Starship’s Fiery Demise, New Glenn’s Maiden Voyage, and Deep Space Pulsations: S28E09

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 9


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for broadcast on the 20th of January


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2025 coming up on SpaceTime Starship


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destroyed in a spectacular explosion


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during its seventh test flight a mostly


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successful Maiden flight for blue


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origins new Glenn Mega rocket and


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uncovering the source of mysterious


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Stella pulsations from deep space all


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that and more coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to space SpaceTime


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with Stuart


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[Music]




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Gary there's been a spectacular ending


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to spacex's 7eventh Starship test flight


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with a Starship upper stage exploding in


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a fiery blast as it was ascending to


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orbit but the mission wasn't without its


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success esses either with a super heavy


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booster being successfully caught by the


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launch Tower's Chopstick arms during an


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amazing textbook Landing the 124 M tall


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Mega rocket had blasted off from


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spacex's Star base at bokach chica on


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the Texas Gulf of Mexico Coast on a


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flight that should have taken it to a


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splash down 66 minutes later in the


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Indian Ocean off the Western Australian


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coast 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 4


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3 2


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1 we have


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theic pitching down


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range booster pressure all right we're


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more than 30 seconds into flight


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Telemetry showing 33 out of 33 engines


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as it's pitching down range booster chip


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avoic power and Telemetry nominal here a


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good call outs on the ship and booster


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avionics you just heard the rumble


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hitting us about 6 miles away watching


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Starship Arc into just endless blue


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skies right now vehicle supersonic more


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than a minute into flight the vehicle


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suers Sonic Max Q so we just passed


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through Max Q that's the greatest stress


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the vehicle is going to experience on


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the way up hill reminder that all of our


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teams down here on the ground are now


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looking at systems on the tower they


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just did a manual check through that's


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going to inform that manual flight


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director's decision next moment coming


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up though is going to be hot staging


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what a gorgeous ascent six ship engines


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getting ready to ignite that's going to


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happen while we're still attached we are


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hearing good call outs on the tower


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preparedness from the manual checks


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though we've still got automated


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checkouts on the booster and the ship


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itself but as of right now our manual


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checks and our manual commanding is


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looking go go for a catch cut off start


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up most engines cut off down to those


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middle three start all right hot stage


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confirmed we've got a booster hopefully


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on our WS way back to us and a ship now


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making its Ascent burn into space the


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booster is now making its way back down


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to earth looks like we have 12 of those


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13 engines ignited we're using the


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engines that actually gimbal go for


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booster return an excellent call out


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there we are go for Boost return power


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and nominal there's a lot of criteria


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that needed to line up to ensure that we


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could have a safe a safe booster catch


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and sounds like we got to go for that we


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just jet aend the hot stage the stage


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floating away from the super heavy


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booster now we've shut down the engines


00:03:34.680 --> 00:03:36.429
for that boost back burn that confirms


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boost back burn is now complete that was


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the first of two Burns required to for


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the vehicle to make its way back down to


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Earth 7 minutes after launch the first


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of the test flight goals was achieved


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with a 33 engine super heavy booster


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undertaking a Pinpoint Landing in the


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mechazilla like arms of the launch Tower


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and next coming up will be the landing


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burn that's going to be 13 of those


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Center engines in again that will then


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go down to from 13 down to three engines


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just right before we touch down for that


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booster catch Now reminder our stage one


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objectives are to have a controlled


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Ascent stage separation as well as a


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controlled boost back burn and hot stage


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as well so we're looking good for that


00:04:19.239 --> 00:04:22.030
so far now Starship is still firing its


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engines right now Starship trajectory


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ninal again the booster is currently


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making its way back to the tower today


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so we're looking looking forward to a


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booster catch with the Chopsticks and in


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the meantime those grid fins helping to


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control the vehicle and guide it back to


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its Landing site booster FTS is safed we


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can see the booster coming back in now


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through the plume at least it looks that


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way to us um it's incredible that it


00:04:47.080 --> 00:04:48.950
basically returns it looks like a


00:04:48.960 --> 00:04:52.070
speeding just like silver flare


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attempting to catch the booster at the


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tower this would be the second tower


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catch


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engines booster now hovering as it


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aligns with the tower for catch booster


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coming in ready for that boom down to


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three engines Villa has caught the


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booster once again for the second time a


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successful catch by the launch Tower


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this is the same Tower the Launchpad


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where that booster took off from just 7


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and 1 half minutes ago but just a minute


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later Mission managers suddenly lost


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contact with a 52 met toll Starship


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upper stage all six of starship's raptor


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engines had been firing as planned


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during the ascent burn but High over the


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Caribbean just as Starship was getting


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to the end of its climb to orbit


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Telemetry suddenly began dropping out on


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the engines and all contact was lost


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with the spacecraft waiting for an


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update on what our ship status is we


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were approaching uh that ship engine cut


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off time um so just waiting to hear so


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obviously we've got booster back booster


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on the launch Tower in the Chopstick arm


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uh but we are waiting to get an update


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now on the ship as we were we expecting


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ship engine cut off about 40 seconds ago


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we saw some of those engines start to go


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out prior to that point and so right now


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we are we are just standing by to try


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and get the latest word on where we are


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with ships so stick with us for just a


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couple of minutes as we wait to hear


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some updates obviously from the last two


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flights that we have done where uh the


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uh flight six we attempted but had to


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divert into the ocean and then on flight


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5 we did have the first ever successful


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catch of the booster we used the


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learnings of those two flights to hone


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in that catch commit criteria and we saw


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success today which is pretty awesome


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yeah and just a quick status check so


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we're we currently do not have comms uh


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with the ship so trying to figure out


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exactly when that happened and exactly


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what happened so obviously the


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controllers right now going through


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their data looking to make sure it's not


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anything instrumentation on the ship but


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actually try and get us a status so if


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you are just tuning in we caught a


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booster uh but we are still waiting to


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find out a little bit more uh on the


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ship so it had successfully separated we


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did that hot staging maneuver we did see


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all six of ship's engines on the way


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uphill during its asent but as we were


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getting to the end of that Ascent burn


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we saw engines dropping out on lemetry


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and we have since lost contact with the


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ship moments later burning debris was


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seen streaking across the skies flight 7


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used a new updated version of Starship


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about 2 m longer and fitted with a range


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of upgrades and new


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modifications these included newly


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designed forward flaps which were


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reduced in size and moved further


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forward towards the vehicle's nose and


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away from the heat shield now this spth


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significantly reduces their exposure to


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re-entry Heating and simplifies the


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underlying mechanisms and protective


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tiling but more importantly there are


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also redesigns for the propulsion system


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of this new upper stage including a 25%


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increase in the propellant volume the


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vacuum jacketing of feed lines a new


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fuel feed line system and an improved


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propulsion avionics module controlling


00:08:18.360 --> 00:08:21.230
Valves and reading sensors now all this


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should have improved the vehicle's


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performance and its ability to fly


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longer missions about 17 and 1/2 minutes


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after liftoff the upper stage was to


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deploy 10 dummy satellites similar in


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size and Mass to spacex's starlink


00:08:34.760 --> 00:08:37.509
broadband internet satellites however


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the mission ever got that far as debris


00:08:39.719 --> 00:08:43.029
came raining down over the Caribbean Sea


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SpaceX boss Elon Musk says preliminary


00:08:45.519 --> 00:08:47.829
indications suggest an oxygen fuel leak


00:08:47.839 --> 00:08:49.470
in the cavity above the spaceship's


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engine firewall and that was large


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enough to build up pressure in excess of


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vent capacity musk says apart from the


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obvious double-checking felixs SpaceX


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will now add fire suppression to that


00:09:01.279 --> 00:09:03.389
cavity and probably increase the vent


00:09:03.399 --> 00:09:06.030
area he points out that the ship's new


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forward flaps higher thrust engines and


