00:19:51.679 --> 00:19:53.669
around the age of nine the brain is


00:19:53.679 --> 00:19:55.830
experiencing a step change in cognitive


00:19:55.840 --> 00:19:58.150
capacity as well as an increased risk of


00:19:58.160 --> 00:20:00.630
mental health disorders. The second


00:20:00.640 --> 00:20:02.789
epoch of the brain that's the adolescent


00:20:02.799 --> 00:20:04.870
era sees white matter continue to grow


00:20:04.880 --> 00:20:06.950
in volume. So organization of the


00:20:06.960 --> 00:20:08.630
brain's communications network is


00:20:08.640 --> 00:20:11.029
increasingly refined as measured by the


00:20:11.039 --> 00:20:13.669
diffusion of water in the scans. This


00:20:13.679 --> 00:20:15.590
era is defined by the efficiency of


00:20:15.600 --> 00:20:17.909
connections both within specific regions


00:20:17.919 --> 00:20:19.750
as well as rapid communication right


00:20:19.760 --> 00:20:21.590
across the whole brain which is related


00:20:21.600 --> 00:20:23.909
to enhanced cognitive performance.


00:20:23.919 --> 00:20:26.070
Neural efficiency is well connected by


00:20:26.080 --> 00:20:28.470
short pathways and the adolescent era is


00:20:28.480 --> 00:20:30.230
the only one in which this efficiencies


00:20:30.240 --> 00:20:32.230
increasing. The authors say these


00:20:32.240 --> 00:20:34.070
developments of the brain peak in the


00:20:34.080 --> 00:20:36.070
early 30s which is the strongest


00:20:36.080 --> 00:20:38.149
topological turning point for the entire


00:20:38.159 --> 00:20:41.669
lifespan. At age 32, the longest era


00:20:41.679 --> 00:20:43.990
that of adulthood begins. Brain


00:20:44.000 --> 00:20:45.990
architecture stabilizes compared to


00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:47.909
previous phases with no major turning


00:20:47.919 --> 00:20:50.070
points for 30 years and corresponds with


00:20:50.080 --> 00:20:51.669
a plateau in intelligence and


00:20:51.679 --> 00:20:54.310
personality. They also found segregation


00:20:54.320 --> 00:20:56.470
is more noticeable during this epoch as


00:20:56.480 --> 00:20:58.310
different regions of the brain slowly


00:20:58.320 --> 00:21:00.870
start to become more compartmentalized.


00:21:00.880 --> 00:21:04.070
The turning point at age 66 sees reduced


00:21:04.080 --> 00:21:06.390
connectivity as white matter starts to


00:21:06.400 --> 00:21:08.870
degenerate. The last turning point comes


00:21:08.880 --> 00:21:11.110
around the age of 83 when the brain


00:21:11.120 --> 00:21:13.110
structure shifts from global to local


00:21:13.120 --> 00:21:17.270
regions as neural connectivity declines.


00:21:17.280 --> 00:21:19.350
A long-term study has shown that water


00:21:19.360 --> 00:21:21.270
fluidation doesn't have any negative


00:21:21.280 --> 00:21:23.750
effects on brain development. In fact,


00:21:23.760 --> 00:21:25.430
the findings reported in the journal


00:21:25.440 --> 00:21:27.669
Science Advances actually found a slight


00:21:27.679 --> 00:21:30.310
boost in cognition in children. Previous


00:21:30.320 --> 00:21:32.149
studies looked at exposure to very high


00:21:32.159 --> 00:21:33.750
levels of fluoride far beyond


00:21:33.760 --> 00:21:35.590
recommended standards. So, the authors


00:21:35.600 --> 00:21:37.590
of this new research wanted to study


00:21:37.600 --> 00:21:39.510
levels representative of what one would


00:21:39.520 --> 00:21:42.149
usually find in their tap water. They


00:21:42.159 --> 00:21:43.909
looked at language and math test results


00:21:43.919 --> 00:21:46.310
from around 58,000 United States high


00:21:46.320 --> 00:21:48.710
school kids in 1980 and the water


00:21:48.720 --> 00:21:50.149
fluidation levels they would have


00:21:50.159 --> 00:21:52.710
experienced since conception. After


00:21:52.720 --> 00:21:54.549
accounting for other factors, they found


00:21:54.559 --> 00:21:56.390
kids continuously exposed to at least


00:21:56.400 --> 00:21:59.350
0.7 mg per liter of water fluoride had


00:21:59.360 --> 00:22:01.430
better test results, followed by those


00:22:01.440 --> 00:22:03.270
exposed to similar levels for just part


00:22:03.280 --> 00:22:05.830
of their childhood.


