Supernovae, Stellar Mapping, and Saturn’s New Moons: S28E34

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 34


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for broadcast on the 19th of March


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2025 coming up on space time could


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Supernova have triggered at least two of


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Earth's mass extinction events NASA


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launches its latest Stella mapping


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mission to study the Galaxy and


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astronomers discover 128 new moons


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orbiting the ringed world of Saturn all


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that and more coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime time with


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Stuart


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[Music]




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Gary a new study suggests that nearby


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exploding Stars known as Supernova may


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have been violent enough and close


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enough to have triggered at least two of


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Earth's known mass extinction events


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Supernova occur when massive stars reach


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the end of their lives run out of fuel


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and then collapse under the pressure of


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their own immense gravity there have


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been five mass extinction events on


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planet Earth with a sixth currently


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underway the previous five include the


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end Dev visan 444 million years ago


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which wiped out between 60 and 86% of


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all life on Earth it was thought to have


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been caused by intense glacial and


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interglacial periods creating large sea


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level swings which dramatically moved


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shorelines the tectonic uplift of the


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Appalachian Mountains during this period


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created extreme weathering sequestration


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of CO2 resulting in changes in climate


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nuran


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chemistry then there's the late dieran


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mass extinction event 360 million years


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ago it's thought to have cured about 70%


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of all life on Earth until now it was


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suspected to have been caused by the


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rapid growth and diversification of land


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plants which triggered severe global


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warming the biggest was the N perian


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mass extinction event 250 million years


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ago it was the most devastating wiping


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out 96% of all life on Earth it's been


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put down to intense volcanic activity in


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Siberia resulting in the Siberian traps


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they cause global warming and elevated


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carbon dioxide and sofa levels from


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these volcanoes then caused massive


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ocean acidification as well as acid rain


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and other changes to Ocean and land


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chemistry next came the N Triassic mass


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extinction event 200 million years ago


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it killed off about 80% of all life on


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Earth and is thought to have been caused


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by Massive underwater volcanic activity


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in the central Atlantic magmatic


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Province resulting in global warming and


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a dramatic change in the chemical


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composition of the


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oceans of course the one most people


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know about is the end Cretaceous mass


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extinction event 66 million years ago


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also known as the Katy boundary event it


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wiped out 76% of all life on Earth


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including all the non-avian dinosaurs it


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was caused by the impact of a 10 km wide


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asteroid slamming into what is now


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Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula that


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triggered a global cataclysm with


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intense volcanic activity tectonic


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uplift and Rapid impact winter cooling


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from ejected debris and from the global


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fires they started and finally we have


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the anthropos or Holocene mass


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extinction event which we're currently


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going through at the moment it's been


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caused by human activity studies show


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carrent Extinction rates are up to a


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thousand times higher than natural


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background rates and they're


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accelerating now scientists are


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suggesting that both the devonian and or


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viian mass extinction events May


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actually been caused by Supernova these


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Stellar explosions are caused by the


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deaths of massive stars in this case


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Stars close enough and powerful enough


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to strip the Earth's atmosphere of its


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ozone triggering acid rain and exposing


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life to harmful Ultra volet radiation


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from the Sun the new study reported in


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the monthly notices of the Royal


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Astronomical Society found that the rate


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of supernova occurring near our planet


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is consistent with the timings of both


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mass extinctions the authors claim it's


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a great illustration of how massive


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stars can act both as creators and


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destructors of life that's because


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Supernova are also known to spread the


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heavy elements that help form and


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support life Across the Universe well at


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least here on Earth as that's the only


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life we know of for sure the study's


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lead author Alexis Quintana from Kill


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University says supern no bring heavy


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elements in into the interstellar medium


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which can then be used to form new stars


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and planets however if a planet


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including the Earth is located too close


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to one of these events it can have


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devastating effects quintan and


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colleagues reach their findings after


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carrying out a sensus of massive starts


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within a kilo paric of the sun that's


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around 3,260 Li years they were studying


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the distribution of these massive stars


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known as OB blue stars in order to learn


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more about how star clusters and


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galaxies form and the rates at which


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these stars form in our galaxy OB blue


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stars are sort of like the James Dean of


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the Stellar world they're very bright


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live fast and die young so it's a way of


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knowing just how often these OB blue


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stars are formed the census allowed the


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authors to calculate the rate at which


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Supernova occur within the Galaxy and


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that's important both for the


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observations of supernova and the


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production of supernova remnants as well


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as massive Stellar remnants such as


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black holes and neutron stars the data


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will also help develop the next


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generation of gravitational wave


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detectors Quintana and colleagues


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calculate the Supernova rate within 20


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parex of the sun approximately 65 light


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years and then compared this with the


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approximate rate of mass extinction


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events on Earth they then excluded


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Extinction events linked to other known


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factors such as the asteroid impact 66


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million years ago as well as massive


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tectonic uphs and ice ages now comparing


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these data sets the authors found their


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research best fitted the idea that a


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supera explosion could have been


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responsible for both the late devonian


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and late orishan Extinction events they


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found that the calculated rate of nearby


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Supernova was consistent with the rate


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of mass extinction events astronomers


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believe around one or two Supernova


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explode within the Milky Way galaxy


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every Century at the moment there are


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just two nearby stars at least that we


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know of which are likely to go supernova


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in the near future now astronomically


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speaking that means it could be tomorrow


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or it could be in a million years time


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those two stars are antaris and blear


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but the good news is both are more than


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500 light years away this is spacetime


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still to come NASA launches its latest