00:09:08.240 --> 00:09:11.110
tile adherence on Ascent were all tested


00:09:11.120 --> 00:09:13.030
in fact improved heat shield performance


00:09:13.040 --> 00:09:14.670
was the only major thing that wasn't


00:09:14.680 --> 00:09:16.829
tested along with the Pet's payload


00:09:16.839 --> 00:09:19.110
dispenser and these will probably be


00:09:19.120 --> 00:09:21.710
resolved in next month's launch he says


00:09:21.720 --> 00:09:23.670
nothing so far suggests pushing the next


00:09:23.680 --> 00:09:26.150
launch past next month and it doesn't


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change the likely date at which Mars


00:09:28.279 --> 00:09:30.550
will become self-sufficient a clear hint


00:09:30.560 --> 00:09:33.030
at the long-term aim of the Starship


00:09:33.040 --> 00:09:34.590
program which is to act as an


00:09:34.600 --> 00:09:36.350
interplanetary transport and


00:09:36.360 --> 00:09:40.110
colonization vessel the 250 ton reusable


00:09:40.120 --> 00:09:42.030
Mega rocket is the largest and most


00:09:42.040 --> 00:09:44.670
powerful spacecraft ever built it's


00:09:44.680 --> 00:09:47.190
capable of lifting 150 tons of people


00:09:47.200 --> 00:09:49.509
and cargo into orbit and 100 tons on


00:09:49.519 --> 00:09:51.509
missions to the Moon Mars and other


00:09:51.519 --> 00:09:53.630
planets across the solar system


00:09:53.640 --> 00:09:55.750
starship's first mission for NASA will


00:09:55.760 --> 00:09:57.990
be to dock with the oran capsu in trans


00:09:58.000 --> 00:10:00.509
lunar orbit and carry the emus 3 mission


00:10:00.519 --> 00:10:03.150
astronauts down to the lunar surface in


00:10:03.160 --> 00:10:05.790
2026 it'll then provide regular shuttle


00:10:05.800 --> 00:10:07.870
services for NASA between the new


00:10:07.880 --> 00:10:09.990
Gateway space station which is yet to be


00:10:10.000 --> 00:10:12.750
placed in orbit and the lunar surface


00:10:12.760 --> 00:10:14.670
SpaceX plans on eventually using


00:10:14.680 --> 00:10:16.470
Starship to replace the company's


00:10:16.480 --> 00:10:18.430
existing Dragon spacecraft and its


00:10:18.440 --> 00:10:21.269
Falcon 9 and Falcon heavy launch systems


00:10:21.279 --> 00:10:23.630
both man and Freight only versions of


00:10:23.640 --> 00:10:25.230
Starship are planned as well as


00:10:25.240 --> 00:10:28.430
refueling tanker versions and SpaceX is


00:10:28.440 --> 00:10:30.350
also looking at us using Starship to


00:10:30.360 --> 00:10:32.470
provide point-to-point transport for


00:10:32.480 --> 00:10:35.509
passengers between major cities on Earth


00:10:35.519 --> 00:10:37.350
remember once you're in orbit any two


00:10:37.360 --> 00:10:39.509
places on the planet are only ever 90


00:10:39.519 --> 00:10:43.509
minutes apart this is spacetime still to


00:10:43.519 --> 00:10:45.670
come the maiden flight of blue origin's


00:10:45.680 --> 00:10:48.069
new Glenn Mega rocket and uncovering the


00:10:48.079 --> 00:10:50.190
source of mysterious Stella pulsations


00:10:50.200 --> 00:10:52.470
from deep space all that and more still


00:10:52.480 --> 00:10:58.810
to come on SpaceTime


00:10:58.820 --> 00:11:07.510
[Music]




