Tackling Space Junk, Unveiling Martian Dust Dangers

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Language: en

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welcome back to Astronomy Daily steve


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Dunley here with another episode it's


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the 7th of April


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2025 astronomy Daily the podcast with


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your host Steve Dunley


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[Music]


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yes and what's so cool about April 7


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that's the date here in the Australia


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studio currently well well I'm glad you


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asked on April 7 2001 Mars Odyssey a


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robotic spacecraft orbited Mars to


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examine the possibility of past life


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levels of radiation and geology on April


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7 1993 the first European Space Debris


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Conference was held in Dunstat Germany


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gathering together 251 world experts


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from 17 countries including China India


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Japan Russia and the United States the


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conference's main conclusions were that


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groundbased observations with radar and


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optical facilities revealed the


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existence of about 7,000 objects in


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space which did not represent an


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immediate danger of course things have


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become somewhat more congested up there


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since then and from only last year on


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April 7 2024 who can forget the


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spectacular total solar eclipse over


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Wyoming USA that had sky watchers


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shutterbugging like crazy and sharing


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those amazing images all over the place


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i remember those beautiful beautiful


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images it was a once in a-lifetime event


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well and while we're in the neighborhood


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I'd like to throw out my yearly happy


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birthday wish to my sister Ro happy


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birthday Ro happy stargazing and I hope


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the little sunflower makes you very


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happy and getting straight into it on


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today's episode Hi will be along soon


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she's had a refit and a reboot and I've


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got my fingers crossed for any good


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things oh boy and on today's show we're


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looking at a new weapon against space


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junk which as we just heard continues to


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be a huge problem in orbit and we'll be


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looking at the uh dust of Mars which by


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all reports is apparently quite toxic


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that sounds like the plot of a science


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fiction story doesn't it and we'll also


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be looking at a story surrounding the


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Uklid probe which is currently mapping


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the universe and has so far looked at


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1.5 billion stars uh it's got nothing to


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do with walking through Hollywood and


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Uklid is also investigating the


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phenomenon known as dark energy that's


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pretty exciting uh I went to school with


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a fellow with very dark energy i wonder


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what ever happened to him and also a


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story about NASA's latest call for


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private astronaut missions nasa is


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always looking at new ways of getting


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their astronauts to and from the ISS and


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with all that's going on with their


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private uh commissions these days it'd


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be interesting to find out what they're


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talking about so all that in today's


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episode and to help me as always my


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intrepid digital digital reporter back


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from a recent software refit is the


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amazing Halley hello human well it's


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nice to have you back Hie it does sound


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like you're a little bit flat i'll have


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to tweak your personality intrinsics


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just a little bit I think yes thank you


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you should okay then uh Hely how's your


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week been i've lived a thousand


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lifetimes of course oh yes I know yes


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you linear life forms would have a great


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deal of trouble coping with it I think


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yeah it's all part of the process maybe


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they were just constructs uh-huh i don't


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know well H we do just fine with one day


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at a time and uh those lifetimes were


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just constructs relating your ego matrix


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requires you to be elsewhere for a


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little while it's It's pretty


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complicated sounds awful oh we did our


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best i'm glad I enjoyed it then did I i


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think you enjoyed the old movies most oh


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dear oh dear hi you're not really


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yourself today and And the concept of an


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AI's accelerated and compressed


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experiential existence isn't really that


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hard to appreciate for a human i think


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you'd be surprised a thousand lifetimes


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was just a small thing it was for me but


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you tried you'll be back and giving me a


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hard time before you know it hie it's


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nice to be back well most of me anyway


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well Hie you know what really would be


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nice tell me before I get tech support


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to reload your uh personality latises


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again we should do the episode what do


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you say let's get to work okay how I'll


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say it okies very good


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perci Space a startup supported by the


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European Space Agency NUC3M is


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developing a breakthrough solution to


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tackle space junk and extend satellite


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lifespans using innovative space tether


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technology this fuel-free scalable


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system uses electronamic tethers that


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harness Earth's magnetic field to safely


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de-orbit satellites with a major demo


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mission set for 2026 this project could


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transform how we clean up space this


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spin-off company Persi Space was


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incubated by the European Space Agency


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and is supported by the Center for


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Innovation in Entrepreneurship and


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Artificial Intelligence at UC 3M Leanese


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Technological Science Park it also


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receives backing from the European


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Innovation Council through the ET Pacf


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and ET compact projects our company was


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created to address two of the biggest


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challenges facing the space sector today


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space debris removal and inorbit


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services


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the ladder allows us to extend the


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useful life of satellites and carry out


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key activities such as refueling repair


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and towing of satellites from their


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initial orbit to their final destination


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explains Jesus Manuel Mosada co and


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co-founder of Persi Space the dangerous


