Space Tornadoes Unveiled, Starship’s Mars Mission, Astronauts’ Long-Awaited Return

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 36


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for broadcast on the 24th of March


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2025 coming up on SpaceTime space


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tornadoes discovered in the mooki ways


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core spacex's Starship to undertake a


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mission to Mars next year and Stranded


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astronauts finally return home after 9


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months in space all that and more coming


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up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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Stuart Gary


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[Music]




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astronomers have discovered enormous


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space tornadoes swirling through the


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Milky Way Central core the spectacular


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find reported in the journal astronomy


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and astrophysics was made while


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observing the turbulent regions


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surrounding the Sagittarius a star super


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massive black hole at the center of our


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galaxy the area is full of dust and


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gases constantly churning its energetic


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shock waves Ripple throughout


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astronomers using Alma the atakama large


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millimeter submillimeter array radio


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telescope in Chile discovered a


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surprising new filamentary structure in


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this mysterious region of space although


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the Galaxy's Central molecular Zone has


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long been known to be a region filled


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with swirling dust and gas molecules


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cycling through formation and


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destruction the mechanism that drives


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this process has remained elusive


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molecule service traces for various


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processes in molecular clouds with


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silicon monoxide being especially useful


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in detecting the presence of shock waves


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so using elma's high resolution and


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sensitivity to map distinct spectral


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Lines within molecular clouds of the


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galactic center astronomers detected a


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new type of long narrow filamentary


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structure at a significantly finer scale


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the dynamic interaction between this two


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ulent environments and the slim


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filaments produced as shocks Ripple


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through provide a more complete picture


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of cyclic processes in the central


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molecular zone region the study's lead


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author kaiy from the Shanghai xia Tong


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University says the long narrow


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filaments especially offset from any


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Star forming regions Yang says these


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slim filaments were an unexpected


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serendipitous find in the emission lines


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of silicon monoxide as well as eight


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other molecules their line of sight


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velocities were in consistent with


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outflows and they don't fit the profile


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of other previously discovered types of


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dense gas filaments they also show no


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association with dust emissions and they


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don't appear to be in hydrostatic


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equilibrium instead they appear as space


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tornadoes violent streams of gas forming


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and dissipating quickly Distributing


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materials into the surrounding


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environment now the authors still don't


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know how these slim filaments are formed


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but they think shock processes are a


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likely explanation now that's based on


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several key observations including the


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rotational transition of silicon


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monoxide seen in the Almer observations


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as well as the presence of methanol Maes


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and the relative abundances of complex


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organic molecules Within These slim


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filaments this breakthrough offers a new


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more detailed view of the dynamic


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processes occurring in the central


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molecular zone of the Galaxy and it


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suggests a cyclic process of material


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circulation so what's going on well the


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best we can figure out first shocks act


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as a mechanism to create these slim


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filaments in the process releasing


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silicon monoxide and several complex


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organic molecules such as methanol


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acetone nitrate and C acetylene into the


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gas phase and into the interstellar


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medium then the slim filaments dissipate


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and refuel the widespread shock relased


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material in the central molecular Zone


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finally the molecules freeze back into


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dust grains resulting in a balance


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between depletion replenishment now


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assuming that these slim filaments exist


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throughout the central Zone as


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abundantly as they do in this sample


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there'd be a cyclic balance between


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depletion and replenishment silicon


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monoxide is currently the only molecule


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that exclusively traces sharks and the


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Silicon monoxide rotational transitions


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only detectable in Shar regions that


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have both relatively High densities and


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high temperatures Yang says this makes


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it an especially valuable tool for


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tracing shock induced processes in the


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dense regions of the Galaxy's Central


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molecular Zone this is spacetime still


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to come SpaceX is Starship to undertake


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a mission to Mars next year and Stranded


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NASA astronauts finally return home


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after being stuck on the International


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Space Station for 9 months all that and


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more still to come on SpaceTime


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[Music]


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SpaceX boss Elon Musk says his massive