00:11:10.399 --> 00:11:12.509
well we've seen seven test flights some


00:11:12.519 --> 00:11:14.710
more successful than others of spacex's


00:11:14.720 --> 00:11:16.829
Starship super heavy and we've seen a


00:11:16.839 --> 00:11:19.710
successful first flight for NASA's SLS


00:11:19.720 --> 00:11:21.590
space launch system which will take the


00:11:21.600 --> 00:11:23.990
Aran capsule in emus spacecraft on


00:11:24.000 --> 00:11:26.230
missions to the moon and eventually Mars


00:11:26.240 --> 00:11:28.750
and Beyond and now the third of


00:11:28.760 --> 00:11:31.310
America's Trio of new Mega Rockets blue


00:11:31.320 --> 00:11:33.269
origins new Glenn has successfully


00:11:33.279 --> 00:11:36.069
undertaken its Maiden flight the ng1


00:11:36.079 --> 00:11:37.629
mission which had been delayed several


00:11:37.639 --> 00:11:39.550
days successfully launched from space


00:11:39.560 --> 00:11:41.829
complex 36 at the cape canaval space


00:11:41.839 --> 00:11:44.550
force space in Florida high seas at the


00:11:44.560 --> 00:11:46.590
booster Landing site and a buildup of


00:11:46.600 --> 00:11:48.910
ice on a purge line were blamed for the


00:11:48.920 --> 00:11:51.350
delays the flight successfully placed


00:11:51.360 --> 00:11:53.430
the upper stage and payload into its


00:11:53.440 --> 00:12:02.310
pre-planned orbitus 10 9 8 7 6 5


00:12:02.320 --> 00:12:06.350
4 One lift off all seven engines have C


00:12:06.360 --> 00:12:08.350
thrust chamber pressures are good


00:12:08.360 --> 00:12:09.910
vehicles cleared the tower engine


00:12:09.920 --> 00:12:11.710
chamber pressures look good now beun the


00:12:11.720 --> 00:12:13.269
pitch roll maneuver to Point downrange


00:12:13.279 --> 00:12:15.269
Body rate respones are nominal chamber


00:12:15.279 --> 00:12:17.150
pressures continue to look good now 40


00:12:17.160 --> 00:12:19.310
seconds into flight end of roll St now


00:12:19.320 --> 00:12:21.189
level data quality looks good coming


00:12:21.199 --> 00:12:22.949
down from the vehicle passing mock one


00:12:22.959 --> 00:12:24.949
new BL is now supersonic engines


00:12:24.959 --> 00:12:26.590
continue to perform well now passing


00:12:26.600 --> 00:12:28.550
through Max Q maximum Dynamic pressure


00:12:28.560 --> 00:12:31.949
body r are nominal throughout the Press


00:12:31.959 --> 00:12:34.269
Contin look good on all 7 B4 engines


00:12:34.279 --> 00:12:36.269
acceleration profile is good body rates


00:12:36.279 --> 00:12:39.670
look good b3u lh2 chilling started e4s


00:12:39.680 --> 00:12:40.910
continue to perform well throughout the


00:12:40.920 --> 00:12:44.310
bo days stage two RCS priming and we


00:12:44.320 --> 00:12:46.310
have Mo we have stage set and we have


00:12:46.320 --> 00:12:49.189
ignition on both b3u chamber pressure is


00:12:49.199 --> 00:12:51.470
good now passing 3 minutes 40 seconds


00:12:51.480 --> 00:12:53.670
into flight body rates look good data


00:12:53.680 --> 00:12:55.269
quality coming down from both stages


00:12:55.279 --> 00:12:57.030
looks good GS2 performing a pitch up


00:12:57.040 --> 00:12:58.629
maneuver body rate response phenomenal


00:12:58.639 --> 00:13:00.389
being3 chain with pressure continues


00:13:00.399 --> 00:13:01.710
look good we have good payload fairing


00:13:01.720 --> 00:13:04.310
jettison our booster is going to try to


00:13:04.320 --> 00:13:06.710
make a landing they're going to land on


00:13:06.720 --> 00:13:08.750
the Jackin The Landing ship that is


00:13:08.760 --> 00:13:10.750
awaiting this beautiful booster to make


00:13:10.760 --> 00:13:13.150
a landing trajectory looks good on both


00:13:13.160 --> 00:13:15.030
stages stage one our booster we are


00:13:15.040 --> 00:13:17.030
looking to land it on our Landing ship


00:13:17.040 --> 00:13:19.670
Jacqueline stage two carrying the


00:13:19.680 --> 00:13:22.629
Pathfinder for blue ring will continue


00:13:22.639 --> 00:13:25.910
its Mission up towards Mo orbit where we


00:13:25.920 --> 00:13:28.629
will be collecting data for 6 hours


00:13:28.639 --> 00:13:31.269
confirmed gs1 engine chill active less


00:13:31.279 --> 00:13:33.790
than 1 minute now remaining to EXO


00:13:33.800 --> 00:13:35.870
atmospheric engine ignition so coming up


00:13:35.880 --> 00:13:37.350
here we're going to see the middle of


00:13:37.360 --> 00:13:40.509
the 37


00:13:40.519 --> 00:13:43.389
be4 chamber pressures on both be3 going


00:13:43.399 --> 00:13:45.509
to slow the vehicle down and then as the


00:13:45.519 --> 00:13:47.590
vehicle gets closer to the landing ship


00:13:47.600 --> 00:13:50.150
the jacin the two outer of the three


00:13:50.160 --> 00:13:52.629
middle engines will shut off and just


00:13:52.639 --> 00:13:54.629
one in the center will remain to help


00:13:54.639 --> 00:13:57.189
slow as well as guide the vehicle back


00:13:57.199 --> 00:13:59.350
to The Landing ship we have the steering


00:13:59.360 --> 00:14:01.670
fins at the top of the booster as well


00:14:01.680 --> 00:14:03.829
as the strakes which act essentially as


00:14:03.839 --> 00:14:06.269
Wings this vehicle is flying back to the


00:14:06.279 --> 00:14:09.110
jacine providing lift to come in for a


00:14:09.120 --> 00:14:12.110
nice soft and vertical Landing onto the


00:14:12.120 --> 00:14:14.670
landing ship the Jacqueline all three


00:14:14.680 --> 00:14:17.790
engines relight confirmed 8 minutes 20


00:14:17.800 --> 00:14:19.590
seconds into flight justs two tank


00:14:19.600 --> 00:14:20.910
pressures staying within their


00:14:20.920 --> 00:14:22.790
acceptable limits body rate responses


00:14:22.800 --> 00:14:24.430
look good good chamber pressures look


00:14:24.440 --> 00:14:26.310
good throughout the burn continue to see


00:14:26.320 --> 00:14:28.550
data from both stages our second stage


00:14:28.560 --> 00:14:31.430
GS to continues 10 minutes 20 seconds in


00:14:31.440 --> 00:14:35.030
Ascent as well as as its climb towards


00:14:35.040 --> 00:14:36.829
Mo which is where it is headed this


00:14:36.839 --> 00:14:42.189
evening GS2 is now 1,700 km down range


00:14:42.199 --> 00:14:45.509
traveling at 6.7 km/ second we have I AP


00:14:45.519 --> 00:14:47.910
vanish GS2 is now orbital and we have


00:14:47.920 --> 00:14:49.710
engine cut off however the attempt to


00:14:49.720 --> 00:14:51.350
land the first stage booster on a


00:14:51.360 --> 00:14:53.870
pre-positioned barge 1,000 km down range


00:14:53.880 --> 00:14:56.310
in the North Atlantic Ocean failed we


00:14:56.320 --> 00:14:58.870
obviously have some frozen data here on


00:14:58.880 --> 00:15:01.150
our our stage one on our booster we're


00:15:01.160 --> 00:15:03.030
still waiting to understand what the


00:15:03.040 --> 00:15:04.790
situation is with the booster we're


00:15:04.800 --> 00:15:06.430
trying to get all of the data here we


00:15:06.440 --> 00:15:08.990
seem to have lost Telemetry on the first


00:15:09.000 --> 00:15:11.110
stage we very well may have lost the


00:15:11.120 --> 00:15:13.430
booster and now I actually I do have


00:15:13.440 --> 00:15:15.749
confirmation that we did in fact lose


00:15:15.759 --> 00:15:18.509
the booster as you did hear we did have


00:15:18.519 --> 00:15:20.670
the booster relight the three middle


00:15:20.680 --> 00:15:22.389
engines which was what we were looking


00:15:22.399 --> 00:15:24.670
for so things we know were good up into


00:15:24.680 --> 00:15:26.509
that point the first stage Telemetry


00:15:26.519 --> 00:15:28.069
showed the booster was traveling at an


00:15:28.079 --> 00:15:30.910
approximate speed of back 5.5 and at an


00:15:30.920 --> 00:15:34.189
altitude of 25.7 KM before it suddenly


00:15:34.199 --> 00:15:36.990
disappeared deemed lost but the missions


00:15:37.000 --> 00:15:38.710
payload which made it successfully to


00:15:38.720 --> 00:15:40.949
orbit was a prototype for blue origins


00:15:40.959 --> 00:15:42.870
new blue ring orbital vehicle a


00:15:42.880 --> 00:15:45.150
maneuverable spacecraft designed to dark


00:15:45.160 --> 00:15:48.389
width and service satellites the 98 M


00:15:48.399 --> 00:15:50.590
tall two-stage Rockets named new Glenn


00:15:50.600 --> 00:15:52.790
in honor of mercury 7 Astronaut John


00:15:52.800 --> 00:15:54.269
Glenn who was the first American to


00:15:54.279 --> 00:15:56.790
orbit the earth its smaller cousin new


00:15:56.800 --> 00:15:58.550
sheeper which is used to carry space


00:15:58.560 --> 00:16:00.350
tourists on suborbital Joy flights


00:16:00.360 --> 00:16:01.749
beyond the Carman line the


00:16:01.759 --> 00:16:03.389
internationally recognized start of


00:16:03.399 --> 00:16:05.670
space is named after another Mercury 7


00:16:05.680 --> 00:16:07.550
astronaut Alan Shepard he was the first


00:16:07.560 --> 00:16:09.829
American to achieve space flight but


00:16:09.839 --> 00:16:11.829
where it's new Shepherd's a fairly small


00:16:11.839 --> 00:16:13.790
single stage vehicle with a capsule


00:16:13.800 --> 00:16:16.470
mounted on top new Glenn is a massive


00:16:16.480 --> 00:16:19.230
rocket capable of carrying 45 tons into


00:16:19.240 --> 00:16:21.990
low earth orbit more than 13 tons into G


00:16:22.000 --> 00:16:24.430
stationary orbit and at least 7 tons


00:16:24.440 --> 00:16:27.269
into trans lunar orbit NASA's already


00:16:27.279 --> 00:16:29.430
contracted new shepher to carry two Mars


00:16:29.440 --> 00:16:30.949
probes to the red planet and it will


00:16:30.959 --> 00:16:32.590
also support the deployment of the new


00:16:32.600 --> 00:16:34.829
Kyer Internet satellite constellation


00:16:34.839 --> 00:16:36.710
which will ultimately compete against


00:16:36.720 --> 00:16:40.389
starlink this is spacetime still to come


00:16:40.399 --> 00:16:42.069
uncovering the source of mysterious


00:16:42.079 --> 00:16:44.590
Stell pulsations from deep space and


00:16:44.600 --> 00:16:47.069
later in the science report a new study


00:16:47.079 --> 00:16:49.350
shows that New Zealand's ancient bird


00:16:49.360 --> 00:16:51.269
the mower had what today would be


00:16:51.279 --> 00:16:53.430
considered very expensive tastes


00:16:53.440 --> 00:16:55.470
apparently they liked eating truffles


00:16:55.480 --> 00:16:57.670
all that and more still to come on


00:16:57.680 --> 00:17:03.350
SpaceTime


00:17:03.360 --> 00:17:11.040
[Music]