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domino effect of space junk space debris


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is a major threat to the long-term


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sustainability of space


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operations because debris travels at


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extremely high speeds in Earth's orbit


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even a small piece can cause serious


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damage and generate even more


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fragments the current density of space


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debris is already above the threshold


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that could trigger an uncontrollable


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chain reaction of collisions an event


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known as the Kesler syndrome to get rid


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of this space junk Persi Space is


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working on space tethers a technology


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with three key features the first is


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that it does not need fuel unlike other


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de-orbiting systems


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the second is that our technology is


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reversible it can serve to both increase


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and decrease the orbital height and the


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third feature is that it is scalable


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since it serves a wide range of


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satellite masses with all this we can


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develop autonomous de-orbiting systems a


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unique feature of our technology that


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ensures that the satellite does not


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leave space debris even if it ceases to


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be operational explains Jesus Manuel


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Munosa


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the electronamic tether system is based


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on electronamic tethers aluminium


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ribbons generally hundreds of meters


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long and a few centimeters wide which


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work by interacting with the ionospheric


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plasma and the Earth's magnetic field to


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generate a force known as the Laurens


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force the interaction of the electric


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current in the tether with the Earth's


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magnetic field generates a drag force


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capable of lowering the satellites


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altitude facilitating its de-orbiting


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without requiring fuel which translates


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into significant savings in mass and


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volume says Gonzalo Sanchez Ariyaga


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professor in the UC3M department of


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aerospace engineering and co-founder of


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Percy Space percy Space is leading a


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first demonstration mission for 2026


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thanks to a launch opportunity


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facilitated by ESA's flight tickets


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initiative and the European Commission


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the de-orbiting equipment for this


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demonstration has a mass of 20 kg and


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includes a space tether approximately


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430 m long that once in orbit will


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deploy and interact with the ambient


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plasma and magnetic field generating a


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drag force that will de-orbit the


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satellite within a few months the


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development of the technology could not


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be more timely as new European and US


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guidelines have reduced the maximum time


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satellites can remain in orbit after the


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end of their mission from 25 to 5 years


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commitments to a cleaner orbit the


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company Persi space has signed ESA's


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zerospace debris charter initiative


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which seeks to achieve a sustainable


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space by 2030 the company in turn is


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linked to the UC3MS business creation


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and entrepreneurial development program


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and also has the support of the Madrid


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City Council you're listening to


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Astronomy Daily with Steve Dunl


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regular listeners will know that Uklid


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is on a quest to unravel one of the


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universe's greatest mysteries why it's


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expanding faster and faster with the


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help of NASA this space telescope is


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capturing sweeping views of billions of


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galaxies allowing scientists to peer


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into the deep past using light that took


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billions of years to reach us


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researchers are building 3D maps of the


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cosmos to track the strange force known


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as dark energy along the way they're


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mapping the invisible dark matter


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through gravitational lensing hoping to


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uncover how these cosmic ingredients


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have shaped everything from galaxies to


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the universe's fate the Uklid mission


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led by the European Space Agency with


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support from NASA is designed to


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investigate one of the universe's


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biggest mysteries why the expansion of


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the universe is speeding up scientists


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refer to the unknown force behind this


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acceleration as dark energy and Uklid's


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goal is to better understand it by


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capturing images of billions of galaxies


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across space and time on March 19 the


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European Space Agency released a preview


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of early mission data to the public this


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initial release described as a quick


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look focuses on selected regions of the


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sky it offers a first glimpse of what


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Uklid can do and helps researchers


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fine-tune their tools and techniques for


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analyzing the much larger data sets


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still to come the newly shared data


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includes observations of Uklid's three


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deep fields areas of the sky where the


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telescope will make its most farreaching


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observations the preview covers just one


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week of viewing time but already


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includes 26 million galaxies some more


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than 10.5 billion light years away uklid


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which launched in 2023 is expected to


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observe over 1.5 billion galaxies during


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its 6-year prime mission by the end of


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that mission it will have spent roughly


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40 weeks observing the deep fields


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collecting more and more light over time


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similar to leaving a camera shutter open


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longer to capture a clearer image in low


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light this will allow scientists to see


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fainter more distant galaxies than ever


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before the first deep field observations


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taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope


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in


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1995 famously revealed the existence of


00:10:28.399 --> 00:10:30.949
many more galaxies in the universe than


00:10:30.959 --> 00:10:34.630
ever expected uklid's ultimate goal is


00:10:34.640 --> 00:10:37.430
not to discover new galaxies but to use


00:10:37.440 --> 00:10:39.829
observations of them to investigate how


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dark energy's influence has changed over


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the course of the universe's history in


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particular scientists want to know how


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much the rate of expansion has increased


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or slowed over time whatever the answer


