The Universe’s Surprising Expiration Date

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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This is Spacetime series 28 episode 63


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for broadcast on the 26th of May


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2025. Coming up on Spacetime, the


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universe to end sooner than thought. The


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weird, wild, wacky gravity of the


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asteroid Bonu and India to undertake its


00:00:17.680 --> 00:00:20.950
first man space flight within 2 years.


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All that and more coming up on Spaceime.


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Welcome to Spaceime with Stuart Garry.


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[Music]




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A new study claims the universe could


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end in 10 the power 78 years from now.


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That's a one with 78 zeros behind it.


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And it is much sooner than previously


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thought. The findings reported in the


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journal of cosmology and astroparticle


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physics are based on the calculations of


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three Dutch scientists looking at


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so-called hawking radiation. They


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calculate that the universe's last


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stellar remnants will take about 10 ^ of


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78 years from now to evaporate. And


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that's much shorter than the 10 ^ 1,100


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years previously postulated. Hawking


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radiation proposed by Steven Hawking


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back in 1974 is a phenomenon where black


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holes emit thermal radiation due to


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quantum effects near the event horizon.


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The point of no return beyond which an


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object falls forever into a black hole


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singularity. This radiation reduces a


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black hole's mass eventually leading to


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its disappearance. Now it works like


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this. Quantum physics predicts that the


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vacuum of space isn't truly empty, but


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rather it contains constantly


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fluctuating pairs of virtual particles


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and antiparticles that literally pop in


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and out of existence. Now, near a black


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holes event horizon, these virtual


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particles can be separated by the


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singularity's intense gravity. If one of


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these virtual particles falls into the


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black hole, the other can escape and be


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observed as radiation, becoming real and


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effectively evaporating the black hole.


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The escaping particle carries or


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radiates away energy, thus reducing the


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black hole's mass. And the rate of this


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evaporation would depend on the black


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holes mass. Larger black holes have


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lower Hawking temperatures and evaporate


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more slowly, while smaller black holes


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have higher Hawking temperatures and


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therefore evaporate faster. Now, over


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time, the continuous emission of Hawking


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radiation would theoretically lead to


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the gradual evaporation of the black


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hole itself. And taking that to its


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natural conclusion, eventually the black


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holes mass will reach zero. It'll no


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longer exist. Now, the new research by


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black hole expert Hina Fali, quantum


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physicist Michael Wandre, and


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mathematician Walter Van Sulcrim, all


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from the University of Radbound is a


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follow-up to an earlier 2023 paper by


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the same trio. Now, back in that paper,


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they showed that not only black holes,


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but also other objects such as neutron


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stars can also evaporate through Hawking


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radiation. Now, after that publication,


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the authors received heaps of questions


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from scientists about how long the


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process would take. And they've now


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answered that question in this new


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study. And as we mentioned at the top of


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the story, the authors have calculated


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that the end of the universe is about 10


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the^ of 78 years away if only Hawking


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like radiation is taken into account.


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They base this on the time they


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calculate it would take for a white


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dwarf star, the most common persistent


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type of celestial bodies in the universe


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to decay through hawking like radiation.


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The problem is previous studies didn't


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take this into account, putting the


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lifetime of white dwarves at 10 the


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power of 1,100 years. Now the


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researchers calculated that the process


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of Hawking radiation theoretically also


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applies to other objects with a


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gravitational field. The calculations


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further showed that the evaporation time


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for an object depends only on its


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density. To the author's surprise,


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neutron stars and stellar mass black


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holes took the same amount of time to


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decay, 10 to the power of 67 years. This


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was unexpected because black holes have


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stronger gravitational fields than


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neutron stars which should cause them to


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evaporate faster. But the thing is black


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holes have no surface. So they reabsorb


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some of their own radiation and that


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inhibits the process. It's a fascinating


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study. All purely hypothetical of course


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but nevertheless


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fascinating. This is spaceime. Still to


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come, the weird, wild, wacky gravity of


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the asteroid Bonu and India to undertake


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its first man space flight within 2


00:04:41.040 --> 00:04:43.590
years. All that and more still to come


00:04:43.600 --> 00:04:47.740
on Spaceime.