00:17:13.799 --> 00:17:15.350
astronomers have discovered the source


00:17:15.360 --> 00:17:17.470
of mysterious extreme astrophysical


00:17:17.480 --> 00:17:19.789
event known as a long period radio


00:17:19.799 --> 00:17:22.390
transient a strange regular pulse of


00:17:22.400 --> 00:17:24.549
energy being emitted from somewhere in


00:17:24.559 --> 00:17:27.150
deep space the findings are reported in


00:17:27.160 --> 00:17:29.190
the astrophysical journal letters point


00:17:29.200 --> 00:17:31.190
to a system made up of a highly compact


00:17:31.200 --> 00:17:33.190
Stellar corpse known as a white dwarf


00:17:33.200 --> 00:17:34.909
the super hot core of a once sunlight


00:17:34.919 --> 00:17:37.470
star and a low mass spectral type M Red


00:17:37.480 --> 00:17:39.830
Dwarf star the most common type of star


00:17:39.840 --> 00:17:42.390
in the galaxy researchers made the


00:17:42.400 --> 00:17:44.190
discovery after first detecting a pulse


00:17:44.200 --> 00:17:46.549
of bright energy coming from deep space


00:17:46.559 --> 00:17:48.630
among archival low frequency data from


00:17:48.640 --> 00:17:50.549
the merchison Widefield array radio


00:17:50.559 --> 00:17:53.230
telescope in Outback Western Australia


00:17:53.240 --> 00:17:55.190
the array is one of the precursors for


00:17:55.200 --> 00:17:57.350
the square kilometer array project which


00:17:57.360 --> 00:17:59.029
is currently under construction and and


00:17:59.039 --> 00:18:00.669
when completed will be the world's


00:18:00.679 --> 00:18:03.590
largest radio telescope so big it's


00:18:03.600 --> 00:18:05.669
being built across two continents the


00:18:05.679 --> 00:18:08.029
arback of Western Australia and southern


00:18:08.039 --> 00:18:10.909
Africa the strange energy pulse of radio


00:18:10.919 --> 00:18:12.669
waves known as long period radio


00:18:12.679 --> 00:18:15.029
transients were observed occurring every


00:18:15.039 --> 00:18:17.950
3 hours and Lasting around 30 to 60


00:18:17.960 --> 00:18:20.230
seconds each time and that makes these


00:18:20.240 --> 00:18:22.470
the longest period radio transients ever


00:18:22.480 --> 00:18:25.070
detected long period radio transients


00:18:25.080 --> 00:18:27.549
are relatively new to science their


00:18:27.559 --> 00:18:29.549
source and how they gener ated has been


00:18:29.559 --> 00:18:32.710
a long-standing ongoing mystery but now


00:18:32.720 --> 00:18:34.470
with this new discovery scientists


00:18:34.480 --> 00:18:35.590
believe that they may have both


00:18:35.600 --> 00:18:37.270
identified the probable source of the


00:18:37.280 --> 00:18:39.590
energy burst and also shed light on how


00:18:39.600 --> 00:18:42.070
they're being generated see the problem


00:18:42.080 --> 00:18:43.789
is all previously discovered radio


00:18:43.799 --> 00:18:45.870
transients were located deep within the


00:18:45.880 --> 00:18:48.350
Milky Way galaxy and surrounded by lots


00:18:48.360 --> 00:18:51.630
of stars and gas and dust and all that


00:18:51.640 --> 00:18:53.710
made it challenging to try and determine


00:18:53.720 --> 00:18:55.390
exactly what could have been generating


00:18:55.400 --> 00:18:57.789
these radio waves one of the studies's


00:18:57.799 --> 00:18:59.710
authors associate Professor Natasha


00:18:59.720 --> 00:19:01.750
hurly Walker from the curtain University


00:19:01.760 --> 00:19:03.350
node of the International Center for


00:19:03.360 --> 00:19:05.430
radio astronomy research says long


00:19:05.440 --> 00:19:08.029
period radio transients are extremely


00:19:08.039 --> 00:19:10.230
exciting but for astronomist to


00:19:10.240 --> 00:19:11.950
understand what they are they need an


00:19:11.960 --> 00:19:14.830
optical image and the problem was when


00:19:14.840 --> 00:19:16.190
you look towards the source of the


00:19:16.200 --> 00:19:18.070
signal there are simply too many stars


00:19:18.080 --> 00:19:20.669
in the way but in a stroke of Good


00:19:20.679 --> 00:19:22.990
Fortune the newly discovered transient


00:19:23.000 --> 00:19:27.710
named gleen XJ


00:19:27.720 --> 00:19:29.950
074379346 the much more sparely


00:19:29.960 --> 00:19:31.710
populated region of space in the


00:19:31.720 --> 00:19:34.110
constellation papus around 5,000 light


00:19:34.120 --> 00:19:36.310
years away because the new discovery


00:19:36.320 --> 00:19:38.029
lies far off the galactic plane there


00:19:38.039 --> 00:19:40.669
are only a handful of stars nearby and


00:19:40.679 --> 00:19:42.110
Hurley Walker and colleagues were able


00:19:42.120 --> 00:19:43.909
to narrow down the source generating the


00:19:43.919 --> 00:19:47.510
radio waves to one specific star system


00:19:47.520 --> 00:19:49.830
then using another Square kilm array


00:19:49.840 --> 00:19:52.190
precursor this time the mirat telescope


00:19:52.200 --> 00:19:54.029
in South Africa they were able to


00:19:54.039 --> 00:19:56.390
pinpoint the location of one specific


00:19:56.400 --> 00:19:59.029
star following up with a sword t scope


00:19:59.039 --> 00:20:00.710
in Chile they determined the star


00:20:00.720 --> 00:20:02.789
Spectra showing it to be a low mass


00:20:02.799 --> 00:20:05.750
spectr Type M Red Dwarf now this


00:20:05.760 --> 00:20:07.149
discovery answered some pressing


00:20:07.159 --> 00:20:10.070
questions but it created a few more and


00:20:10.080 --> 00:20:12.110
M dwarf alone simply couldn't generate


00:20:12.120 --> 00:20:13.350
the amount of energy that the


00:20:13.360 --> 00:20:15.390
astronomers were seeing remember these


00:20:15.400 --> 00:20:17.470
are very low mass stars they only have a


00:20:17.480 --> 00:20:19.350
fraction of the Sun's mass and


00:20:19.360 --> 00:20:21.390
luminosity and as we mentioned earlier


00:20:21.400 --> 00:20:23.230
there are lots of them making up some


00:20:23.240 --> 00:20:26.510
70% of all stars in the Milky Way galaxy


00:20:26.520 --> 00:20:28.310
but as the authors look further into the


00:20:28.320 --> 00:20:30.549
data they found that this specific Red


00:20:30.559 --> 00:20:33.029
Dwarf was actually part of a binary


00:20:33.039 --> 00:20:35.310
system with another object most likely


00:20:35.320 --> 00:20:37.310
the corpse of a dead sunl Stein known as