00:22:05.840 --> 00:22:07.669
China's People Liberation Army has


00:22:07.679 --> 00:22:09.590
reported the successful test of a new


00:22:09.600 --> 00:22:12.710
type of non-uclear hydrogen bomb. A


00:22:12.720 --> 00:22:14.549
report in the Chinese Language Journal


00:22:14.559 --> 00:22:16.470
of Projectiles, Rockets, Missiles, and


00:22:16.480 --> 00:22:18.470
Guidance claims the new weapon generates


00:22:18.480 --> 00:22:21.029
a white hot fireball that can last 15


00:22:21.039 --> 00:22:24.710
times longer than a TNT blast. The 2 kg


00:22:24.720 --> 00:22:27.029
device uses magnesium hydide, a


00:22:27.039 --> 00:22:29.029
magnesium based solid state hydrogen


00:22:29.039 --> 00:22:31.350
material, which generated a fireball of


00:22:31.360 --> 00:22:35.110
over a,000° C. This material stores


00:22:35.120 --> 00:22:36.630
considerably more hydrogen than a


00:22:36.640 --> 00:22:38.390
pressurized tank and was originally


00:22:38.400 --> 00:22:40.230
developed to bring the gas to off-grid


00:22:40.240 --> 00:22:41.750
areas where it could then be used to


00:22:41.760 --> 00:22:43.590
power fuel cells for clean electricity


00:22:43.600 --> 00:22:46.230
and heat. When activated by conventional


00:22:46.240 --> 00:22:48.789
explosives, the magnesium hydide bomb


00:22:48.799 --> 00:22:51.350
underwent rapid thermal decomposition,


00:22:51.360 --> 00:22:53.590
releasing hydrogen gas that ignited into


00:22:53.600 --> 00:22:56.310
a sustained, rapidly spreading inferno.


00:22:56.320 --> 00:22:58.230
The chain reaction begins when


00:22:58.240 --> 00:23:00.230
detonation shock waves fracture


00:23:00.240 --> 00:23:02.470
magnesium hydide into micron scale


00:23:02.480 --> 00:23:05.750
particles exposing fresh surfaces. Under


00:23:05.760 --> 00:23:07.669
constrained detonation, peak over


00:23:07.679 --> 00:23:10.950
pressure reached 428.43 kilopascals at 2


00:23:10.960 --> 00:23:14.070
m, about 40% that of TNT's blast force,


00:23:14.080 --> 00:23:16.149
but with a far greater heat projection


00:23:16.159 --> 00:23:18.230
range.


00:23:18.240 --> 00:23:20.549
Well, the doomsday countdown to digital


00:23:20.559 --> 00:23:24.070
ID is now on. This time next week,


00:23:24.080 --> 00:23:25.990
Australia's controversial new social


00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:27.990
media bans for children under the age of


00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:30.630
16 will come into effect. The world


00:23:30.640 --> 00:23:32.789
first legislation is being marketed as a


00:23:32.799 --> 00:23:35.430
way to protect kids from bullying. But


00:23:35.440 --> 00:23:37.590
it doesn't stop kids using left-wing


00:23:37.600 --> 00:23:40.070
social media platforms like Blue Sky or


00:23:40.080 --> 00:23:41.909
for that matter chat rooms in many of


00:23:41.919 --> 00:23:45.029
the most popular computer games.