00:04:47.750 --> 00:04:55.750
[Music]




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Astronomers have examined the weird


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Alice in Wonderlandike physics that


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govern gravity near the surface of the


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asteroid Bonu. The new findings are


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based on data gathered by NASA's Osiris


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Rex spacecraft, which undertook a sample


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return mission to the half kilome wide


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near Earth asteroid. The probe was


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launched back in 2016, arriving at Bonu


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in 2018. It then spent 2 years studying


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the carbonatous Apollo Group space rock


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before swooping down to the surface and


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grabbing some samples for return to


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Earth in 2023. During the mission study


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of Bonu, scientists examined and mapped


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its topography, its structure, its


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composition, and importantly for this


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story, its gravitational pool. A report


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in the journal Nature Astronomy found


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the asteroid has a mass of 73 billion


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kg. And the authors also found that Bonu


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exists in the delicate balance between


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two competing forces, the result of the


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asteroid spin. See, Bonu completes a


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full rotation around its axis once every


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4 hours. That's quite fast. The studies


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lead author Daniel Shears from the


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University of Colorado Boulder says


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those forces play an important role in


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the asteroid's long-term evolution and


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potential demise. He says when you spin


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an asteroid up, you create a competition


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between gravity that's holding things


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together and centrifugal acceleration


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which is trying to pull things apart. To


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study those forces, Shears and


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colleagues used Assaaris Rex's


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navigational instruments to measure the


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minute tug that the asteroid exerts on


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the spacecraft. And in the process, they


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dug up a lot more than they expected.


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Now, based on the group's calculations,


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it appears the region around Bernu's


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equator is trapped within a


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gravitational feature known as a


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rotational robe. And that's something


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scientists haven't yet clearly observed


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on an asteroid. Now, the Ro limit is the


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point at which the gravitational tidal


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effects of a large body on a smaller one


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become so powerful as to overcome the


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smaller body's own internal gravity,


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causing it to fling apart. And she's


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found that that's when things get weird


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with Bonu. So now if you're standing


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inside the boundaries of Bonu's ro lobe


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and you slipped on say banana peel for


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example then not much would happen.


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You'd be captured by the lobe and fall


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back onto the surface. But if you were


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outside the ro lobe and slipped on that


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same banana peel you'd end up rolling


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towards the equator and you could


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theoretically gain enough energy to


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quite literally roll off the equator and


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up into orbit and then into outer space.


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Now she admits it all sounds like the


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sort of environment looks Carol would


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have appreciated but it does matter in


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real life especially for the lifespan of


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Bonu. See that's because radiation from


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the sun is causing Bonu to spin faster


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and faster over time. And as the


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asteroid's rotation builds up speed its


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ro limit might also be shrinking along


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with the forces that are holding the


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whole thing together. And as the rose


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lobe narrows further around the equator,


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it becomes easier for the asteroid to


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lose material. Tree says that so far


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that material's been trapped by gravity,


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but at some point if the asteroid keeps


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spinning faster, then you would wind up


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falling off the cliff. In other words,


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Bernu could well be in the process of


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spinning itself into pieces. And Shri


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says that's important because Bernu is


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one of those asteroids which could one


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day impact the Earth. The main role of


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the University of Colorado on the Osiris


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Rex mission is in the radiocience


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experiment. When we send a spacecraft


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out to this asteroid millions, billions


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of kilometers away from the Earth. The


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only way we can command it, control it,


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see what it's doing is by sending radio


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waves out to the


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spacecraft. The main result from radio


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science is actually to measure the mass


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and the gravity field of this asteroid.


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pristine material from the very dawn of


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the solar system. Bennu has a


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non-negligible probability of impacting


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the earth uh a few hundred years in the


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future. We take our very precise


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measurement to determine its location


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accurately enough so we can say oh okay


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it's going to miss the earth by a far


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distance in in the future. If in fact


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that's not the case then we need to


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start thinking about well how would we


00:09:13.360 --> 00:09:15.190
actually push this asteroid out of the


00:09:15.200 --> 00:09:16.790
way?


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You need time and you need to understand


00:09:18.800 --> 00:09:21.430
the the the properties of the asteroid.


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That's Daniel Shre from the University


00:09:23.440 --> 00:09:26.509
of Colorado Boulder. And this is


00:09:26.519 --> 00:09:29.030
spaceime. Still to come, India to


00:09:29.040 --> 00:09:30.790
undertake its first man space flight


00:09:30.800 --> 00:09:32.790
within 2 years. And later in the science


00:09:32.800 --> 00:09:34.949
report, archaeologists excavating the


00:09:34.959 --> 00:09:36.870
ancient Iraqi city of Nineveh have


00:09:36.880 --> 00:09:38.710
discovered the royal palace's throne


00:09:38.720 --> 00:09:41.430
room. All that and more still to come on


00:09:41.440 --> 00:09:46.710
Spaceime.