00:20:37.320 --> 00:20:40.350
a white dwarf and together the two of


00:20:40.360 --> 00:20:42.630
them power the radio emission the


00:20:42.640 --> 00:20:44.110
authors are now working on follow-up


00:20:44.120 --> 00:20:45.630
observations that will conclusively


00:20:45.640 --> 00:20:47.310
determine the nature of the system and


00:20:47.320 --> 00:20:49.430
also the explanation for this extreme


00:20:49.440 --> 00:20:51.549
astrophysical event long period radio


00:20:51.559 --> 00:20:55.190
transients are mysterious new class of


00:20:55.200 --> 00:20:57.270
repeating radio Source in space you


00:20:57.280 --> 00:20:58.870
might be familiar with the idea of a


00:20:58.880 --> 00:21:01.310
pulsar that's a rapidly rotating neutron


00:21:01.320 --> 00:21:03.669
star that produces a continuous beam of


00:21:03.679 --> 00:21:06.270
radio wave and the radio waves can be


00:21:06.280 --> 00:21:08.990
offset from the axis of spin so a little


00:21:09.000 --> 00:21:10.710
bit like a lighthouse the Pulsar can


00:21:10.720 --> 00:21:12.870
spin around and every so often the radio


00:21:12.880 --> 00:21:14.390
waves go across our line of sight and we


00:21:14.400 --> 00:21:16.070
see a pulse and that's why pulsars are


00:21:16.080 --> 00:21:19.710
called pulsars so we have long known


00:21:19.720 --> 00:21:23.190
that pulsars spin every few Mill seconds


00:21:23.200 --> 00:21:25.669
every second something along that line


00:21:25.679 --> 00:21:28.630
maybe up to once every 10 seconds but


00:21:28.640 --> 00:21:31.430
we've always thought that as the Pulsar


00:21:31.440 --> 00:21:34.830
slow down their radio emission stops and


00:21:34.840 --> 00:21:37.669
so we've never seen Pulsar at a longer


00:21:37.679 --> 00:21:40.870
like slower period than about 30 seconds


00:21:40.880 --> 00:21:44.149
so in a way we've kind of stopped


00:21:44.159 --> 00:21:46.310
looking for things that spin more slowly


00:21:46.320 --> 00:21:48.470
than that and that's led to a a kind of


00:21:48.480 --> 00:21:50.830
a bias in our observations where we're


00:21:50.840 --> 00:21:52.830
only looking for quickly spinning things


00:21:52.840 --> 00:21:56.549
now my team about four years ago now we


00:21:56.559 --> 00:21:58.870
did a blind experiment where we looked


00:21:58.880 --> 00:22:01.269
for things that change in our galaxy and


00:22:01.279 --> 00:22:03.430
across slower time scales like if they


00:22:03.440 --> 00:22:05.149
could change minute to minute or week to


00:22:05.159 --> 00:22:07.669
week we would pick them up and we found


00:22:07.679 --> 00:22:10.430
one source that in 2018 appeared and


00:22:10.440 --> 00:22:12.750
disappeared every 18 minutes which is


00:22:12.760 --> 00:22:15.789
much much much slower than a normal


00:22:15.799 --> 00:22:17.630
pulsar and indeed you would not have


00:22:17.640 --> 00:22:19.390
been able to find this object with a


00:22:19.400 --> 00:22:21.669
normal Pulsar search so that was a real


00:22:21.679 --> 00:22:23.390
mystery and that Source basically


00:22:23.400 --> 00:22:25.590
produced pulses that lasted 1 minute


00:22:25.600 --> 00:22:28.630
each and they were 18 minutes apart and


00:22:28.640 --> 00:22:32.110
it was only on for 3 months in 2018 and


00:22:32.120 --> 00:22:34.830
by the time we found it in 2020 we had


00:22:34.840 --> 00:22:36.630
missed the fireworks essentially we we


00:22:36.640 --> 00:22:38.710
didn't know what that Source was and we


00:22:38.720 --> 00:22:40.029
couldn't really go and get more


00:22:40.039 --> 00:22:41.750
observations we tried but it had


00:22:41.760 --> 00:22:43.830
switched off so then I designed a new


00:22:43.840 --> 00:22:46.789
survey to actually find these things and


00:22:46.799 --> 00:22:48.390
very quickly follow them up and we found


00:22:48.400 --> 00:22:50.510
a new source which repeated every 22


00:22:50.520 --> 00:22:52.470
minutes which is still completely


00:22:52.480 --> 00:22:54.549
inexplicable we have no idea how you


00:22:54.559 --> 00:22:56.149
generate radio waves that repeat every


00:22:56.159 --> 00:22:57.990
22 minutes and we rapidly followed that


00:22:58.000 --> 00:22:59.789
up with lots of telescopes and to our


00:22:59.799 --> 00:23:01.950
surprise we also found that in other


00:23:01.960 --> 00:23:04.269
archive that went back even longer than


00:23:04.279 --> 00:23:06.549
the mwa there were actually pulses all


00:23:06.559 --> 00:23:09.590
the way back to 1988 and that was GPM


00:23:09.600 --> 00:23:12.350
j39 minus 10 and that repeated every 22


00:23:12.360 --> 00:23:14.470
minutes and has been active for 33 years


00:23:14.480 --> 00:23:16.950
so that was a mystery because we thought


00:23:16.960 --> 00:23:19.029
that these things would only be briefly


00:23:19.039 --> 00:23:20.630
active and then disappear now we have


00:23:20.640 --> 00:23:22.870
one that's been here all this time but


00:23:22.880 --> 00:23:25.310
the other thing that that that tells us


00:23:25.320 --> 00:23:27.310
is that there must be lots of these


00:23:27.320 --> 00:23:28.950
hiding in our data because if


00:23:28.960 --> 00:23:30.870
astronomers could miss something sitting


00:23:30.880 --> 00:23:33.269
right in front of them for 33 years then


00:23:33.279 --> 00:23:34.750
all of our data must be full of these


00:23:34.760 --> 00:23:36.230
objects that's just what science is


00:23:36.240 --> 00:23:38.350
about a lot of the time blue sky surveys


00:23:38.360 --> 00:23:40.310
just looking you know what about this


00:23:40.320 --> 00:23:42.110
what about that exactly there was no


00:23:42.120 --> 00:23:44.110
theory that predicted this in fact quite


00:23:44.120 --> 00:23:46.230
the opposite we had theories that said


00:23:46.240 --> 00:23:49.149
there will absolutely not be any radio


00:23:49.159 --> 00:23:52.070
waves that appear on time scales of more


00:23:52.080 --> 00:23:55.070
than 10 seconds or more so it was really


00:23:55.080 --> 00:23:57.149
a huge leap forward to find these


00:23:57.159 --> 00:23:58.990
sources now when you say Blue Sky


00:23:59.000 --> 00:24:00.870
research the issue that we have with


00:24:00.880 --> 00:24:02.669
these long period radio transients is


00:24:02.679 --> 00:24:06.230
that it's kind of white Sky research so