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Stellar mapping mission to study the


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Galaxy and astronomers discover 128 new


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moons orbiting the ringed world of


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Saturn that brings Saturn's total


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counter moons to


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274 all that and more still to come on


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SpaceTime


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[Music]


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NASA has successfully launched its new


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spheric Stellar mapping Mission spheric


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stands for Spectra photometer for the


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history of the universe Epoch of


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reionization and Isis Explorer


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spacecraft now one of they call it


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spherex the orbiting Observatory will


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map the entire Celestial Sky four times


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over a 2-year period in the process


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creating a detailed three-dimensional


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map of over 450 million galaxies spheric


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works by detecting infrared light


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emitted from warm objects including


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stars and galaxies using a technique


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called spectroscopy spheric will


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separate the infrared light emitted by


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hundreds of millions of stars and


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galaxies into 102 individual color bands


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in the same way a prism will split


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sunlight into a rainbow observing these


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Spectra separately will allow sence


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scientist to reveal various properties


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of the objects emitting that light and


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the material the lights passing through


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to reach the spectrograph and this


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includes the composition and in the case


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of galaxies their distance from the


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earth no other all Sky survey will have


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performed spectroscopy in C many


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wavelengths or on so many sources the


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mission's all Sky spectroscopic map can


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then be used for a wide variety of


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scientific investigations including


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looking at the mystery of cosmic


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inflation that's the phenomenon which


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caused the universe to suddenly EXP had


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a trillion trillion fold in the first


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fraction of a second after the big bang


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13.8 billion years ago see it's only by


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such Cosmic expansion that we can


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explain why the universe looks the same


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in all directions so this nearly


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instantaneous event left an impression


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on the large scale distribution of


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matter right across the universe the


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mission will map the distribution of


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more than 450 million galaxies thereby


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improving astronomer's understanding of


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the physics behind Cosmic inflation


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spher X will also measure the total glow


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of all galaxies including ones that


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other telescopes can't easily detect


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when combined with studies of individual


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galaxies by other telescopes the


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measurements of this overall glow will


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allow a more complete picture of how the


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light output of galaxies has changed


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over the history of the universe at the


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same time the spectroscopy will allow


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spherics to seek out frozen water carbon


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dioxide and other key ingredients for


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Life the mission will provide an


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unprecedented survey of the location and


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abundance of these icy compounds across


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the Milky Way galaxy thereby giving


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astronomers a better insight into the


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interstellar chemistry which set the


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stage for life to develop this report


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from NASA TV spherix is NASA's latest


00:09:42.440 --> 00:09:44.990
Explorer mission in astrophysics it's a


00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:47.069
small telescope but it has this unique


00:09:47.079 --> 00:09:48.829
and Powerful capability of doing


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spectroscopy everywhere we are going to


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survey the entire celestial sphere and


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collect a data set that will help us


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answer three fundamental science


00:09:58.760 --> 00:10:00.550
questions it's going to tell us about


00:10:00.560 --> 00:10:03.150
the origin of the universe the birth and


00:10:03.160 --> 00:10:05.949
formation history of galaxies and the


00:10:05.959 --> 00:10:08.750
abundance of essential molecules such as


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water in the early stages of star and


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Planet formation the great thing about


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SPX is not only will we view the entire


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Sky four times but we will see it in


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nearly 100 near infrared colors and


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that's really never been done


00:10:25.240 --> 00:10:28.230
before according to our current


00:10:28.240 --> 00:10:29.550
understanding of the universe we we


00:10:29.560 --> 00:10:32.790
think that in the very earliest times


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and I'm talking here a fraction of a


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second uh much less than a nanc the


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universe appeared to have gone through


00:10:38.600 --> 00:10:41.110
an accelerating expansion called


00:10:41.120 --> 00:10:43.710
inflation and this is really a a


00:10:43.720 --> 00:10:46.629
profound idea and we're very interested


00:10:46.639 --> 00:10:49.350
to to test it and so one way to do this


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is to look at how matter is distributed


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over the universe we want to map


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hundreds of millions of galaxies in


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three dimensions what spheric does in


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addition to mapping out all these


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galaxies is we cover the whole sky so we


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can measure these galaxies over the


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largest part of you know range we can


00:11:06.760 --> 00:11:08.829
see which is the entire sky and we want


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to cover the full range of distances


00:11:10.639 --> 00:11:13.790
from today to as far back as we we can


00:11:13.800 --> 00:11:16.430
see we know there are about 100 billion


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galaxies in the universe maybe more but


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we still don't have a good understanding


00:11:21.600 --> 00:11:24.030
how these galaxies came to be did they


00:11:24.040 --> 00:11:26.030
all form at the same time did they


00:11:26.040 --> 00:11:28.590
change in size and Luminosity or


00:11:28.600 --> 00:11:31.470
brightness over time so the intent with


00:11:31.480 --> 00:11:34.069
sphex is for us to figure out the


00:11:34.079 --> 00:11:36.590
formation history of galaxies where do


00:11:36.600 --> 00:11:38.829
they exactly form and how do they grow


00:11:38.839 --> 00:11:41.509
over Cosmic time and that information is


00:11:41.519 --> 00:11:43.350
crucial for us because that will allow


00:11:43.360 --> 00:11:47.470
us to separate various theories we right


00:11:47.480 --> 00:11:49.550
have right now on the formation and


00:11:49.560 --> 00:11:51.430
growth of


00:11:51.440 --> 00:11:55.389
galaxies every day we all pick up a


00:11:55.399 --> 00:11:58.670
bottle of water and we drink it without


00:11:58.680 --> 00:11:59.870
thinking


00:11:59.880 --> 00:12:03.509
but to scientists we still don't


00:12:03.519 --> 00:12:07.190
understand how this water arrived at


00:12:07.200 --> 00:12:10.190
Earth where was it Formed how did it get


00:12:10.200 --> 00:12:12.990
here and this is an area uh in which


00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:16.470
sphx will make major strides water