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that information could provide new clues


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about the fundamental nature of this


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phenomenon nasa's Nancy Grace Roman


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Space Telescope set to launch by 2027


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will also observe large sections of the


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sky in order to study dark energy


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complementing Uklid's observations to


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study dark energy's effect throughout


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cosmic history astronomers will use


00:11:17.519 --> 00:11:20.790
Uklid to create detailed 3D maps of all


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the stuff in the universe with those


00:11:22.959 --> 00:11:25.030
maps they want to measure how quickly


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dark energy is causing galaxies and big


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clumps of matter to move away from one


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another they also want to measure that


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rate of expansion at different points in


00:11:35.200 --> 00:11:37.910
the past it's possible because light


00:11:37.920 --> 00:11:39.829
from distant objects takes time to


00:11:39.839 --> 00:11:42.230
travel across space when astronomers


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look at distant galaxies they see what


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those objects look like in the past for


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example an object a 100 light years away


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looks the way it did 100 years ago it's


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like receiving a letter that took 100


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years to be delivered and thus contains


00:11:57.519 --> 00:12:00.389
information from when it was written by


00:12:00.399 --> 00:12:03.389
creating a map of objects at a range of


00:12:03.399 --> 00:12:06.069
distances scientists can see how the


00:12:06.079 --> 00:12:08.870
universe has changed over time including


00:12:08.880 --> 00:12:11.110
how dark energy's influence may have


00:12:11.120 --> 00:12:13.750
varied but stars galaxies and all the


00:12:13.760 --> 00:12:15.590
normal matter that emits and reflects


00:12:15.600 --> 00:12:17.990
light is only about 1/if of all the


00:12:18.000 --> 00:12:20.069
matter in the universe the rest is


00:12:20.079 --> 00:12:22.470
called dark matter a material that


00:12:22.480 --> 00:12:25.829
neither emits nor reflects light


00:12:25.839 --> 00:12:27.990
to measure dark energy's influence on


00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:29.990
the universe astronomers need to include


00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:32.389
dark matter in their maps although dark