00:09:46.720 --> 00:09:48.870
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[Music]


00:12:01.440 --> 00:12:03.430
The Indian Space Research Organization


00:12:03.440 --> 00:12:05.509
ISRO says it'll attempt to launch its


00:12:05.519 --> 00:12:08.269
first man space mission in early


00:12:08.279 --> 00:12:11.030
2027. The historic flight will follow an


00:12:11.040 --> 00:12:12.710
unmanned test flight of the nation's


00:12:12.720 --> 00:12:15.829
Gagian spacecraft later this year. The


00:12:15.839 --> 00:12:18.389
5.3 ton capsule was designed to carry a


00:12:18.399 --> 00:12:21.110
crew of three into low Earth orbit. The


00:12:21.120 --> 00:12:22.949
spacecraft will be sent into orbit using


00:12:22.959 --> 00:12:26.389
an updated version of the 59 m tall GSLV


00:12:26.399 --> 00:12:28.870
Mark III rocket. GSLV standing for


00:12:28.880 --> 00:12:30.870
geocynchronous satellite launch vehicle


00:12:30.880 --> 00:12:32.389
although these days it's also being


00:12:32.399 --> 00:12:35.470
known as launch vehicle Mark III or


00:12:35.480 --> 00:12:37.990
LVM3. So far four Indian Air Force


00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:39.910
pilots have been selected for the flight


00:12:39.920 --> 00:12:41.350
and they've already undertaken their


00:12:41.360 --> 00:12:43.350
cosmonaut training in Russia and are now


00:12:43.360 --> 00:12:45.190
undergoing further mission specialist


00:12:45.200 --> 00:12:47.590
training back in India. And the Indian


00:12:47.600 --> 00:12:49.670
Navy's also been rehearsing, conducting


00:12:49.680 --> 00:12:51.590
sea recovery trials for the mission with


00:12:51.600 --> 00:12:54.910
more simulations planned prior to


00:12:54.920 --> 00:12:57.350
flight. Meanwhile, an Indian rocket


00:12:57.360 --> 00:12:58.710
carrying a new Earth observation


00:12:58.720 --> 00:13:01.350
satellite has failed to reach orbit. The


00:13:01.360 --> 00:13:04.710
PSLV C61 launch vehicle blasted off from


00:13:04.720 --> 00:13:06.629
the Shiraikota Space Center on the Bay


00:13:06.639 --> 00:13:09.350
of Bengal coast carrying the EOS09


00:13:09.360 --> 00:13:12.150
spacecraft. ISRO says there was a sudden


00:13:12.160 --> 00:13:13.990
fall in chamber pressure during the


00:13:14.000 --> 00:13:16.069
third stage rocket burn preventing the


00:13:16.079 --> 00:13:18.389
payload from reaching orbit. An


00:13:18.399 --> 00:13:20.269
investigation is now


00:13:20.279 --> 00:13:22.430
underway. This is


00:13:22.440 --> 00:13:37.230
[Music]


00:13:37.240 --> 00:13:39.670
spaceime. And time now to take a brief


00:13:39.680 --> 00:13:41.190
look at some of the other stories making


00:13:41.200 --> 00:13:42.870
news in science this week with the


00:13:42.880 --> 00:13:45.750
science report. A new study has found


00:13:45.760 --> 00:13:47.990
that herpes simplex 1, the virus


00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:49.910
responsible for cold sores, may also


00:13:49.920 --> 00:13:51.430
have a key role to play in the


00:13:51.440 --> 00:13:53.990
development of Alzheimer's disease. The


00:13:54.000 --> 00:13:55.910
findings reported in the British Medical


00:13:55.920 --> 00:13:57.590
Journal, suggest that treatment with


00:13:57.600 --> 00:13:59.829
antiviral therapy might be linked to a


00:13:59.839 --> 00:14:02.470
lower risk of the condition. The authors


00:14:02.480 --> 00:14:05.030
matched up close to 350,000 pairs of


00:14:05.040 --> 00:14:07.430
people, one diagnosed with Alzheimer's


00:14:07.440 --> 00:14:09.990
and the other without. Now, overall,


00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:12.470
they found the likelihood of an HSV1


00:14:12.480 --> 00:14:15.269
diagnosis was 80% higher among those


00:14:15.279 --> 00:14:17.670
with Alzheimer's. They also found that


00:14:17.680 --> 00:14:19.509
people who used antiviral medication


00:14:19.519 --> 00:14:22.150
after their diagnosis were 17% less


00:14:22.160 --> 00:14:24.069
likely to develop Alzheimer's compared


00:14:24.079 --> 00:14:26.389
to those who didn't use the treatments.