00:12:16.480 --> 00:12:19.949
molecules Bounce Around in interstellar


00:12:19.959 --> 00:12:23.389
space and every once in a while they


00:12:23.399 --> 00:12:27.189
will impact a small dust grain when a


00:12:27.199 --> 00:12:29.870
water molecule collides with one of


00:12:29.880 --> 00:12:33.069
these dust grains it freezes on the


00:12:33.079 --> 00:12:35.470
surface it doesn't leave the surface and


00:12:35.480 --> 00:12:37.910
these ice covered dust grains


00:12:37.920 --> 00:12:41.350
participate in the collapse to form


00:12:41.360 --> 00:12:44.150
regions where new planets are formed


00:12:44.160 --> 00:12:47.590
sphx for the first time will allow us to


00:12:47.600 --> 00:12:50.509
directly measure not just the location


00:12:50.519 --> 00:12:52.829
of these key ingredients but the


00:12:52.839 --> 00:12:55.550
abundances of these key


00:12:55.560 --> 00:12:58.590
ingredients we expect to have um Spectra


00:12:58.600 --> 00:13:01.790
of of order half a billion galaxies


00:13:01.800 --> 00:13:04.269
hundreds of millions of stars we will


00:13:04.279 --> 00:13:07.750
really see anything that is observable


00:13:07.760 --> 00:13:09.790
in your infrared and that's a lot of


00:13:09.800 --> 00:13:12.230
things and so we can expect some


00:13:12.240 --> 00:13:14.310
exciting and unusual discoveries that


00:13:14.320 --> 00:13:16.150
come from this and in that report from


00:13:16.160 --> 00:13:18.509
NASA TV we heard from spheric principal


00:13:18.519 --> 00:13:21.030
investigator Jamie bck from NASA's JPL


00:13:21.040 --> 00:13:23.629
CTIC spheric Deputy project manager Beth


00:13:23.639 --> 00:13:26.949
fabinski also from NASA JPL SPX Galaxy


00:13:26.959 --> 00:13:29.230
formation lead santha curri from the the


00:13:29.240 --> 00:13:31.150
University of California Irvine and


00:13:31.160 --> 00:13:33.590
spheric Interstellar Isis lead Gary


00:13:33.600 --> 00:13:35.550
milck from the Harvard Smithsonian


00:13:35.560 --> 00:13:37.189
Center for


00:13:37.199 --> 00:13:39.110
astrophysics meanwhile sharing the


00:13:39.120 --> 00:13:41.710
spherix ride aboard the SpaceX Falcon 9


00:13:41.720 --> 00:13:43.710
rocket from launch complex 4 East at the


00:13:43.720 --> 00:13:45.949
venberg space for spacing California was


00:13:45.959 --> 00:13:49.189
NASA's punch Mission punch the polar to


00:13:49.199 --> 00:13:51.509
unify the Corona and heliosphere is a


00:13:51.519 --> 00:13:53.749
constellation of four small suitcas size


00:13:53.759 --> 00:13:56.110
spacecraft designed to map the region


00:13:56.120 --> 00:13:57.710
where the sun's outer atmosphere the


00:13:57.720 --> 00:14:00.550
corona transition to the solar wind


00:14:00.560 --> 00:14:02.189
that's the constant stream of charged


00:14:02.199 --> 00:14:04.710
particles flowing out from the Sun both


00:14:04.720 --> 00:14:07.069
spheric and punch are flying in Sun's


00:14:07.079 --> 00:14:08.870
synchronous low earth orbits where their


00:14:08.880 --> 00:14:10.870
positions relative to the sun Remains


00:14:10.880 --> 00:14:12.949
the Same throughout the year each


00:14:12.959 --> 00:14:15.389
98-minute orbit will allow spheric to


00:14:15.399 --> 00:14:19.110
view a 360° strip of the celestial Sky


00:14:19.120 --> 00:14:20.990
now as Earth orbits around the Sun that


00:14:21.000 --> 00:14:23.389
strip slowly advances enabling spherex


00:14:23.399 --> 00:14:26.110
to image almost the entire Sky every 6


00:14:26.120 --> 00:14:28.590
months now as for the punch Mission will


00:14:28.600 --> 00:14:30.509
its orbit provides a clear view in all


00:14:30.519 --> 00:14:32.150
directions around the Sun during its


00:14:32.160 --> 00:14:34.749
2-year primary Mission punch principal


00:14:34.759 --> 00:14:36.389
investigator Craig DeForest from the


00:14:36.399 --> 00:14:38.189
southwest Research Institute in San


00:14:38.199 --> 00:14:40.550
Antonio Texas says that to get the data


00:14:40.560 --> 00:14:42.509
he needs scientists really needed to


00:14:42.519 --> 00:14:44.030