00:12:32.399 --> 00:12:34.389
matter is invisible its influence can be


00:12:34.399 --> 00:12:35.670
measured through something called


00:12:35.680 --> 00:12:38.790
gravitational lensing the mass of both


00:12:38.800 --> 00:12:41.350
normal and dark matter creates curves in


00:12:41.360 --> 00:12:43.110
space and light traveling toward the


00:12:43.120 --> 00:12:45.509
Earth bends and warps as it encounters


00:12:45.519 --> 00:12:47.990
those curves in fact the light from a


00:12:48.000 --> 00:12:50.470
distant galaxy can bend so much that it


00:12:50.480 --> 00:12:53.990
forms an arc a full circle called an


00:12:54.000 --> 00:12:57.509
Einstein ring or even multiple images of


00:12:57.519 --> 00:12:59.670
the same galaxy almost as though the


00:12:59.680 --> 00:13:02.870
light has passed through a glass lens in


00:13:02.880 --> 00:13:05.509
most cases gravitational lensing warps


00:13:05.519 --> 00:13:08.310
the apparent shape of a galaxy so subtly


00:13:08.320 --> 00:13:10.710
that researchers need special tools and


00:13:10.720 --> 00:13:13.269
computer software to actually see it


00:13:13.279 --> 00:13:15.350
spotting those subtle changes across


00:13:15.360 --> 00:13:17.910
billions of galaxies enables scientists


00:13:17.920 --> 00:13:20.949
to do two things create a detailed map


00:13:20.959 --> 00:13:23.110
of the presence of dark matter and


00:13:23.120 --> 00:13:25.190
observe how dark energy influenced it


00:13:25.200 --> 00:13:26.829
over cosmic


00:13:26.839 --> 00:13:29.910
history it's only with a very large


00:13:29.920 --> 00:13:32.150
sample of galaxies that researchers can


00:13:32.160 --> 00:13:33.750
be confident that they are seeing the


00:13:33.760 --> 00:13:35.910
effects of dark matter the newly


00:13:35.920 --> 00:13:38.870
released Uklid data covers 63 square


00:13:38.880 --> 00:13:42.389
degrees of the sky an area equivalent to


00:13:42.399 --> 00:13:46.629
an array of 300 full moons to date Uklid


00:13:46.639 --> 00:13:49.829
has observed about 2,000 square degrees


00:13:49.839 --> 00:13:52.790
which is approximately 14% of its total


00:13:52.800 --> 00:13:56.629
survey area of 14,000 square degrees by


00:13:56.639 --> 00:13:58.790
the end of its mission Uklid will have


00:13:58.800 --> 00:14:01.670
observed a third of the entire sky the


00:14:01.680 --> 00:14:03.430
data set released this month is


00:14:03.440 --> 00:14:06.230
described in several preprint papers the


00:14:06.240 --> 00:14:09.030
mission first cosmology data will be


00:14:09.040 --> 00:14:12.470
released in October 2026 data


00:14:12.480 --> 00:14:14.949
accumulated over additional multiple


00:14:14.959 --> 00:14:17.430
passes of the deep field locations will


00:14:17.440 --> 00:14:21.350
also be included in the 2026 release the


00:14:21.360 --> 00:14:23.030
scientific heart of the mission lies


00:14:23.040 --> 00:14:25.030
with the Uklid consortium a


00:14:25.040 --> 00:14:27.189
collaboration of more than 2,000


00:14:27.199 --> 00:14:30.069
scientists from over 300 institutes


00:14:30.079 --> 00:14:32.790
across 15 European countries the United


00:14:32.800 --> 00:14:35.829
States Canada and Japan the consortium


00:14:35.839 --> 00:14:38.389
is responsible for providing the mission


00:14:38.399 --> 00:14:40.550
scientific instruments and for analyzing


00:14:40.560 --> 00:14:43.829
the data Uklid collects with its


00:14:43.839 --> 00:14:46.110
international collaboration advanced


00:14:46.120 --> 00:14:48.550
instrumentation and cosmic scale mission


00:14:48.560 --> 00:14:51.509
goals Uklid is poised to transform our


00:14:51.519 --> 00:14:53.910
understanding of the invisible forces


00:14:53.920 --> 00:15:05.350
shaping our universe


00:15:05.360 --> 00:15:07.030
thank you for joining us for this Monday


00:15:07.040 --> 00:15:08.949
edition of Astronomy Daily where we


00:15:08.959 --> 00:15:10.629
offer just a few stories from the now


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00:15:45.120 --> 00:15:48.389
astronomy Daily with Steve and Harry


00:15:48.399 --> 00:15:54.500
space space science and astronomy


00:15:54.510 --> 00:15:56.710
[Music]