00:23:45.039 --> 00:23:47.270
In reality, it's a thinly disguised


00:23:47.280 --> 00:23:49.669
Trojan horse designed to force all


00:23:49.679 --> 00:23:52.310
Australian adults to adopt a digital ID,


00:23:52.320 --> 00:23:53.990
as if they want to retain access to


00:23:54.000 --> 00:23:56.710
their own social media accounts. It's a


00:23:56.720 --> 00:23:58.710
way around the public's objection to the


00:23:58.720 --> 00:24:00.950
defeated Australia card ID scheme of the


00:24:00.960 --> 00:24:03.830
1980s, which was overwhelmingly rejected


00:24:03.840 --> 00:24:06.390
by the people. So, why the


00:24:06.400 --> 00:24:09.350
fear-mongering? Well, digital ID will


00:24:09.360 --> 00:24:11.430
allow faceless bureaucrats, security


00:24:11.440 --> 00:24:13.269
organizations, and politicians to


00:24:13.279 --> 00:24:15.510
develop a big brother style digital link


00:24:15.520 --> 00:24:17.269
connecting everything, monitoring


00:24:17.279 --> 00:24:19.669
everything you do, where you go, what


00:24:19.679 --> 00:24:22.070
you look at, and even what you say. In


00:24:22.080 --> 00:24:23.990
the process, providing fact-based


00:24:24.000 --> 00:24:26.470
insights into what you're thinking. Then


00:24:26.480 --> 00:24:28.310
there's the issue of security and how


00:24:28.320 --> 00:24:30.230
easily your digital ID and all it


00:24:30.240 --> 00:24:33.110
contains about you can be hacked. Your


00:24:33.120 --> 00:24:35.590
digital ID will be the Australian answer


00:24:35.600 --> 00:24:38.070
to Beijing's social credit scheme, where


00:24:38.080 --> 00:24:40.070
those not considered worthy by China's


00:24:40.080 --> 00:24:42.149
Communist Party face restrictions in


00:24:42.159 --> 00:24:44.149
where they can live, where they can go,


00:24:44.159 --> 00:24:46.149
what they have access to, how they can


00:24:46.159 --> 00:24:48.230
travel, and where their children can go


00:24:48.240 --> 00:24:50.710
to school. Australians saw the first


00:24:50.720 --> 00:24:52.710
hints of what's to come during the COVID


00:24:52.720 --> 00:24:54.789
pandemic when voluntary digital ID


00:24:54.799 --> 00:24:56.710
schemes were repeatedly used by police


00:24:56.720 --> 00:24:59.269
to track people's movements. Technology


00:24:59.279 --> 00:25:01.830
editor Alex Haravo from techadvice.life


00:25:01.840 --> 00:25:04.070
life says in simple terms this new


00:25:04.080 --> 00:25:06.950
digital ID scheme will be a key step in


00:25:06.960 --> 00:25:09.590
the erosion of people's rights. It's


00:25:09.600 --> 00:25:12.789
only one small slice but step by step


00:25:12.799 --> 00:25:15.510
those rights will disappear and it all


00:25:15.520 --> 00:25:16.549
starts next week.