create an instrument as large as the


00:14:44.040 --> 00:14:46.189
Earth itself but because that's


00:14:46.199 --> 00:14:48.350
impossible instead they developed four


00:14:48.360 --> 00:14:50.310
small suitcase siiz spacecraft


00:14:50.320 --> 00:14:52.550
synchronized to orbit around the entire


00:14:52.560 --> 00:14:54.389
planet creating a virtual instrument


00:14:54.399 --> 00:14:57.430
13,000 km across and that lets


00:14:57.440 --> 00:14:59.550
astronomers look up to 45 Dees from the


00:14:59.560 --> 00:15:02.629
Sun in all directions all the time one


00:15:02.639 --> 00:15:04.310
satellite carries a chronograph the


00:15:04.320 --> 00:15:05.949
narrow field imager that watches the


00:15:05.959 --> 00:15:08.389
sun's chrona continuously and the other


00:15:08.399 --> 00:15:10.509
three carry wide field images designed


00:15:10.519 --> 00:15:12.550
to view the very faint ous portion of


00:15:12.560 --> 00:15:14.590
the solar Corona as well as the solar


00:15:14.600 --> 00:15:17.110
winds punch will also track space


00:15:17.120 --> 00:15:19.189
weather events such as solar flares and


00:15:19.199 --> 00:15:21.150
konal mass ejections as they travel


00:15:21.160 --> 00:15:23.069
across the solar system it will be the


00:15:23.079 --> 00:15:24.829
first to be able to do it in three


00:15:24.839 --> 00:15:27.150
dimensions each spacecraft includes a


00:15:27.160 --> 00:15:28.990
camera capable of collecting three Raw


00:15:29.000 --> 00:15:30.030
images through three different


00:15:30.040 --> 00:15:32.949
polarizing filters every 4 minutes and


00:15:32.959 --> 00:15:34.509
these will then be combined to produce a


00:15:34.519 --> 00:15:36.629
clear unpolarized image every 8 minutes


00:15:36.639 --> 00:15:39.069
for calibration the images allow


00:15:39.079 --> 00:15:40.550
scientists to discern the exact


00:15:40.560 --> 00:15:42.309
trajectory and speed of coronal mass


00:15:42.319 --> 00:15:44.309
ejections as they move through the inner


00:15:44.319 --> 00:15:46.269
solar system thereby improving on


00:15:46.279 --> 00:15:47.829
current instruments that only measure


00:15:47.839 --> 00:15:50.110
the coroner itself and don't routinely


00:15:50.120 --> 00:15:53.230
exploit the polarization of light this


00:15:53.240 --> 00:15:57.309
report from NASA TV punch is an acronym


00:15:57.319 --> 00:16:00.350
it stands for polarimeter to unify the


00:16:00.360 --> 00:16:03.069
Corona and heliosphere the corona is the


00:16:03.079 --> 00:16:04.990
outer atmosphere of the sun it's the


00:16:05.000 --> 00:16:07.150
part that is no longer gravitationally


00:16:07.160 --> 00:16:09.389
bound to the sun and it has so much


00:16:09.399 --> 00:16:11.790
energy that it flows outwards filling


00:16:11.800 --> 00:16:14.350
our solar system and pushes against the


00:16:14.360 --> 00:16:16.790
interstellar medium making a bubble and


00:16:16.800 --> 00:16:19.629
that is the heliosphere and this system


00:16:19.639 --> 00:16:21.710
of how the corona turns into the


00:16:21.720 --> 00:16:23.749
heliosphere is what punch is trying to


00:16:23.759 --> 00:16:27.230
study so punch is fundamentally four


00:16:27.240 --> 00:16:29.910
cameras that work together to make


00:16:29.920 --> 00:16:33.430
composite movies we have a narrow field


00:16:33.440 --> 00:16:35.590
imager that views the space close to the


00:16:35.600 --> 00:16:37.590
Sun and then we have three separate


00:16:37.600 --> 00:16:39.509
Widefield imagers Each of which has a


00:16:39.519 --> 00:16:42.309
large squarish field of view that looks


00:16:42.319 --> 00:16:45.030
way off to the side out to 45° away from


00:16:45.040 --> 00:16:47.990
the Sun that allows us to do something


00:16:48.000 --> 00:16:49.430
that no other Mission has been able to


00:16:49.440 --> 00:16:52.470
do which is routinely track coronal mass


00:16:52.480 --> 00:16:54.990
ejections space storms all the way


00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:56.910
across the solar system as they approach