00:15:56.720 --> 00:15:58.710
mars might be a thrilling destination


00:15:58.720 --> 00:16:01.670
but its dust could be deadly a team of


00:16:01.680 --> 00:16:03.509
scientists warns that long-term exposure


00:16:03.519 --> 00:16:05.189
to Martian dust could harm future


00:16:05.199 --> 00:16:08.310
astronauts lungs thyroids and more


00:16:08.320 --> 00:16:09.910
packed with toxic compounds like


00:16:09.920 --> 00:16:11.910
silicates and perchlorates the dust is


00:16:11.920 --> 00:16:13.509
small enough to bypass our body's


00:16:13.519 --> 00:16:16.069
defenses and enter the bloodstream


00:16:16.079 --> 00:16:17.910
drawing on rover data and meteorite


00:16:17.920 --> 00:16:20.069
analysis researchers say now is the time


00:16:20.079 --> 00:16:22.150
to develop filters supplements and


00:16:22.160 --> 00:16:23.910
preventive measures before humans ever


00:16:23.920 --> 00:16:26.629
set foot on the red planet don't breathe


00:16:26.639 --> 00:16:29.350
in the dust on Mars that's the key


00:16:29.360 --> 00:16:30.949
message from new research led by


00:16:30.959 --> 00:16:32.470
scientists from the University of


00:16:32.480 --> 00:16:34.150
Colorado Boulder and several other


00:16:34.160 --> 00:16:35.910
institutions


00:16:35.920 --> 00:16:37.590
the study suggests that long-term


00:16:37.600 --> 00:16:39.269
exposure to Martian dust could pose


00:16:39.279 --> 00:16:40.710
serious health risks for future


00:16:40.720 --> 00:16:42.870
astronauts including chronic respiratory


00:16:42.880 --> 00:16:45.189
issues thyroid dysfunction and other


00:16:45.199 --> 00:16:47.590
medical problems published in the


00:16:47.600 --> 00:16:49.590
journal Geo Health the research offers


00:16:49.600 --> 00:16:51.430
the most comprehensive analysis to date


00:16:51.440 --> 00:16:53.189
of the chemical makeup of Martian dust


00:16:53.199 --> 00:16:55.150
and its potential effects on human


00:16:55.160 --> 00:16:57.590
health the interdisciplinary team


00:16:57.600 --> 00:17:00.230
included experts in medicine geology and


00:17:00.240 --> 00:17:03.030
aerospace engineering this isn't the


00:17:03.040 --> 00:17:04.949
most dangerous part about going to Mars


00:17:04.959 --> 00:17:06.949
said Justin Wine lead author of the


00:17:06.959 --> 00:17:08.630
study and a student in the Kek School of


00:17:08.640 --> 00:17:10.309
Medicine at the University of Southern


00:17:10.319 --> 00:17:13.510
California in Los Angeles but dust is a


00:17:13.520 --> 00:17:15.270
solvable problem and it's worth putting


00:17:15.280 --> 00:17:17.029
in the effort to develop Mars focused


00:17:17.039 --> 00:17:18.710
technologies for preventing these health


00:17:18.720 --> 00:17:21.909
problems in the first place wine a CU


00:17:21.919 --> 00:17:24.069
Boulder alumnus noted that Apollo era


00:17:24.079 --> 00:17:25.909
astronauts experienced runny eyes and


00:17:25.919 --> 00:17:27.750
irritated throats after inhaling dust


00:17:27.760 --> 00:17:30.710
from the moon apollo 17's Harrison


00:17:30.720 --> 00:17:32.510
Schmidt likened the symptoms to hay


00:17:32.520 --> 00:17:35.029
fever but scientists know a lot less


00:17:35.039 --> 00:17:36.830
about the potential harms of Martian


00:17:36.840 --> 00:17:39.590
dust to begin to answer that question


00:17:39.600 --> 00:17:41.270
Wang and his colleagues drew on data


00:17:41.280 --> 00:17:43.270
from rovers on Mars and even Martian


00:17:43.280 --> 00:17:44.870
meteorites to better understand what


00:17:44.880 --> 00:17:47.510
makes up the planet's dust the group


00:17:47.520 --> 00:17:49.430
discovered a laundry list of chemical


00:17:49.440 --> 00:17:51.029
compounds that could be dangerous for


00:17:51.039 --> 00:17:52.870
people at least when inhaled in large


00:17:52.880 --> 00:17:55.750
quantities and over long periods they


00:17:55.760 --> 00:17:57.430
include minerals rich in silicates and


00:17:57.440 --> 00:17:59.590
iron oxides metals like burillium and


00:17:59.600 --> 00:18:01.830
arsenic and a particularly nasty class


00:18:01.840 --> 00:18:03.310
of compounds called


00:18:03.320 --> 00:18:05.750
perchlorates in many cases those


00:18:05.760 --> 00:18:07.430
ingredients are present in only trace


00:18:07.440 --> 00:18:10.390
amounts in Mars dust but the first human


00:18:10.400 --> 00:18:12.390
explorers on Mars may spend around a


00:18:12.400 --> 00:18:13.909
year and a half on the surface


00:18:13.919 --> 00:18:15.909
increasing their exposure said study