00:24:06.240 --> 00:24:08.630
we're embedded in our own Milky Way


00:24:08.640 --> 00:24:10.750
galaxy and so are these long period


00:24:10.760 --> 00:24:12.390
radio transients and when you think


00:24:12.400 --> 00:24:14.590
where is all the stuff in our galaxy


00:24:14.600 --> 00:24:15.870
where are all the stars where are all


00:24:15.880 --> 00:24:17.669
the neutron stars where are all of the


00:24:17.679 --> 00:24:20.070
black holes where is everything well


00:24:20.080 --> 00:24:22.390
it's all clustered together in the dis


00:24:22.400 --> 00:24:24.549
of our galaxy you go outside on a dark


00:24:24.559 --> 00:24:27.389
night and you can see the Milky Way laid


00:24:27.399 --> 00:24:30.590
out overhead well kind of unsurprisingly


00:24:30.600 --> 00:24:32.230
that's where we're finding the long


00:24:32.240 --> 00:24:33.710
period radio transients because they're


00:24:33.720 --> 00:24:36.230
in our galaxy The difficulty is that


00:24:36.240 --> 00:24:38.190
then when we want to ask the question


00:24:38.200 --> 00:24:40.789
okay what can generate radio waves every


00:24:40.799 --> 00:24:43.310
20 minutes what's actually producing


00:24:43.320 --> 00:24:45.110
this it's a really hard question to


00:24:45.120 --> 00:24:46.950
answer because if you look at where the


00:24:46.960 --> 00:24:49.870
radio pulses are coming from there are


00:24:49.880 --> 00:24:51.870
thousands of stars there's no way of


00:24:51.880 --> 00:24:54.710
telling which star if any of course it


00:24:54.720 --> 00:24:56.389
could be some kind of invisible object


00:24:56.399 --> 00:24:58.389
like a neutron star or a black hole or a


00:24:58.399 --> 00:25:00.070
white dwarf we can't tell which one is


00:25:00.080 --> 00:25:02.430
producing it and then that means it's


00:25:02.440 --> 00:25:05.230
very hard to say how the radio emission


00:25:05.240 --> 00:25:07.029
is generated and you know what these


00:25:07.039 --> 00:25:08.549
things actually are but then you had a


00:25:08.559 --> 00:25:10.950
bit of luck well uh you know Fortune fa


00:25:10.960 --> 00:25:12.870
favors the prepared mind right so we


00:25:12.880 --> 00:25:15.310
realized that this was a problem and


00:25:15.320 --> 00:25:18.350
while we had been doing surveys that are


00:25:18.360 --> 00:25:20.310
targeting the Galaxy with the hope of


00:25:20.320 --> 00:25:22.190
finding these things once we realized


00:25:22.200 --> 00:25:24.110
okay great we can find some but it


00:25:24.120 --> 00:25:25.950
doesn't help too much if we just find


00:25:25.960 --> 00:25:27.310
some radio waves and we can't follow


00:25:27.320 --> 00:25:28.870
them up we need to look at the rest of


00:25:28.880 --> 00:25:31.630
the sky and so very fortunately I'm the


00:25:31.640 --> 00:25:34.190
lead scientist on the galactic and extra


00:25:34.200 --> 00:25:37.830
Galactic all Sky mwa extended survey or


00:25:37.840 --> 00:25:40.070
gleam X for short which is a successor


00:25:40.080 --> 00:25:41.909
to the very popular gleam survey which


00:25:41.919 --> 00:25:44.710
was the first survey in radio color and


00:25:44.720 --> 00:25:47.909
glex is serving the whole Sky south of


00:25:47.919 --> 00:25:50.789
declination 30 so that's about 75% of


00:25:50.799 --> 00:25:53.430
the visible sky and in doing that of


00:25:53.440 --> 00:25:55.029
course we cover parts of the sky that


00:25:55.039 --> 00:25:57.269
are our own Galaxy but also lots of


00:25:57.279 --> 00:25:59.750
parts that are kind of slightly away


00:25:59.760 --> 00:26:02.909
from where all of the stuff is and in


00:26:02.919 --> 00:26:05.630
searching that data we optimized our


00:26:05.640 --> 00:26:07.830
algorithms to find the long period radio


00:26:07.840 --> 00:26:09.789
transients and I worked with a wonderful


00:26:09.799 --> 00:26:11.750
third-year undergraduate student called


00:26:11.760 --> 00:26:13.909
chanard hovas who helped Implement


00:26:13.919 --> 00:26:15.750
filters that would be better at picking


00:26:15.760 --> 00:26:17.950
these elusive signals out of the data


00:26:17.960 --> 00:26:20.510
and we were successful and you saw this


00:26:20.520 --> 00:26:23.430
red dwarf so that's right so we found a


00:26:23.440 --> 00:26:25.549
repeating radio transient that isn't


00:26:25.559 --> 00:26:28.350
buried deep inside the Galaxy it appears


00:26:28.360 --> 00:26:31.909
is about 13° off the plane so it's still


00:26:31.919 --> 00:26:34.510
in our galaxy it's just not buried


00:26:34.520 --> 00:26:37.190
inside all the mess of all of the stars


00:26:37.200 --> 00:26:40.710
and we could see with the accuracy of


00:26:40.720 --> 00:26:43.669
the mwa that the radio populations were


00:26:43.679 --> 00:26:45.350
coming from one of two different Stars


00:26:45.360 --> 00:26:48.310
we weren't sure which one or indeed it


00:26:48.320 --> 00:26:50.110
could have been that it could have been


00:26:50.120 --> 00:26:52.549
appearing from an invisible Source


00:26:52.559 --> 00:26:54.230
between the Stars we weren't really sure


00:26:54.240 --> 00:26:56.070
with the accuracy of the mwa but we were


00:26:56.080 --> 00:26:57.470
able to make the detection so we


00:26:57.480 --> 00:27:00.950
followed up with mircat which is another


00:27:00.960 --> 00:27:02.630
big telescope in the Southern Hemisphere


00:27:02.640 --> 00:27:05.470
and indeed both the mwa and mircat are


00:27:05.480 --> 00:27:07.470
precursors to the square kilometer array


00:27:07.480 --> 00:27:09.510
so meat's in South Africa and I have a


00:27:09.520 --> 00:27:11.470
great working relationship with the team


00:27:11.480 --> 00:27:13.430
there they've done lots of fantastic


00:27:13.440 --> 00:27:15.269
observations towards these long period


00:27:15.279 --> 00:27:17.230
radio transients so we got time to look


00:27:17.240 --> 00:27:20.110
at our source and mirat has a better


00:27:20.120 --> 00:27:22.549
positional precision and boom


00:27:22.559 --> 00:27:24.470
highlighted that those pulsations were


00:27:24.480 --> 00:27:27.830
coming from one specific star an M3


00:27:27.840 --> 00:27:28.789
dwarf


00:27:28.799 --> 00:27:31.990
so it seemed very difficult to explain


00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:34.070
that we're seeing these bright radio