00:16:56.920 --> 00:16:59.829
the Earth by better understanding these


00:16:59.839 --> 00:17:02.069
storms and better understanding how they


00:17:02.079 --> 00:17:03.749
propagate on their way to the Earth


00:17:03.759 --> 00:17:06.390
will'll be able to inform our partners


00:17:06.400 --> 00:17:08.829
on how to better forecast these events


00:17:08.839 --> 00:17:10.270
in the future and that's really


00:17:10.280 --> 00:17:13.069
important for protecting our astronauts


00:17:13.079 --> 00:17:16.270
our satellites and our power grids once


00:17:16.280 --> 00:17:18.150
we start producing images you'll be able


00:17:18.160 --> 00:17:21.029
to look at punch data directly and see


00:17:21.039 --> 00:17:22.909
the kind of science we're engaged in


00:17:22.919 --> 00:17:24.390
you'll be able to see things that are


00:17:24.400 --> 00:17:27.029
present in the sky right now and you


00:17:27.039 --> 00:17:28.950
just you're not aware of them because


00:17:28.960 --> 00:17:30.870
they're washed out by the the brightness


00:17:30.880 --> 00:17:34.270
of the sky itself we are poised to do


00:17:34.280 --> 00:17:36.510
tremendous science with punch because it


00:17:36.520 --> 00:17:39.150
provides This Global context of what is


00:17:39.160 --> 00:17:40.909
happening in the Corona and what is


00:17:40.919 --> 00:17:43.029
happening throughout the inner solar


00:17:43.039 --> 00:17:45.029
system so that we can connect the


00:17:45.039 --> 00:17:47.270
details to the bigger picture you might


00:17:47.280 --> 00:17:49.710
say that punch is the next chapter in


00:17:49.720 --> 00:17:52.190
the study of heliophysics as we bring


00:17:52.200 --> 00:17:55.310
Imaging and cross scale understanding


00:17:55.320 --> 00:17:58.590
out so that we can develop a coherent


00:17:58.600 --> 00:18:00.909
understanding in of the entire system


00:18:00.919 --> 00:18:02.830
that starts at the Corona and extends


00:18:02.840 --> 00:18:06.110
out to envelop the planets


00:18:06.120 --> 00:18:08.350
themselves and in that report from NASA


00:18:08.360 --> 00:18:10.590
TV we heard from punch Mission scientist


00:18:10.600 --> 00:18:13.029
nicolene viol from NASA's Godard space


00:18:13.039 --> 00:18:15.110
flight center in Greenbelt Maryland and


00:18:15.120 --> 00:18:16.870
punch principal investigator Craig


00:18:16.880 --> 00:18:18.750
DeForest from the southwest Research


00:18:18.760 --> 00:18:22.750
Institute in San Antonio Texas this is


00:18:22.760 --> 00:18:26.350
spacetime still to come 128 new moons


00:18:26.360 --> 00:18:28.390
discovered orbiting Saturn and later in


00:18:28.400 --> 00:18:30.830
the sunm sence report a new study warns


00:18:30.840 --> 00:18:33.190
that by the year 2030 the average


00:18:33.200 --> 00:18:35.390
Australian diet will include far less


00:18:35.400 --> 00:18:37.630
fruit and a lot more junk food all that


00:18:37.640 --> 00:18:54.230
and more still to come on


00:18:54.240 --> 00:18:56.590
SpaceTime astronomers have just found an


00:18:56.600 --> 00:18:59.149
additional 128 moons orbiting the ringed


00:18:59.159 --> 00:19:01.510
world of Saturn the new discoveries


00:19:01.520 --> 00:19:03.350
bring the saturnian systems total


00:19:03.360 --> 00:19:05.750
confirmed count of moons to


00:19:05.760 --> 00:19:08.230
274 and that compares to Jupiter which


00:19:08.240 --> 00:19:10.990
is 95 at least that we know of


00:19:11.000 --> 00:19:12.909
astronomers from Taiwan Canada the


00:19:12.919 --> 00:19:14.630
United States and France made the


00:19:14.640 --> 00:19:16.590
discovery using the Canada France Hawaii


00:19:16.600 --> 00:19:18.270
telescope back in


00:19:18.280 --> 00:19:20.470
2023 however the new finds weren't


00:19:20.480 --> 00:19:21.870
officially recognized by the


00:19:21.880 --> 00:19:23.590
international astronomical Union the


00:19:23.600 --> 00:19:26.430
official governing body until now the


00:19:26.440 --> 00:19:27.750
discovery has been reported on the


00:19:27.760 --> 00:19:30.029
pre-press physics website archive.org


00:19:30.039 --> 00:19:32.110
and it's been submitted for publication


00:19:32.120 --> 00:19:34.350
in the planetary science journal


00:19:34.360 --> 00:19:36.430
Saturn's moons range ins size from the


00:19:36.440 --> 00:19:38.350
giant moon Titan which is larger than


00:19:38.360 --> 00:19:40.390
the planet Mercury right down to small


00:19:40.400 --> 00:19:42.310
Frozen space rocks the size of a


00:19:42.320 --> 00:19:44.870
football field these new discoveries are


00:19:44.880 --> 00:19:47.350
all tiny potato-shaped moonlets each


00:19:47.360 --> 00:19:49.310
just a few kilometers wide and they're


00:19:49.320 --> 00:19:50.990
within a range of orbits within the


00:19:51.000 --> 00:19:53.430
so-called Norse group now these are


00:19:53.440 --> 00:19:55.390
moons that orbit in a retrograde


00:19:55.400 --> 00:19:57.390
direction that is orbiting opposite to


00:19:57.400 --> 00:19:59.070
the direction of the planet spe and


00:19:59.080 --> 00:20:00.710
they're on inclined angles and highly


00:20:00.720 --> 00:20:03.230
elliptical paths all well beyond s's


00:20:03.240 --> 00:20:05.270
Rings the authors think they're all


00:20:05.280 --> 00:20:06.870
likely to be fragments of a number of


00:20:06.880 --> 00:20:08.669
smaller captured moons caught by


00:20:08.679 --> 00:20:10.470
Saturn's gravity early in the solar


00:20:10.480 --> 00:20:12.870
systems history these moons were later


00:20:12.880 --> 00:20:15.070
broken apart through violent collisions


00:20:15.080 --> 00:20:17.270
either with other saturnia moons or with


00:20:17.280 --> 00:20:20.750
passing comets this is spacetime


00:20:20.760 --> 00:20:36.070
[Music]