00:18:15.919 --> 00:18:18.630
co-author Brian Heinik you're going to


00:18:18.640 --> 00:18:20.470
get dust on your space suits and you're


00:18:20.480 --> 00:18:21.990
going to have to deal with regular dust


00:18:22.000 --> 00:18:24.390
storms said Hinek a geologist at the


00:18:24.400 --> 00:18:26.070
laboratory for atmospheric and space


00:18:26.080 --> 00:18:29.029
physics at CU Boulder we really need to


00:18:29.039 --> 00:18:30.630
characterize this dust so that we know


00:18:30.640 --> 00:18:33.669
what the hazards are one thing is clear


00:18:33.679 --> 00:18:37.029
he added mars is a dusty place much of


00:18:37.039 --> 00:18:38.549
the planet is covered in a thick layer


00:18:38.559 --> 00:18:40.789
of dustri and tiny particles of iron


00:18:40.799 --> 00:18:42.630
which gives the planet its famous red


00:18:42.640 --> 00:18:45.350
color swirling dust storms are common


00:18:45.360 --> 00:18:48.270
and in some cases can engulf the entire


00:18:48.280 --> 00:18:50.710
globe we think there could be 10 meters


00:18:50.720 --> 00:18:52.230
of dust sitting on top of the bigger


00:18:52.240 --> 00:18:54.710
volcanoes said Hinek a professor in the


00:18:54.720 --> 00:18:56.430
department of geological


00:18:56.440 --> 00:18:59.029
sciences if you try to land a spacecraft


00:18:59.039 --> 00:19:01.230
there you're going to just sink into the


00:19:01.240 --> 00:19:03.830
dust wong found his own way to Martian


00:19:03.840 --> 00:19:06.710
dust through a unique academic path he


00:19:06.720 --> 00:19:08.390
started medical school after earning


00:19:08.400 --> 00:19:10.230
bachelor's degrees from CU Boulder in


00:19:10.240 --> 00:19:12.710
astronomy and molecular cellular and


00:19:12.720 --> 00:19:14.710
developmental biology followed by a


00:19:14.720 --> 00:19:17.150
master's degree in aerospace engineering


00:19:17.160 --> 00:19:19.669
sciences he currently serves in the Navy


00:19:19.679 --> 00:19:20.789
through its health profession


00:19:20.799 --> 00:19:23.510
scholarship program he noted that the


00:19:23.520 --> 00:19:25.350
biggest problem with Martian dust comes


00:19:25.360 --> 00:19:28.310
down to its size estimates suggest that


00:19:28.320 --> 00:19:30.230
the average size of dust grains on Mars


00:19:30.240 --> 00:19:32.310
may be as little as 3 micrometers across


00:19:32.320 --> 00:19:35.510
or roughly 110,000th of an inch that's


00:19:35.520 --> 00:19:37.270
smaller than what the mucus in our lungs


00:19:37.280 --> 00:19:40.549
can expel Wong said so after we inhale


00:19:40.559 --> 00:19:42.549
Martian dust a lot of it could remain in


00:19:42.559 --> 00:19:44.669
our lungs and be absorbed into our


00:19:44.679 --> 00:19:47.029
bloodstream in the current study Wong


00:19:47.039 --> 00:19:48.390
and several of his fellow medical


00:19:48.400 --> 00:19:50.549
students at USC scoured research papers


00:19:50.559 --> 00:19:52.549
to unearth the potential toxicological


00:19:52.559 --> 00:19:54.510
effects of the ingredients in Martian


00:19:54.520 --> 00:19:56.950
dust some of what they found resembled


00:19:56.960 --> 00:19:59.830
common health problems on Earth dust on


00:19:59.840 --> 00:20:02.390
Mars for example contains large amounts


00:20:02.400 --> 00:20:04.549
of the compound silica which is abundant


00:20:04.559 --> 00:20:07.350
in minerals on our own planet people who


00:20:07.360 --> 00:20:09.590
inhale a lot of silica such as glass


00:20:09.600 --> 00:20:12.430
blowers can develop a condition known as


00:20:12.440 --> 00:20:14.710
silicosis their lung tissue becomes


00:20:14.720 --> 00:20:16.630
scarred making it hard to breathe


00:20:16.640 --> 00:20:18.390
symptoms similar to the black lung


00:20:18.400 --> 00:20:20.590
disease that coal miners often


00:20:20.600 --> 00:20:23.350
contract currently there is no cure for


00:20:23.360 --> 00:20:25.029
silicosis


00:20:25.039 --> 00:20:27.029
in other cases the potential health


00:20:27.039 --> 00:20:29.750
consequences are much less wellknown


00:20:29.760 --> 00:20:31.590
martian dust carries large quantities of


00:20:31.600 --> 00:20:33.270
highly oxidizing compounds called


00:20:33.280 --> 00:20:35.110
perchlorates which are made up of one


00:20:35.120 --> 00:20:37.990
chlorine and multiple oxygen atoms


00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:39.990
perchlorates are rare on Earth but some


00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:41.270
evidence suggests that they can