00:27:34.080 --> 00:27:36.310
pulsations from what looks like kind of


00:27:36.320 --> 00:27:39.669
a boring star but when we looked at the


00:27:39.679 --> 00:27:42.149
timing of the pulsations sometimes they


00:27:42.159 --> 00:27:43.950
would arrive a little bit sooner than


00:27:43.960 --> 00:27:45.789
they expected and sometimes they would


00:27:45.799 --> 00:27:47.789
arrive a little bit later than we


00:27:47.799 --> 00:27:50.909
expected as if the source of the radio


00:27:50.919 --> 00:27:53.669
waves was moving closer to us and then


00:27:53.679 --> 00:27:55.990
further away and then closer and then


00:27:56.000 --> 00:27:58.630
further away and that of course impli


00:27:58.640 --> 00:28:01.909
an orbit so as if the radio emitter is


00:28:01.919 --> 00:28:05.029
in an orbit with the m dwarf now that's


00:28:05.039 --> 00:28:06.870
exciting because there are actually


00:28:06.880 --> 00:28:10.630
known systems that behave this way and


00:28:10.640 --> 00:28:12.789
while some of them have produced radio


00:28:12.799 --> 00:28:14.310
waves none of them have ever been as


00:28:14.320 --> 00:28:15.870
bright as the long period radio


00:28:15.880 --> 00:28:18.870
transients it at least gives us some


00:28:18.880 --> 00:28:21.070
kind of framework to start testing our


00:28:21.080 --> 00:28:23.470
observations and testing what we see


00:28:23.480 --> 00:28:25.590
against that theoretical


00:28:25.600 --> 00:28:29.149
model now at this stage the hypothesis


00:28:29.159 --> 00:28:31.470
is that the binary partner to this red


00:28:31.480 --> 00:28:33.310
dwarf it's not likely to be a neutron


00:28:33.320 --> 00:28:35.190
star because the beam isn't powerful


00:28:35.200 --> 00:28:37.230
enough but it could be a white dwarf


00:28:37.240 --> 00:28:40.310
yeah that's the suspicion now


00:28:40.320 --> 00:28:41.990
unfortunately our system while it is out


00:28:42.000 --> 00:28:45.630
of the plane is 5,000 light years away


00:28:45.640 --> 00:28:48.149
so it's still really really far away now


00:28:48.159 --> 00:28:50.350
a white dwarf to put it into context a


00:28:50.360 --> 00:28:53.269
white dwarf is this core of carbon and


00:28:53.279 --> 00:28:56.470
oxygen and helium and it's quite small


00:28:56.480 --> 00:28:58.630
it's about the size of the planet Earth


00:28:58.640 --> 00:29:01.750
and it's quite bright in UV so like just


00:29:01.760 --> 00:29:03.669
a little bit shorter wavelength than the


00:29:03.679 --> 00:29:06.070
visible light that we see but they they


00:29:06.080 --> 00:29:06.830
so


00:29:06.840 --> 00:29:09.830
small they're quite dim and the blue


00:29:09.840 --> 00:29:12.590
light that they produce is very easily


00:29:12.600 --> 00:29:15.590
absorbed by dust in our galaxy and so


00:29:15.600 --> 00:29:17.710
even though our source is is quite off


00:29:17.720 --> 00:29:19.630
the plane and it's closer than most of


00:29:19.640 --> 00:29:21.389
the long period radio trans it's still


00:29:21.399 --> 00:29:23.389
really really hard to tell so we are


00:29:23.399 --> 00:29:25.870
working on followup with other


00:29:25.880 --> 00:29:27.870
telescopes to try and pick out whether


00:29:27.880 --> 00:29:29.830
they're is a white dwarf in that system


00:29:29.840 --> 00:29:31.630
and that would really be Smoking Gun


00:29:31.640 --> 00:29:33.470
evidence that at least some of the long


00:29:33.480 --> 00:29:35.630
period radio transients are caused by


00:29:35.640 --> 00:29:38.389
these binary M dwarf white dwarf system


00:29:38.399 --> 00:29:39.750
and that's very cool because white


00:29:39.760 --> 00:29:41.750
dwarfs they're not supposed to act like


00:29:41.760 --> 00:29:43.789
pulsars essentially that would imply


00:29:43.799 --> 00:29:45.909
that the white dwarf has a very strong


00:29:45.919 --> 00:29:47.990
magnetic field how did it get that


00:29:48.000 --> 00:29:50.549
magnetic field why is it using that


00:29:50.559 --> 00:29:52.110
magnetic field to generate radio


00:29:52.120 --> 00:29:54.350
emission I mean I had a lovely


00:29:54.360 --> 00:29:56.549
conversation with some white dwarf and M


00:29:56.559 --> 00:29:58.549
dwarf experts a couple week weeks ago on


00:29:58.559 --> 00:30:01.389
a telecon and we spent 2 hours talking


00:30:01.399 --> 00:30:03.509
about M dwarfs and white dwarfs and we


00:30:03.519 --> 00:30:06.230
were still not that much closer to


00:30:06.240 --> 00:30:08.190
explaining exactly how these systems


00:30:08.200 --> 00:30:10.230
work but at least having an optical


00:30:10.240 --> 00:30:12.149
counterpart gives us something to follow


00:30:12.159 --> 00:30:15.430
up as opposed to well it could be any of


00:30:15.440 --> 00:30:17.750
a thousand stars nearby and we have no


00:30:17.760 --> 00:30:19.630
idea where to start when we look at a


00:30:19.640 --> 00:30:21.669
planet like Jupiter we know that a lot


00:30:21.679 --> 00:30:23.990
of its auroral activity comes not just


00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:26.269
from the solar wind but also from one of


00:30:26.279 --> 00:30:28.990
its Galilean moons I which is constantly


00:30:29.000 --> 00:30:31.590
spewing material into space could the


00:30:31.600 --> 00:30:33.350
Red Dwarf be doing the same sort of


00:30:33.360 --> 00:30:35.669
thing to the white dwarf I do agree that


00:30:35.679 --> 00:30:38.310
is a very plausible emission mechanism I


00:30:38.320 --> 00:30:40.190
believe that's called electron flotron


00:30:40.200 --> 00:30:43.310
merer emission and there was actually a


00:30:43.320 --> 00:30:45.389
paper literally we put our paper on


00:30:45.399 --> 00:30:47.789
archive to say we had submitted it to


00:30:47.799 --> 00:30:50.070
astrophysical journal letters and within


00:30:50.080 --> 00:30:52.470
a week a pair of theorists who work on


00:30:52.480 --> 00:30:54.070
these kinds of things had looked at our


00:30:54.080 --> 00:30:55.789
paper and another one that was published


00:30:55.799 --> 00:30:57.430
by or has been submitted by another


00:30:57.440 --> 00:31:00.430
group and did some very complicated math


00:31:00.440 --> 00:31:02.509
and said okay maybe it's electron cyron


00:31:02.519 --> 00:31:04.389
Meer emission with relativistic


00:31:04.399 --> 00:31:06.750
electrons now that's great that's a step


00:31:06.760 --> 00:31:08.710
forward now we need to take some of the


00:31:08.720 --> 00:31:11.149
testable predictions from that paper and


00:31:11.159 --> 00:31:13.029
then compare them to our observations


00:31:13.039 --> 00:31:14.789
and a lot of scien is done like this The


00:31:14.799 --> 00:31:17.710
Observers will find something unusual or


00:31:17.720 --> 00:31:19.389
strange that is not explained by the


00:31:19.399 --> 00:31:21.110
current theories and once we make enough


00:31:21.120 --> 00:31:23.430
noise about it and we say no look guys


00:31:23.440 --> 00:31:25.190
you've got to update your theories the


00:31:25.200 --> 00:31:26.830
theorists will spend some time on a


00:31:26.840 --> 00:31:28.430
Blackboard or a white board and then


00:31:28.440 --> 00:31:31.509
they'll write a whole a whole paper of


00:31:31.519 --> 00:31:33.070
very complicated equations which


00:31:33.080 --> 00:31:35.389
hopefully has some ideas in there about


00:31:35.399 --> 00:31:37.470
what observers should see if that theory


00:31:37.480 --> 00:31:39.509
is correct and so we do this kind of


00:31:39.519 --> 00:31:41.590
dance back and forth that's associate


00:31:41.600 --> 00:31:43.629
professor Natasha Hurley Walker from the


00:31:43.639 --> 00:31:45.190
curtain University node of the


00:31:45.200 --> 00:31:47.549
International Center for radioastronomy


00:31:47.559 --> 00:31:52.710
research and this is spacetime


00:31:52.720 --> 00:32:06.190
[Music]