00:14:26.399 --> 00:14:28.230
Additionally, the authors also looked at


00:14:28.240 --> 00:14:30.470
the role of other herpes viruses and


00:14:30.480 --> 00:14:33.189
suggest that both HSV2 and vericillar


00:14:33.199 --> 00:14:35.269
rooster virus infections were also


00:14:35.279 --> 00:14:37.269
associated with a heightened risk of


00:14:37.279 --> 00:14:38.910
getting


00:14:38.920 --> 00:14:41.430
Alzheimer's. Archaeologists excavating a


00:14:41.440 --> 00:14:43.509
dig site in the ancient Iraqi city of


00:14:43.519 --> 00:14:45.590
Nineveh have discovered the royal throne


00:14:45.600 --> 00:14:47.750
room of the north palace of King Ashel


00:14:47.760 --> 00:14:50.150
Banipal. The find includes large


00:14:50.160 --> 00:14:52.710
portions of a monumental stone slab some


00:14:52.720 --> 00:14:55.590
5 1/2 m long by 3 m high and weighing


00:14:55.600 --> 00:14:58.310
around 12 tons. It features a carved


00:14:58.320 --> 00:14:59.670
relief depicting the ruler of the


00:14:59.680 --> 00:15:01.590
Assyrian Empire from the 7th century


00:15:01.600 --> 00:15:03.910
B.C.E. along with two important deities


00:15:03.920 --> 00:15:06.230
and other figures. Shown in the center


00:15:06.240 --> 00:15:07.990
of the recently discovered relief is


00:15:08.000 --> 00:15:10.550
King Ashaw Benipal, the last great ruler


00:15:10.560 --> 00:15:13.269
of the Assyrian Empire. He's flanked by


00:15:13.279 --> 00:15:15.750
two supreme deities, the gods Asher and


00:15:15.760 --> 00:15:18.790
Ishtar, the patron goddess of Nineveh.


00:15:18.800 --> 00:15:20.470
Archaeologists believe the figure


00:15:20.480 --> 00:15:22.629
suggests that a massive winged sun disck


00:15:22.639 --> 00:15:24.389
was probably originally mounted above


00:15:24.399 --> 00:15:27.030
the relief. The ancient city of Nineveh


00:15:27.040 --> 00:15:28.710
located near the modern Iraqi city of


00:15:28.720 --> 00:15:30.389
Mosul is considered to be one of the


00:15:30.399 --> 00:15:31.870
most important cities of North


00:15:31.880 --> 00:15:34.790
Mesopotamia and under King Senarib


00:15:34.800 --> 00:15:36.389
became the capital of the Assyrian


00:15:36.399 --> 00:15:40.629
Empire in the late 8th century B.CE.


00:15:40.639 --> 00:15:42.470
A new study has found that native


00:15:42.480 --> 00:15:44.470
Australian bees living in areas where


00:15:44.480 --> 00:15:46.470
European honeybees are prevalent wind up


00:15:46.480 --> 00:15:48.629
having fewer female offspring and a


00:15:48.639 --> 00:15:50.470
higher death rate in their first years


00:15:50.480 --> 00:15:53.030
of life. The findings reported in the


00:15:53.040 --> 00:15:55.269
Journal of the Frontiers in Bee Science


00:15:55.279 --> 00:15:57.269
studied native bees living in bee


00:15:57.279 --> 00:15:59.590
hotels, wooden boxes designed for native


00:15:59.600 --> 00:16:01.990
bees to rest and breed in. They looked


00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:04.310
at 14 sites around Perth, looking at


00:16:04.320 --> 00:16:06.230
whether their proximity to introduced


00:16:06.240 --> 00:16:09.269
bees impacted various signs of fitness.


00:16:09.279 --> 00:16:11.110
The authors say it takes fewer resources


00:16:11.120 --> 00:16:13.189
to produce male bees compared to female


00:16:13.199 --> 00:16:15.590
bees. So, the change in sex ratio they


00:16:15.600 --> 00:16:17.670
observed among native bees could be a


00:16:17.680 --> 00:16:19.350
sign that the natives are struggling to


00:16:19.360 --> 00:16:21.509
compete for resources, which in turn


00:16:21.519 --> 00:16:23.110
makes it harder for the next generation


00:16:23.120 --> 00:16:25.030
to reproduce because there are fewer


00:16:25.040 --> 00:16:27.749
females in the area.