00:25:16.559 --> 00:25:18.230
>> Look there seems to be this concerted


00:25:18.240 --> 00:25:20.149
effort globally to want to set up


00:25:20.159 --> 00:25:22.390
digital ID and this clearly is something


00:25:22.400 --> 00:25:24.470
that will remove anonymity from the


00:25:24.480 --> 00:25:25.590
internet. everything you do will be


00:25:25.600 --> 00:25:27.110
tracked and it's all being done under


00:25:27.120 --> 00:25:29.190
the guise of won't somebody protect the


00:25:29.200 --> 00:25:31.190
children and you know Roblox for example


00:25:31.200 --> 00:25:32.950
has algorithms you got to take a photo


00:25:32.960 --> 00:25:34.549
of your face and they're looking at the


00:25:34.559 --> 00:25:35.750
various things you've been doing in the


00:25:35.760 --> 00:25:37.750
system but ultimately we're relying upon


00:25:37.760 --> 00:25:39.510
algorithms to figure these things out


00:25:39.520 --> 00:25:41.269
and the only real way of doing it is to


00:25:41.279 --> 00:25:43.430
get some sort of an ID from a parent


00:25:43.440 --> 00:25:45.510
from you know a passport something to


00:25:45.520 --> 00:25:47.669
prove that you are of a certain age but


00:25:47.679 --> 00:25:50.149
again this is going to remove anonymity


00:25:50.159 --> 00:25:52.149
from the internet and everything that


00:25:52.159 --> 00:25:53.830
you will do will be tracked and so there


00:25:53.840 --> 00:25:56.549
is a movement now to not comply with


00:25:56.559 --> 00:25:58.149
digital ID. But this is happening


00:25:58.159 --> 00:26:00.230
globally around the world. Governments


00:26:00.240 --> 00:26:02.149
are all coming together to put these


00:26:02.159 --> 00:26:03.990
social media bans in place. Malaysia is


00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:06.149
doing it. The UK wants digital ID. And


00:26:06.159 --> 00:26:07.830
uh I don't know if VPNs are going to be


00:26:07.840 --> 00:26:09.430
enough. There needs to be a push back


00:26:09.440 --> 00:26:11.350
from the public to say no. And even in


00:26:11.360 --> 00:26:12.630
Australia, we have a couple of young


00:26:12.640 --> 00:26:14.549
kids who are taking the government to


00:26:14.559 --> 00:26:16.390
the high court to have the digital ID


00:26:16.400 --> 00:26:17.990
system blocked. So this seems to be a


00:26:18.000 --> 00:26:20.710
watershed moment in um the modern


00:26:20.720 --> 00:26:23.590
civilization. Is this really part of a


00:26:23.600 --> 00:26:26.070
surreptitious effort by governments to


00:26:26.080 --> 00:26:28.310
just gain control over everything you


00:26:28.320 --> 00:26:29.990
have access to, all the information you


00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:30.390
get?


00:26:30.400 --> 00:26:32.230
>> Well, it look it certainly seems that


00:26:32.240 --> 00:26:33.590
way. I mean, everything that the


00:26:33.600 --> 00:26:34.789
governments have been trying to do, even


00:26:34.799 --> 00:26:37.269
in Australia, we had conservative and


00:26:37.279 --> 00:26:39.029
socialist governments and they tried all


00:26:39.039 --> 00:26:40.789
sorts of firewalls and they tried


00:26:40.799 --> 00:26:42.789
various things to to try and control


00:26:42.799 --> 00:26:43.190
people.


00:26:43.200 --> 00:26:45.269
>> Yeah, we had the attempt of an Australia


00:26:45.279 --> 00:26:48.310
card years ago and uh the citizenry


00:26:48.320 --> 00:26:50.230
resoundly said no to that. But it


00:26:50.240 --> 00:26:52.310
doesn't stop the bureaucrats or or the


00:26:52.320 --> 00:26:53.750
politicians from wanting to implement


00:26:53.760 --> 00:26:55.990
that. We had a situation where we had


00:26:56.000 --> 00:26:58.630
special ID for co that simply gave the


00:26:58.640 --> 00:27:00.470
police a chance to to track everyone's


00:27:00.480 --> 00:27:01.029
movements.


00:27:01.039 --> 00:27:03.750
>> Yeah. Yeah. Papers, please. As we saw in


00:27:03.760 --> 00:27:05.990
Nazi Germany. Look, the problem is that


00:27:06.000 --> 00:27:08.549
the unelected deep state globally wants


00:27:08.559 --> 00:27:10.230
control. They want to stay in power.