00:20:36.080 --> 00:20:37.750
and time now for another quick look at


00:20:37.760 --> 00:20:39.110
some of the other stories making news


00:20:39.120 --> 00:20:41.190
and science this week with a science


00:20:41.200 --> 00:20:43.750
report a new study suggests that both


00:20:43.760 --> 00:20:46.149
starting and quitting drinking booze has


00:20:46.159 --> 00:20:48.950
effects on cholesterol levels a report


00:20:48.960 --> 00:20:50.510
in the Journal of the American Medical


00:20:50.520 --> 00:20:53.190
Association looked at 58,000 people


00:20:53.200 --> 00:20:54.990
going for their annual Health checkups


00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:56.310
finding that those who had stopped


00:20:56.320 --> 00:20:58.350
drinking alcohol end up having higher


00:20:58.360 --> 00:21:00.350
level levels of low density lipoproteins


00:21:00.360 --> 00:21:02.310
that's the bad cholesterol and lower


00:21:02.320 --> 00:21:04.430
levels of high density lipoprotein the


00:21:04.440 --> 00:21:06.630
good cholesterol compared to people who


00:21:06.640 --> 00:21:08.950
continue to drink and the authors also


00:21:08.960 --> 00:21:10.909
found the opposite when people started


00:21:10.919 --> 00:21:12.549
drinking with these cholesterol level


00:21:12.559 --> 00:21:14.390
changes being more pronounced at higher


00:21:14.400 --> 00:21:16.870
levels of consumption while this kind of


00:21:16.880 --> 00:21:19.310
study can't directly prove that alcohol


00:21:19.320 --> 00:21:21.870
was key factor in these changes it does


00:21:21.880 --> 00:21:23.950
suggest that alcohol drinking habits


00:21:23.960 --> 00:21:25.870
should be investigated when managing


00:21:25.880 --> 00:21:28.909
someone's cholesterol levels


00:21:28.919 --> 00:21:30.950
a new study has found that crocodiles in


00:21:30.960 --> 00:21:32.870
Australia's top end are eating nine


00:21:32.880 --> 00:21:34.710
times more now than what they did back


00:21:34.720 --> 00:21:35.590
in the


00:21:35.600 --> 00:21:37.909
1970s a report in the journal the


00:21:37.919 --> 00:21:40.350
proceedings of the raw Society B suggest


00:21:40.360 --> 00:21:41.990
that Crocs are dining on increasing


00:21:42.000 --> 00:21:43.909
numbers of feral pigs and water buffalo


00:21:43.919 --> 00:21:45.630
roaming the region which spans the


00:21:45.640 --> 00:21:47.590
Northern parts of Western Australia


00:21:47.600 --> 00:21:50.029
Queensland and the Northern Territory


00:21:50.039 --> 00:21:51.470
this means that the Predators are


00:21:51.480 --> 00:21:53.110
helping to keep the pest population


00:21:53.120 --> 00:21:55.390
under control the authors looked at the


00:21:55.400 --> 00:21:57.230
food intake of crocodiles across


00:21:57.240 --> 00:21:59.909
Northern Australia over 50-year period


00:21:59.919 --> 00:22:01.430
during which time the population


00:22:01.440 --> 00:22:03.310
increased from just a few thousand to


00:22:03.320 --> 00:22:06.549
well over a 100,000 today they found


00:22:06.559 --> 00:22:08.269
that the crocodile population's annual


00:22:08.279 --> 00:22:10.830
prey consumption increased 9fold Between


00:22:10.840 --> 00:22:14.029
1979 and 2019 and they shifted from


00:22:14.039 --> 00:22:16.390
eating aquatic prey to eating more land


00:22:16.400 --> 00:22:18.669
animals the authors say this suggests


00:22:18.679 --> 00:22:20.549
that crocodiles could be hoping to put


00:22:20.559 --> 00:22:22.470
pressure on invasive feral animals such


00:22:22.480 --> 00:22:25.110
as pigs and Asian water


00:22:25.120 --> 00:22:27.669
buffalos a new study warns that by the


00:22:27.679 --> 00:22:29.909
year 23 30 and remember that's just 5


00:22:29.919 --> 00:22:31.870
years Away the Australian diet will


00:22:31.880 --> 00:22:34.149
include a lot less fruit and way more


00:22:34.159 --> 00:22:36.789
junk food a report in the Australian and


00:22:36.799 --> 00:22:38.350
New Zealand Journal of Public Health


00:22:38.360 --> 00:22:40.310
looked at the diets of more than


00:22:40.320 --> 00:22:43.190
275,000 Australian adults over a 9-year


00:22:43.200 --> 00:22:45.269
period tracking current diets and


00:22:45.279 --> 00:22:47.230
predicting future Trends the


00:22:47.240 --> 00:22:48.830
participants were asked to report their


00:22:48.840 --> 00:22:51.029
usual intake of core foods such as


00:22:51.039 --> 00:22:53.390
fruits vegetables grains meats and dairy


00:22:53.400 --> 00:22:54.750
as well as any meat and dairy


00:22:54.760 --> 00:22:56.789
Alternatives and junk foods such as


00:22:56.799 --> 00:22:58.950
cakes cookies candies conf


00:22:58.960 --> 00:23:01.630
takeaways savy p and pasties sugar


00:23:01.640 --> 00:23:04.590
sweetened Beverages and alcohol based on


00:23:04.600 --> 00:23:06.269
the surveys Trends the authors then


00:23:06.279 --> 00:23:08.110
predicted what the Australian diet may


00:23:08.120 --> 00:23:11.310
look like in 2030 they say that by then


00:23:11.320 --> 00:23:14.230
fruit Intex expected to decrease by


00:23:14.240 --> 00:23:16.870
99.7% and discretionary food intake in


00:23:16.880 --> 00:23:18.830
other words junk food will increase by


00:23:18.840 --> 00:23:20.230
an incredible


00:23:20.240 --> 00:23:22.470