00:32:06.200 --> 00:32:07.710
and time now to take a brief look at


00:32:07.720 --> 00:32:09.110
some of the other stories making news


00:32:09.120 --> 00:32:11.190
and science this week with a science


00:32:11.200 --> 00:32:13.870
report a new study has warned that


00:32:13.880 --> 00:32:16.230
shallow groundwater is projected to warm


00:32:16.240 --> 00:32:20.430
on average by between 2.1 and 3.5 de C


00:32:20.440 --> 00:32:22.990
by the end of the century the findings


00:32:23.000 --> 00:32:24.230
reported in the journal Nature


00:32:24.240 --> 00:32:26.549
geoscience are based on a new Global


00:32:26.559 --> 00:32:28.310
groundwater computer simul ation


00:32:28.320 --> 00:32:30.789
temperature model the model estimates


00:32:30.799 --> 00:32:35.029
that by 2099 between 59 and 588 million


00:32:35.039 --> 00:32:37.230
people worldwide will be living in areas


00:32:37.240 --> 00:32:39.310
where groundwater exceeds the highest


00:32:39.320 --> 00:32:41.830
threshold for drinky water temperature


00:32:41.840 --> 00:32:43.350
the model predicts the highest warming


00:32:43.360 --> 00:32:45.669
rates will be in central Russia northern


00:32:45.679 --> 00:32:48.110
China and parts of North America in the


00:32:48.120 --> 00:32:50.269
Amazon forest with Australian


00:32:50.279 --> 00:32:52.430
groundwater temperatures also expected


00:32:52.440 --> 00:32:53.909
to


00:32:53.919 --> 00:32:56.830
rise a new study has shown that sugary


00:32:56.840 --> 00:32:58.950
drinks could be responsible for one in


00:32:58.960 --> 00:33:01.629
10 new typee 2 diabetes cases and at


00:33:01.639 --> 00:33:03.789
least one in 30 new cases of heart


00:33:03.799 --> 00:33:06.629
disease worldwide the findings reported


00:33:06.639 --> 00:33:08.470
in the journal Nature medicine used


00:33:08.480 --> 00:33:10.149
worldwide data on the consumption of


00:33:10.159 --> 00:33:12.269
sugar sweetened beverages combined with


00:33:12.279 --> 00:33:14.430
data on diabetes and heart disease rates


00:33:14.440 --> 00:33:16.590
around the world to estimate how many of


00:33:16.600 --> 00:33:18.389
these health conditions could reasonably


00:33:18.399 --> 00:33:20.190
be attributed to the negative Health


00:33:20.200 --> 00:33:22.509
impacts of drinking too many sugary


00:33:22.519 --> 00:33:26.269
drinks they estimate that in 2020 2.2


00:33:26.279 --> 00:33:28.750
million new cases of type to diabetes


00:33:28.760 --> 00:33:30.750
and 1.2 million new cases of heart


00:33:30.760 --> 00:33:32.830
disease could be attributable to these


00:33:32.840 --> 00:33:35.269
drinks with subsaharan Africa seeing the


00:33:35.279 --> 00:33:38.629
greatest increase over the past 30


00:33:38.639 --> 00:33:40.789
years scientists have discovered that


00:33:40.799 --> 00:33:43.110
the now long extinct ancient New Zealand


00:33:43.120 --> 00:33:45.830
bird the Moa had expensive tastes


00:33:45.840 --> 00:33:48.669
enjoying a snack on truffles scientists


00:33:48.679 --> 00:33:50.149
have found that fossilized mower


00:33:50.159 --> 00:33:52.029
droppings show that these ancient Birds


00:33:52.039 --> 00:33:54.549
used to consume fungi that was symbiotic


00:33:54.559 --> 00:33:56.870
with trees a report in the journal


00:33:56.880 --> 00:33:59.190
biology letters analyzed two ancient


00:33:59.200 --> 00:34:01.149
coer lights found in Nelson and


00:34:01.159 --> 00:34:03.870
fjordland Beach forests both from small


00:34:03.880 --> 00:34:06.669
Upland Mower and identified fungal DNA


00:34:06.679 --> 00:34:09.550
and spores they found that the M had


00:34:09.560 --> 00:34:11.629
been munching on truffle likee fungi


00:34:11.639 --> 00:34:13.349
that have mutual relationships with


00:34:13.359 --> 00:34:15.909
Forest forming trees the author said


00:34:15.919 --> 00:34:17.750
that these native fungi may have been


00:34:17.760 --> 00:34:20.230
dependent on MOA to spread their spores


00:34:20.240 --> 00:34:22.109
so the extinction of these ancient birds


00:34:22.119 --> 00:34:23.710
that ate them could have affected not


00:34:23.720 --> 00:34:25.990
only their spread but also native New


00:34:26.000 --> 00:34:29.389
Zealand forest ecosystems


00:34:29.399 --> 00:34:31.109
well it was the biggest story in America


00:34:31.119 --> 00:34:33.389
just weeks ago but all the hype about


00:34:33.399 --> 00:34:35.589
those so-called mysterious drones that


00:34:35.599 --> 00:34:37.629
were allegedly invading the Skies of New


00:34:37.639 --> 00:34:39.909
Jersey have all of a sudden disappeared


00:34:39.919 --> 00:34:42.389
from the headlines or was it just that


00:34:42.399 --> 00:34:44.550
the real news of the disastrous La


00:34:44.560 --> 00:34:47.310
wildfires took away all their attention


00:34:47.320 --> 00:34:49.470
Tim mendum from a strali skeptic says


00:34:49.480 --> 00:34:52.190
the Drone story was never a real story


00:34:52.200 --> 00:34:54.470
just a lot of clickbait Gone Wild these


00:34:54.480 --> 00:34:57.030
things go feds they'll always come


00:34:57.040 --> 00:34:58.950
around particular UFO sightings and you


00:34:58.960 --> 00:35:01.069
people like UFO hysteria and UFO


00:35:01.079 --> 00:35:03.030
enthusiasms but the problem is that you


00:35:03.040 --> 00:35:04.630
know these things pop up every so often


00:35:04.640 --> 00:35:06.870
we had the one not that long ago of the


00:35:06.880 --> 00:35:09.150
talks to Congress Etc the witness was


00:35:09.160 --> 00:35:11.030
coming before US Congress suggesting


00:35:11.040 --> 00:35:12.670
government knows about all these UFOs


00:35:12.680 --> 00:35:13.990
they have them and they have the bodies


00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:15.310
and these things are buried under the


00:35:15.320 --> 00:35:16.910
ground blah blah blah and the truth will


00:35:16.920 --> 00:35:18.630
be out there within 12 months or


00:35:18.640 --> 00:35:19.990
whatever and then it's never happened


00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:22.150
they've been saying this since the 940s


00:35:22.160 --> 00:35:24.310
when the Uso that craze first started


00:35:24.320 --> 00:35:26.349
that a truth will come out very soon


00:35:26.359 --> 00:35:28.310
we're waiting what 80 years later or


00:35:28.320 --> 00:35:29.589
something like that and it still hasn't


00:35:29.599 --> 00:35:32.710
come out these lights over New Jersey


00:35:32.720 --> 00:35:34.589
it's fascinating stuff people's looking


00:35:34.599 --> 00:35:35.829
up in the sky and seeing things they


00:35:35.839 --> 00:35:37.270
don't look up in the sky often enough


00:35:37.280 --> 00:35:38.630
and they seeing things up there which


00:35:38.640 --> 00:35:40.109
they can't explain fair enough they're


00:35:40.119 --> 00:35:41.910
not trained observers in these things


00:35:41.920 --> 00:35:43.670
and funny enough these lights move


00:35:43.680 --> 00:35:45.829
exactly like planes move they have


00:35:45.839 --> 00:35:47.550
navigation markings on them some have


00:35:47.560 --> 00:35:49.430
navigation light and two people ask why


00:35:49.440 --> 00:35:51.750
would an alien craft have navigation


00:35:51.760 --> 00:35:53.190
lights and someone suggested oh it's


00:35:53.200 --> 00:35:55.550
insurance issues uo worried about


00:35:55.560 --> 00:35:57.270
bumping into another plane and they


00:35:57.280 --> 00:35:58.910
being being have to pay the insurance


00:35:58.920 --> 00:36:00.349
those rats would be out of this world


00:36:00.359 --> 00:36:01.790
yeah yeah but I mean there's a lot of


00:36:01.800 --> 00:36:03.870
people who are are sort of explaining


00:36:03.880 --> 00:36:06.109
patiently what these things are


00:36:06.119 --> 00:36:08.870
self-respecting alien life form that's


00:36:08.880 --> 00:36:10.710
traveled billions of light years to


00:36:10.720 --> 00:36:13.309
reach us would fly over New Jersey well


00:36:13.319 --> 00:36:14.829
the same ones that fly over the the


00:36:14.839 --> 00:36:17.750
Midwest of USA and kidnap local farmers


00:36:17.760 --> 00:36:19.309
Etc you know and give them a good


00:36:19.319 --> 00:36:21.150
probing give a good probing so I mean


00:36:21.160 --> 00:36:22.510
surely one of them's going to land


00:36:22.520 --> 00:36:25.069
somewhere in a real on the front lawn of


00:36:25.079 --> 00:36:26.510
but what are you going to say going to


00:36:26.520 --> 00:36:28.230
land on the front lawn the White House


00:36:28.240 --> 00:36:29.950
and say take us to your leader there's


00:36:29.960 --> 00:36:31.190
going to be a lot of head scratching if


00:36:31.200 --> 00:36:32.630
that happens right


00:36:32.640 --> 00:36:35.550
now very funny after all these years


00:36:35.560 --> 00:36:37.230
there is no evidence and these New


00:36:37.240 --> 00:36:39.069
Jersey well we was calling them drones


00:36:39.079 --> 00:36:40.670
because theyum a lot of them are Dr some


00:36:40.680 --> 00:36:41.910
of them weren't drones some of them were


00:36:41.920 --> 00:36:45.349
actually aircraft that's right were


00:36:45.359 --> 00:36:47.349
aircraft anyone can look at them and see


00:36:47.359 --> 00:36:49.589
their aircraft it's some them are drones


00:36:49.599 --> 00:36:52.069
Ian Amazon do parel deliveries and


00:36:52.079 --> 00:36:53.750
drones are very common these days you


00:36:53.760 --> 00:36:55.510
know you can pick them up at a local


00:36:55.520 --> 00:36:58.069
supermarket basically but I mean Geller


00:36:58.079 --> 00:37:00.349
of course our favorite spoon bender and


00:37:00.359 --> 00:37:02.030
self-publisher says these sightings are


00:37:02.040 --> 00:37:04.309
a warning to Earth with a show of power


00:37:04.319 --> 00:37:06.990
and Superior technology but you you


00:37:07.000 --> 00:37:08.710
course he does of course he do he will


00:37:08.720 --> 00:37:10.670
hop on any latest Trend and sort of


00:37:10.680 --> 00:37:12.630
claim it yeah these things they come and


00:37:12.640 --> 00:37:14.950
they go as you say the you know the Los


00:37:14.960 --> 00:37:17.030
Angeles fires have taken the New Jersey


00:37:17.040 --> 00:37:19.309
aliens totally off the front pages but


00:37:19.319 --> 00:37:21.270
give it a few months a year perhaps a


00:37:21.280 --> 00:37:22.470
year and a half and there'll be a new


00:37:22.480 --> 00:37:24.190
set of sightings and definite things


00:37:24.200 --> 00:37:25.630
which the truth is just around the


00:37:25.640 --> 00:37:27.670
corner if the regular occurrence for


00:37:27.680 --> 00:37:29.470
these things it's a trend they come and


00:37:29.480 --> 00:37:31.950
they go like all sorts of Trends that's


00:37:31.960 --> 00:37:36.100
Tim mum from Australian


00:37:36.110 --> 00:37:48.990
[Music]


00:37:49.000 --> 00:37:52.109
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