00:16:27.759 --> 00:16:30.069
While a source of eternal frustration


00:16:30.079 --> 00:16:31.749
for those of us fascinated by the


00:16:31.759 --> 00:16:34.230
wonders of a universe of science fact,


00:16:34.240 --> 00:16:36.470
for many others, the mysteries of the


00:16:36.480 --> 00:16:39.069
supernatural retain a sort of magical


00:16:39.079 --> 00:16:41.350
allure. Now, whether it's the Bermuda


00:16:41.360 --> 00:16:43.350
Triangle, personality test, ghost


00:16:43.360 --> 00:16:45.110
hunting, crop circles, the Loch Ness


00:16:45.120 --> 00:16:46.870
monster, or Bigfoot, they all have one


00:16:46.880 --> 00:16:49.030
thing in common. They simply don't live


00:16:49.040 --> 00:16:51.389
up to the rigors of actual scientific


00:16:51.399 --> 00:16:54.230
testing. Nevertheless, they all attract


00:16:54.240 --> 00:16:56.710
passionate supporters. And in fact, even


00:16:56.720 --> 00:16:58.230
when people know they're not real,


00:16:58.240 --> 00:17:00.189
they're still often fascinated by the


00:17:00.199 --> 00:17:02.710
idea. And Tim Mendum from Australian


00:17:02.720 --> 00:17:04.470
Skeptics says there's a whole range of


00:17:04.480 --> 00:17:06.470
reasons why this is such a common human


00:17:06.480 --> 00:17:08.549
quirk. Various reasons have been


00:17:08.559 --> 00:17:10.309
suggested. One is that people want our


00:17:10.319 --> 00:17:11.669
world to be more exciting, more


00:17:11.679 --> 00:17:13.750
glamorous, more weird, mysterious.


00:17:13.760 --> 00:17:15.270
That's one thing is the excitement


00:17:15.280 --> 00:17:17.350
level. The other one is the fear level


00:17:17.360 --> 00:17:19.029
that the world's a pretty scary place.


00:17:19.039 --> 00:17:20.390
Things happen to you without any


00:17:20.400 --> 00:17:22.069
apparent reason. I'd like there to be


00:17:22.079 --> 00:17:24.630
some more reliable information in the


00:17:24.640 --> 00:17:26.470
world. And if I don't feel that the


00:17:26.480 --> 00:17:28.069
world as it is, as I know it is


00:17:28.079 --> 00:17:29.990
reliable, I'll tune into something else


00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:32.150
which is sort of UFOs exist or the world