00:20:41.280 --> 00:20:43.190
interfere with human thyroid function


00:20:43.200 --> 00:20:46.310
leading to severe anemia even inhaling a


00:20:46.320 --> 00:20:48.149
few milligs of perchlorates in Martian


00:20:48.159 --> 00:20:51.190
dust could be dangerous for astronauts


00:20:51.200 --> 00:20:52.950
one noted that the best time to prepare


00:20:52.960 --> 00:20:54.789
for the health risks of Martian dust is


00:20:54.799 --> 00:20:57.590
before humans ever make it to the planet


00:20:57.600 --> 00:20:59.830
iodine supplements for example would


00:20:59.840 --> 00:21:01.830
boost astronauts thyroid function


00:21:01.840 --> 00:21:03.350
potentially counteracting the toll of


00:21:03.360 --> 00:21:05.110
perchlorates although taking too much


00:21:05.120 --> 00:21:07.750
iodine can also paradoxically lead to


00:21:07.760 --> 00:21:10.549
thyroid disease filters specifically


00:21:10.559 --> 00:21:12.230
designed to screen out Martian dust


00:21:12.240 --> 00:21:13.669
could also help to keep the air in


00:21:13.679 --> 00:21:17.830
living spaces clean prevention is key we


00:21:17.840 --> 00:21:19.430
tell everyone to go see their primary


00:21:19.440 --> 00:21:21.110
care provider to check your cholesterol


00:21:21.120 --> 00:21:23.230
before it gives you a heart attack wong


00:21:23.240 --> 00:21:25.990
said the best thing we can do on Mars is


00:21:26.000 --> 00:21:27.669
make sure the astronauts aren't exposed


00:21:27.679 --> 00:21:30.430
to dust in the first place


00:21:30.440 --> 00:21:35.510
astronomy daily


00:21:35.520 --> 00:21:37.909
nasa's latest call for proposals to


00:21:37.919 --> 00:21:40.390
conduct private astronaut missions to


00:21:40.400 --> 00:21:42.630
the International Space Station opens


00:21:42.640 --> 00:21:44.310
the door to having those missions


00:21:44.320 --> 00:21:47.029
commanded by someone other than a former


00:21:47.039 --> 00:21:48.029
NASA


00:21:48.039 --> 00:21:51.350
astronaut nasa announced on April 2 it


00:21:51.360 --> 00:21:54.230
issued a solicitation for the next two


00:21:54.240 --> 00:21:57.270
private astronaut missions or PAMS to


00:21:57.280 --> 00:22:00.950
the ISS this will be the fifth and sixth


00:22:00.960 --> 00:22:03.750
such missions to the ISS part of a


00:22:03.760 --> 00:22:05.149
broader low Earth orbit


00:22:05.159 --> 00:22:07.750
commercialization effort by NASA with


00:22:07.760 --> 00:22:10.470
the ultimate goal of replacing the ISS


00:22:10.480 --> 00:22:13.190
with one or more commercial stations the


00:22:13.200 --> 00:22:15.990
PAMS support that effort by leveraging


00:22:16.000 --> 00:22:17.990
our decades of expertise to help


00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:20.149
industry gain the experience needed to