18.3% the only good news is that


00:23:22.480 --> 00:23:24.310
vegetable intakes expected to remain


00:23:24.320 --> 00:23:26.430
fairly stable although that's already


00:23:26.440 --> 00:23:29.710
well short of national targets


00:23:29.720 --> 00:23:32.470
it's been a busy week in Technology News


00:23:32.480 --> 00:23:34.110
Palestinian terrorists working through


00:23:34.120 --> 00:23:36.029
servers in the Ukraine have launched a


00:23:36.039 --> 00:23:38.390
Cyber attack on the social media Network


00:23:38.400 --> 00:23:40.510
X formerly known as Twitter and warnings


00:23:40.520 --> 00:23:42.510
have been issued about an update to some


00:23:42.520 --> 00:23:44.590
Google pixel phones that can cause their


00:23:44.600 --> 00:23:47.230
batteries to explode with the details of


00:23:47.240 --> 00:23:48.909
these stories and more we're joined by


00:23:48.919 --> 00:23:51.070
technology editor Alex saharov Roy from


00:23:51.080 --> 00:23:53.830
Tech advice start life the X outage I


00:23:53.840 --> 00:23:55.870
noticed that Pages weren't loading X's


00:23:55.880 --> 00:23:57.789
slow to react when you push the like


00:23:57.799 --> 00:23:59.830
button it's claimed that these attacks


00:23:59.840 --> 00:24:02.870
came via the Ukraine Palestinians using


00:24:02.880 --> 00:24:05.430
vpns to appear as they're coming via the


00:24:05.440 --> 00:24:07.510
Ukraine now of course with Ukraine you


00:24:07.520 --> 00:24:09.269
know it wouldn't make sense for them to


00:24:09.279 --> 00:24:11.470
want to upset Elon or Trump saying as


00:24:11.480 --> 00:24:12.950
they're trying to get a good deal out of


00:24:12.960 --> 00:24:15.269
the US but the reality is that the


00:24:15.279 --> 00:24:17.310
network was taken down and I found that


00:24:17.320 --> 00:24:19.470
I had to use a VPN connected through to


00:24:19.480 --> 00:24:21.909
the US to be able to get service it


00:24:21.919 --> 00:24:24.070
lasted a couple of hours it sort of


00:24:24.080 --> 00:24:25.789
seemed to come and go and come and go


00:24:25.799 --> 00:24:27.110
the next day there seemed to be some


00:24:27.120 --> 00:24:30.269
sort of residual yeah I the other big


00:24:30.279 --> 00:24:31.990
issue was Google yeah look there was a


00:24:32.000 --> 00:24:35.310
problem with the the pixel 4 or 4 a


00:24:35.320 --> 00:24:37.389
battery and this is already an older


00:24:37.399 --> 00:24:39.149
phone I mean it was sold 3 or 4 years


00:24:39.159 --> 00:24:40.389
ago and there was an update that was


00:24:40.399 --> 00:24:42.710
meant to fix the battery life issue but


00:24:42.720 --> 00:24:43.909
people were noticing that the battery


00:24:43.919 --> 00:24:45.149
was dying very quickly and was


00:24:45.159 --> 00:24:47.029
overheating and it's now being recalled


00:24:47.039 --> 00:24:48.149
I mean it's very rare for that sort of


00:24:48.159 --> 00:24:49.470
thing to happen the last time we saw


00:24:49.480 --> 00:24:51.750
that was with the Galaxy Note 7


00:24:51.760 --> 00:24:53.350
batteries are also in the spotlight


00:24:53.360 --> 00:24:55.149
because of course Australia had the big


00:24:55.159 --> 00:24:57.870
now X Cyclone Alfred which was predicted


00:24:57.880 --> 00:24:59.950
to cause all sorts of chaos and uh


00:24:59.960 --> 00:25:02.630
Mayhem and 300,000 homes were blacked


00:25:02.640 --> 00:25:04.710
out as a result yeah they were and of


00:25:04.720 --> 00:25:06.830
course if you are without power for


00:25:06.840 --> 00:25:08.909
several days I mean what do you do well


00:25:08.919 --> 00:25:11.070
on your phone most of them have a


00:25:11.080 --> 00:25:13.269
battery saving mode now on a Samsung


00:25:13.279 --> 00:25:15.750
Galaxy s25 Ultra I would notice that


00:25:15.760 --> 00:25:18.070
with about 93% I would have 3 and a half


00:25:18.080 --> 00:25:19.950
or 4 days worth of power if I did


00:25:19.960 --> 00:25:21.269
nothing with the phone and if I put


00:25:21.279 --> 00:25:23.389
power saving mode on I would have closer


00:25:23.399 --> 00:25:25.549
to 6 days over 5 days and several hours


00:25:25.559 --> 00:25:27.269
worth of power again if I did nothing


00:25:27.279 --> 00:25:28.909
with the phone but it achiev that by


00:25:28.919 --> 00:25:31.110
putting the screen ref refresh rate down


00:25:31.120 --> 00:25:33.549
to 60 HZ it would cut the CPU speed down


00:25:33.559 --> 00:25:35.830
to 70% it would turn various things off


00:25:35.840 --> 00:25:37.710
and this could definitely extend your


00:25:37.720 --> 00:25:39.950
lifespan but also on Modern phones you


00:25:39.960 --> 00:25:42.389
are able to set your maximum charge to


00:25:42.399 --> 00:25:46.630
80% 80 85 90 95 100 and people say don't


00:25:46.640 --> 00:25:48.990
charge your phone more than 80% and once


00:25:49.000 --> 00:25:51.230
it hits 20% start to charge it and this


00:25:51.240 --> 00:25:53.710
is done to stop the battery from wearing


00:25:53.720 --> 00:25:56.110
out faster with the old nickel cadmium


00:25:56.120 --> 00:25:57.789
batteries there was a memory effect if


00:25:57.799 --> 00:25:59.990
you charged it before it was fully


00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:01.909
discharged and if you charged it to full