00:17:32.160 --> 00:17:34.630
is flat or the stars can decide my


00:17:34.640 --> 00:17:36.470
future etc. That's another one that fear


00:17:36.480 --> 00:17:37.750
factor. The other one is a conspiracy


00:17:37.760 --> 00:17:39.669
factor that anything which is associated


00:17:39.679 --> 00:17:41.909
with established fact or science or


00:17:41.919 --> 00:17:43.830
policy must be false because obviously


00:17:43.840 --> 00:17:45.270
they're campaigning against us whether


00:17:45.280 --> 00:17:46.870
it's big government, big farmer, big


00:17:46.880 --> 00:17:49.110
science, whatever. Anything they say is


00:17:49.120 --> 00:17:50.630
inherently false according to some


00:17:50.640 --> 00:17:52.070
people and therefore will go to the


00:17:52.080 --> 00:17:53.270
opposite. If I don't trust the


00:17:53.280 --> 00:17:54.710
government, therefore something which is


00:17:54.720 --> 00:17:56.789
anti-government must be true, which is


00:17:56.799 --> 00:17:58.710
poor logic, but never mind. It's never


00:17:58.720 --> 00:18:00.470
been a major issue. So the governments


00:18:00.480 --> 00:18:02.150
are trying to block UFOs. Governments


00:18:02.160 --> 00:18:03.510
are trying to block this knowledge or


00:18:03.520 --> 00:18:04.549
that knowledge. Therefore, that


00:18:04.559 --> 00:18:06.470
knowledge has hiding the truth about


00:18:06.480 --> 00:18:08.150
Bigfoot. Well, they Well, I don't


00:18:08.160 --> 00:18:09.510
understand that one actually. I don't


00:18:09.520 --> 00:18:10.549
know why a government would actually


00:18:10.559 --> 00:18:11.830
cover up Bigfoot. I thought, you know,


00:18:11.840 --> 00:18:13.430
tourism etc. would be a good thing. It's


00:18:13.440 --> 00:18:15.590
the latest Animal Planet Bigfoot story


00:18:15.600 --> 00:18:17.350
that's doing the rounds. Yeah, it


00:18:17.360 --> 00:18:18.630
probably is. I mean, yeah, the


00:18:18.640 --> 00:18:20.150
inventiveness of people to find


00:18:20.160 --> 00:18:22.150
conspiracies is never ending. So there's


00:18:22.160 --> 00:18:23.510
various reasons why we like super


00:18:23.520 --> 00:18:25.430
science. One is fun. It might be fun


00:18:25.440 --> 00:18:27.669
thing. That's why we cover it on this


00:18:27.679 --> 00:18:29.510
show because it is. That's right. Yeah.


00:18:29.520 --> 00:18:31.110
There are it's fun elements. It's


00:18:31.120 --> 00:18:32.870
exciting. It's Yeah, it's interesting.


00:18:32.880 --> 00:18:34.549
It's as interesting as Harry Potter. I


00:18:34.559 --> 00:18:35.830
don't believe Harry Potter's real. I


00:18:35.840 --> 00:18:37.270
don't believe that Loch Ness monster is


00:18:37.280 --> 00:18:38.870
real. Doesn't stop you enjoying them.


00:18:38.880 --> 00:18:40.710
But then yeah, it also You've been there


00:18:40.720 --> 00:18:42.470
three times. Come on. I have been there


00:18:42.480 --> 00:18:43.669
three times. Not to Harry Potter, I


00:18:43.679 --> 00:18:45.350
should say, actually. But the Loch Ness,


00:18:45.360 --> 00:18:46.630
I have been. Yeah, it's great. It's a


00:18:46.640 --> 00:18:48.150
lovely place, too. I recommend it. nice


00:18:48.160 --> 00:18:50.070
little restaurants and things, but um


00:18:50.080 --> 00:18:51.830
just by saying it's fun doesn't mean


00:18:51.840 --> 00:18:53.270
it's true. And if if you believe it's


00:18:53.280 --> 00:18:54.870
true, it can actually start influencing


00:18:54.880 --> 00:18:57.110
you in what you do in life. Like


00:18:57.120 --> 00:18:59.990
astrology is not true. Your listeners


00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:01.830
always interested in astronomy would


00:19:01.840 --> 00:19:03.110
probably know that that nothing in


00:19:03.120 --> 00:19:04.630
astrology. There's nothing in the flat


00:19:04.640 --> 00:19:06.230
earth theory as well. Probably nothing


00:19:06.240 --> 00:19:08.630
in UFOs, UAPs, whatever. No evidence


00:19:08.640 --> 00:19:10.549
certainly, but people follow astrology.


00:19:10.559 --> 00:19:11.990
People definitely follow astrology and


00:19:12.000 --> 00:19:13.990
use it to make their life decisions.


00:19:14.000 --> 00:19:16.230
People are interested in UFOs and can


00:19:16.240 --> 00:19:17.830
use that as part of their philosophy of


00:19:17.840 --> 00:19:19.990
anti-government everything and that UFOs


00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:21.510
are here to save us or destroy us


00:19:21.520 --> 00:19:22.950
depending on your point of view. Flat


00:19:22.960 --> 00:19:24.630
Earth is a classic conspiracy theory.


00:19:24.640 --> 00:19:26.070
They're trying to cover it up. It's one


00:19:26.080 --> 00:19:27.830
of the silliest conspiracy theories out


00:19:27.840 --> 00:19:29.669
there. But I mean there are things which


00:19:29.679 --> 00:19:31.510
are dangerous to people and those things


00:19:31.520 --> 00:19:33.350
that are fun. Fine, have fun. But what


00:19:33.360 --> 00:19:35.029
the skeptics see unfortunately is these


00:19:35.039 --> 00:19:36.950
things extending into other areas.


00:19:36.960 --> 00:19:38.630
Conspiracy about UFOs might be a


00:19:38.640 --> 00:19:40.390
conspiracy about health as well. Might


00:19:40.400 --> 00:19:42.390
be that lead to the same mindset. That's


00:19:42.400 --> 00:19:46.830
Tim Mendum from Australian


00:19:46.840 --> 00:19:59.070
[Music]


00:19:59.080 --> 00:20:02.310
Skeptics and that's the show for now.


00:20:02.320 --> 00:20:04.310
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