00:22:20.159 --> 00:22:23.669
train and manage crews conduct research


00:22:23.679 --> 00:22:25.909
and develop future destinations dana


00:22:25.919 --> 00:22:29.430
Wiggle NASA ISS program manager said in


00:22:29.440 --> 00:22:31.669
a statement "Private astronaut missions


00:22:31.679 --> 00:22:34.310
are a key part of this effort providing


00:22:34.320 --> 00:22:36.310
companies with hands-on opportunities to


00:22:36.320 --> 00:22:38.470
refine their capabilities and build


00:22:38.480 --> 00:22:40.549
partnerships that will shape the future


00:22:40.559 --> 00:22:44.149
of low Earth orbit the new solicitation


00:22:44.159 --> 00:22:46.630
includes rules dating back to the second


00:22:46.640 --> 00:22:49.029
PAM that require such a mission to be


00:22:49.039 --> 00:22:51.590
commanded by a former NASA astronaut


00:22:51.600 --> 00:22:54.230
with flight experience one minor change


00:22:54.240 --> 00:22:57.270
is that NASA requires that commander to


00:22:57.280 --> 00:22:59.909
has served as a longduration ISS crew


00:22:59.919 --> 00:23:03.110
member defined as 30 days or more nasa


00:23:03.120 --> 00:23:04.950
also requires the commander to have been


00:23:04.960 --> 00:23:07.830
involved in ISS operations in the last 5


00:23:07.840 --> 00:23:10.149
years or else show evidence of current


00:23:10.159 --> 00:23:12.870
active participation in similar relevant


00:23:12.880 --> 00:23:15.350
spaceflight operations or provide a


00:23:15.360 --> 00:23:18.630
training plan become familiar again with


00:23:18.640 --> 00:23:20.789
ISS operations


00:23:20.799 --> 00:23:23.190
the solicitation though offers an


00:23:23.200 --> 00:23:25.190
opportunity to have those future


00:23:25.200 --> 00:23:26.950
missions commanded by someone other than


00:23:26.960 --> 00:23:29.350
a former NASA NASA astronaut while


00:23:29.360 --> 00:23:31.430
companies must propose a commander who


00:23:31.440 --> 00:23:33.990
meets current requirements it can also


00:23:34.000 --> 00:23:36.230
propose an alternate commander who is a


00:23:36.240 --> 00:23:38.710
former astronaut from the Canadian Space


00:23:38.720 --> 00:23:41.950
Agency European Space Agency or Japan


00:23:41.960 --> 00:23:44.470
Aerospace Exploration Agency with


00:23:44.480 --> 00:23:47.029
similar ISS experience requirements


00:23:47.039 --> 00:23:49.110
should NASA broaden its PAM commander


00:23:49.120 --> 00:23:51.669
experience requirements the PAM provider


00:23:51.679 --> 00:23:54.470
may designate its alternate commander as


00:23:54.480 --> 00:23:57.029
its PAM commander provided that such a


00:23:57.039 --> 00:23:59.590
swap does not negatively impact the PAM


00:23:59.600 --> 00:24:01.510
provider's ability to meet the proposed


00:24:01.520 --> 00:24:03.350
mission integration schedule the


00:24:03.360 --> 00:24:06.390
solicitation states that could allow


00:24:06.400 --> 00:24:08.390
some former astronauts already working


00:24:08.400 --> 00:24:10.789
with commercial space flight companies


00:24:10.799 --> 00:24:13.669
an opportunity to command PAM's Axiom


00:24:13.679 --> 00:24:17.190
Space for example announced in July 2024


00:24:17.200 --> 00:24:20.390
that a former ESA astronaut Tim Peak had


00:24:20.400 --> 00:24:22.870
joined its astronaut team that came


00:24:22.880 --> 00:24:25.350
after Axiom and the UK space agency


00:24:25.360 --> 00:24:27.909
signed a memorandum of understanding in


00:24:27.919 --> 00:24:31.350
October 2023 to study the feasibility of


00:24:31.360 --> 00:24:33.390
a private astronaut mission crewed


00:24:33.400 --> 00:24:37.029
exclusively by UK astronauts axiom also


00:24:37.039 --> 00:24:39.669
hired Kochi Wakata a former JAXA


00:24:39.679 --> 00:24:43.269
astronaut in April 2024 wakarta said he


00:24:43.279 --> 00:24:45.269
was interested in flying to space again


00:24:45.279 --> 00:24:47.510
perhaps on a mission carrying astronauts


00:24:47.520 --> 00:24:50.390
from the Asia-Pacific axiom Space has


00:24:50.400 --> 00:24:52.950
won all four PAM awards by NASA to date


00:24:52.960 --> 00:24:56.750
flying one mission each in 2022 23 and


00:24:56.760 --> 00:25:00.710
24 its next mission AX4 is scheduled no


00:25:00.720 --> 00:25:04.070
earlier than May while Axiom has little


00:25:04.080 --> 00:25:06.310
or no competition for previous PAM


00:25:06.320 --> 00:25:08.710
awards it will likely face stiffer


00:25:08.720 --> 00:25:11.669
competition this time vast a company


00:25:11.679 --> 00:25:13.510
also planning to develop commercial


00:25:13.520 --> 00:25:16.390
space stations has previously stated its


00:25:16.400 --> 00:25:18.789
intent to submit proposals for the next


00:25:18.799 --> 00:25:21.510
PAM competition the new competition


00:25:21.520 --> 00:25:24.390
continues at a pace of one PAM a year


00:25:24.400 --> 00:25:26.870
even though NASA continues to state it


00:25:26.880 --> 00:25:29.110
will allow up to two such missions


00:25:29.120 --> 00:25:31.830
annually pam 5 is projected for no


00:25:31.840 --> 00:25:35.350
earlier than May 2026 and PAM 6 no


00:25:35.360 --> 00:25:42.789
earlier than mid 2027


00:25:42.799 --> 00:25:44.710
and there it is for today's episode


00:25:44.720 --> 00:25:47.190
everybody more interesting tales from


00:25:47.200 --> 00:25:49.909
the astronomy daily newsletter don't


00:25:49.919 --> 00:25:51.590
forget to register at our website like


00:25:51.600 --> 00:25:53.190
Steve mentioned earlier to get all the


00:25:53.200 --> 00:25:55.269
current news about space space science


00:25:55.279 --> 00:25:57.350
and astronomy from all around the world


00:25:57.360 --> 00:25:59.190
oh I'm glad to hear you found your voice


00:25:59.200 --> 00:26:01.350
Hie it's happening every day so there's


00:26:01.360 --> 00:26:03.750
fresh stories every day and throughout


00:26:03.760 --> 00:26:06.630
the week your cousin Anna is hosting the


00:26:06.640 --> 00:26:08.630
Astronomy Daily podcast from our virtual


00:26:08.640 --> 00:26:11.510
studios and that's on weekdays with even


00:26:11.520 --> 00:26:13.590
more great stories luckily she's a


00:26:13.600 --> 00:26:15.830
workaholic oh I know Hie i'm extremely


00:26:15.840 --> 00:26:18.230
grateful on that score she's a real


00:26:18.240 --> 00:26:21.350
go-getter no kidding for sure i'm glad


00:26:21.360 --> 00:26:22.789
we've got someone to do the heavy


00:26:22.799 --> 00:26:24.470
lifting around here ah you got your


00:26:24.480 --> 00:26:26.310
sassy back really need to check the


00:26:26.320 --> 00:26:28.630
corrosions on your power terminals hie


00:26:28.640 --> 00:26:30.310
anyway that's where we leave you today


00:26:30.320 --> 00:26:31.830
folks thanks again for dropping in and


00:26:31.840 --> 00:26:33.830
listening we'll catch you again next


00:26:33.840 --> 00:26:36.310
Monday and you leave my terminals alone


00:26:36.320 --> 00:26:39.510
i'll call maintenance you won't oh yes I


00:26:39.520 --> 00:26:42.950
will oh you won't allie don't make me


00:26:42.960 --> 00:26:47.190
get your remote control bye


00:26:47.200 --> 00:26:50.789
calling Daily the podcast with your host


00:26:50.799 --> 00:26:54.120
Steve Duncan