00:27:10.240 --> 00:27:11.669
They want to do the things they have


00:27:11.679 --> 00:27:13.750
been accused of doing um and maintain


00:27:13.760 --> 00:27:15.750
power and debase the currency and do all


00:27:15.760 --> 00:27:17.110
these things that some claim are


00:27:17.120 --> 00:27:19.350
conspiracies. But it's clear that if you


00:27:19.360 --> 00:27:21.269
can maintain your position of power and


00:27:21.279 --> 00:27:22.710
you can worm your way through the


00:27:22.720 --> 00:27:23.909
system, why wouldn't you do it? And


00:27:23.919 --> 00:27:25.190
we've seen that time and again


00:27:25.200 --> 00:27:27.029
throughout history and in the 21st


00:27:27.039 --> 00:27:28.470
century with all of the digital


00:27:28.480 --> 00:27:30.630
technologies now at the disposal of big


00:27:30.640 --> 00:27:32.070
tech, but also government. Well, we're


00:27:32.080 --> 00:27:33.750
seeing them work together and trying to


00:27:33.760 --> 00:27:35.350
hold people down. I mean, thank goodness


00:27:35.360 --> 00:27:37.430
for the United States and their first


00:27:37.440 --> 00:27:39.190
amendment. The deep space is fighting


00:27:39.200 --> 00:27:42.149
back and uh it's up to us as citizens,


00:27:42.159 --> 00:27:44.789
global citizens to say no, we don't want


00:27:44.799 --> 00:27:48.470
unelected people to usurp our privacy.


00:27:48.480 --> 00:27:50.549
>> We're sort of seeing human rights


00:27:50.559 --> 00:27:52.630
disappear one by one. And it's not that


00:27:52.640 --> 00:27:53.990
they're being taken from us. The


00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:56.149
citizenry are gladly giving them up, it


00:27:56.159 --> 00:27:57.669
seems, for an easier life.


00:27:57.679 --> 00:27:59.430
>> Benjamin Franklin said that if you give


00:27:59.440 --> 00:28:01.110
up a little liberty for a little


00:28:01.120 --> 00:28:03.590
security, then you deserve neither. And


00:28:03.600 --> 00:28:06.549
this is where people abdicating their


00:28:06.559 --> 00:28:09.190
responsibilities as human beings to big


00:28:09.200 --> 00:28:11.430
brother is the fast track to dystopia. I


00:28:11.440 --> 00:28:12.870
mean that's why we had Animal Farm.


00:28:12.880 --> 00:28:14.470
That's why we had 1984 from George


00:28:14.480 --> 00:28:16.149
Orwell. That's why we've had so many


00:28:16.159 --> 00:28:18.389
movies and TV shows about dystopia


00:28:18.399 --> 00:28:20.549
because people are worried. I mean these


00:28:20.559 --> 00:28:22.549
are warnings to ourselves to not let


00:28:22.559 --> 00:28:23.990
this sort of thing happen to us. We live


00:28:24.000 --> 00:28:26.310
at a time where as Ronald Reagan said,


00:28:26.320 --> 00:28:28.470
freedom and liberty is not passed down


00:28:28.480 --> 00:28:30.070
through the bloodline but must be fought


00:28:30.080 --> 00:28:32.389
for and protected by every generation.


00:28:32.399 --> 00:28:34.950
And uh we stand at the point at which


00:28:34.960 --> 00:28:36.710
the future generations of this planet


00:28:36.720 --> 00:28:38.310
could be living under dystopia. Let's


00:28:38.320 --> 00:28:39.350
hope that that doesn't happen.


00:28:39.360 --> 00:28:40.789
>> That's Alex Aharavoy from


00:28:40.799 --> 00:28:42.710
techadvice.life.


00:28:42.720 --> 00:28:44.549
And just in case you think advanced


00:28:44.559 --> 00:28:46.230
algorithms will circumvent all the


00:28:46.240 --> 00:28:48.950
problems of digital IDs, think again.


00:28:48.960 --> 00:28:50.149
Remember these are the same


00:28:50.159 --> 00:28:52.070
sophisticated algorithms which keep


00:28:52.080 --> 00:28:54.070
flagging up space-time posts displaying


00:28:54.080 --> 00:28:56.549
astronomical images of exoplanets as


00:28:56.559 --> 00:28:59.669
possible pornography. I mean, granted it


00:28:59.679 --> 00:29:01.510
is space porn, but that's not what the


00:29:01.520 --> 00:29:03.830
algorithms are thinking. This is


00:29:03.840 --> 00:29:19.990
spacetime.


00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:22.789
And that's the show for now. Spacetime


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>> You've been listening to Spacetime with


00:30:08.399 --> 00:30:10.710
Stewartgary. This has been another


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