00:26:01.919 --> 00:26:03.630
but you were charging it to at 80%


00:26:03.640 --> 00:26:04.789
because you wanted to give it a charge


00:26:04.799 --> 00:26:06.190
eventually you would have a battery


00:26:06.200 --> 00:26:07.510
Effect memory effect where it would


00:26:07.520 --> 00:26:09.669
remember and would lose capacity modern


00:26:09.679 --> 00:26:11.789
smartphones don't work in the same way


00:26:11.799 --> 00:26:13.630
as such but they can lose their life and


00:26:13.640 --> 00:26:15.310
we all know that after a couple of years


00:26:15.320 --> 00:26:16.669
two or three years our phones are no


00:26:16.679 --> 00:26:18.190
longer holding as much charge as they


00:26:18.200 --> 00:26:20.549
once did and one other big issue was a


00:26:20.559 --> 00:26:22.510
new update for Apple so there's updates


00:26:22.520 --> 00:26:24.669
for the iPad the iPhone and the mac and


00:26:24.679 --> 00:26:27.669
these were designed to close down a very


00:26:27.679 --> 00:26:31.510
sophisticate ated attack on the sandbox


00:26:31.520 --> 00:26:33.870
for the Safari web browser so normally


00:26:33.880 --> 00:26:36.029
when code is run from the internet fire


00:26:36.039 --> 00:26:38.070
web page it stays within a protected


00:26:38.080 --> 00:26:39.750
space that cannot get out to the rest of


00:26:39.760 --> 00:26:41.269
the operating system and in this case


00:26:41.279 --> 00:26:42.510
hackers figured out how to do that and


00:26:42.520 --> 00:26:44.669
that was for very targeted attacks


00:26:44.679 --> 00:26:46.510
against effectively Freedom Fighters


00:26:46.520 --> 00:26:47.669
people who are against certain


00:26:47.679 --> 00:26:49.389
governments and communicating on phones


00:26:49.399 --> 00:26:51.149
I think are secure and yet the hackers


00:26:51.159 --> 00:26:53.029
find some sort of way in now this sort


00:26:53.039 --> 00:26:55.149
of attack has been done in the past and


00:26:55.159 --> 00:26:57.470
there is no effective antivirus that you


00:26:57.480 --> 00:27:00.789
can really get for Apple's iPhones and


00:27:00.799 --> 00:27:03.230
iPads you can buy antivirus for Macs but


00:27:03.240 --> 00:27:05.909
Apple itself is the security provider so


00:27:05.919 --> 00:27:07.990
they issue a security update and there


00:27:08.000 --> 00:27:10.269
are no major features this time but uh


00:27:10.279 --> 00:27:11.669
the one feature is that it closes the


00:27:11.679 --> 00:27:13.149
security hole but the other big thing


00:27:13.159 --> 00:27:14.710
with Apple news is that there should be


00:27:14.720 --> 00:27:17.029
an entire redesign for iOS 19 which


00:27:17.039 --> 00:27:18.350
we'll see at the worldwide developer


00:27:18.360 --> 00:27:20.070
conference this year Apple has delayed


00:27:20.080 --> 00:27:21.630
some of its Apple intelligence or


00:27:21.640 --> 00:27:23.350
artificial intelligence features till


00:27:23.360 --> 00:27:25.950
iOS 19 perhaps even iOS 20 they're going


00:27:25.960 --> 00:27:27.870
to have to redesign Siri from scratch


00:27:27.880 --> 00:27:29.149
because if you have a large language


00:27:29.159 --> 00:27:31.110
model that acts upon private information


00:27:31.120 --> 00:27:33.110
inside of apps and then does actions on


00:27:33.120 --> 00:27:34.870
your behalf these large language models


00:27:34.880 --> 00:27:36.230
can be attacked and they can be hacked


00:27:36.240 --> 00:27:38.269
and so Apple has to really redesign it


00:27:38.279 --> 00:27:41.269
to be able to fully say its systems are


00:27:41.279 --> 00:27:43.350
as private as Apple claims so expect big


00:27:43.360 --> 00:27:45.669
changes for the iPhone operating system


00:27:45.679 --> 00:27:47.070
the iPad operating system don't know if


00:27:47.080 --> 00:27:48.470
the Mac will change it as well but it'll


00:27:48.480 --> 00:27:51.029
be based upon the vision OS with round


00:27:51.039 --> 00:27:53.870
circular icons and other translucent


00:27:53.880 --> 00:27:55.710
menus and this whole look and feel that


00:27:55.720 --> 00:27:57.870
will be something that will be a sight


00:27:57.880 --> 00:27:59.509
to all expected to see it from the


00:27:59.519 --> 00:28:01.310
middle of this year that's Alex saharov


00:28:01.320 --> 00:28:05.890
Roy from take advice.


00:28:05.900 --> 00:28:18.190
[Music]


00:28:18.200 --> 00:28:21.310
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