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interplanetary transport rocket Starship


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should be ready to undertake its first


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mission to Mars next year and if


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successful humans could follow as soon


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as


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2029 the reusable 123 M tall stainless


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still Starship is the largest and most


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powerful rocket ever launched it's


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Surfer undertaken eight test flights


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with varying degrees of success while


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several have completed their missions


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launching from spacex's Star base in


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burka chica Texas and then Landing in


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the Indian Ocean off the Western


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Australian Coastline the last two tests


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seven and eight have both failed to


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reach orbit ending in fiery explosions


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in Earth's upper atmosphere and that's


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concerned NASA which plans on using a


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version of Starship called the hls in


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2027 and 28 to operate as the Luna


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Lander for the M emus 3 and four


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missions rundoing with the Orion


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capsules in luner orbit and then


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transporting Crews down to the moon's


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surface later on the hls will operate as


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a transfer vehicle shuttling people and


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supplies between the Luna Gateway space


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station once it's operational and the


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Luna surface musk says that next year's


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Mars mission will see an unmanned


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Starship carrying one of his Tesla


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Optimus humanoid robots to the red


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planet musk who's also Tesla CEO


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displayed the company's Optimus robots


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at an event last year he says the


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humanoid robots could easily be ready


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for sale to the public in the next few


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years and the price between 20 and


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30,000 us each he says if next year's


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unmanned Mars mission successful he


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believes humans could follow as soon as


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2029 although 2031 is more likely NASA's


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existing plans are unlikely to see


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humans walking on the red planet for at


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least another 10 years using the moon


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and lunar Gateway staging posts Starship


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is key to mask's long-term vision of


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colonizing Mars and Beyond making the


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human race a two Planet species a sort


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of Plan B just in case something goes


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wrong here on Earth the Starship rocket


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includes a huge first stage booster


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called the super heavy which is proving


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to be very reliable successfully


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returning to Earth and Landing back on


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the same launch pad it took off from but


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the upper stage Starship spacecraft has


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undergone continual modification and


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it's still being tweaked therefore needs


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more work before it starts operating


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reliably once it is it'll replace both


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musk's existing Falcon 9 and Falcon


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heavy Rockets as well as the dragon


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spacecraft operating both Mann and cargo


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flights a space tanker version of


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Starship will also be needed in order to


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fuel the Starship hls for its missions


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around the moon but of course the


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problem is space is hard and failures


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are bound to continue to occur before


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success is finally achieved whatever


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happens we'll keep you informed this is


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spacetime still to come stranded NASA


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astronauts finally return home after 9


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months stuck on the International Space


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Station and later in the science report


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a new study warns that those of us who


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are nouss could be at a higher risk of


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depression all that and more still to


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come on


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[Music]


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SpaceTime well after being stranded in


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space for 9 months the crew of Boeing's


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trouble plague styliner spacecraft have


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finally returned to Earth aboard SpaceX


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Dragon capsule the dragon spacecraft


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Freedom splashed down under Brilliant


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Blue Skies off the Florida gulf coasty


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Tallahassee greeted by a part of curious


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Dolphins who decided to hang around to


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see what's going on on board crew nine


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are NASA astronauts Nick ha Sunny


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Williams Butch Wilmore and Russ cosmos's


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cosmina Alexander gorinov and they are


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now on their way to the targeted splash


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down site off the coast of Tallahassee


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Florida my name is Kate Ty senior


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quality system engineering manager here


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at SpaceX and joining me today from NASA


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Communications is Sandra Jones upon


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departing the International Space


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Station Dragon underwent a sequence of


00:09:09.519 --> 00:09:12.030
departure burns the crew then had a rest


00:09:12.040 --> 00:09:13.990
period and has since kicked off


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preparations for re-entry including


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getting into their space suits and


00:09:18.399 --> 00:09:20.790
successfully performing a leak check the


00:09:20.800 --> 00:09:22.470
next phase of the mission is when things


00:09:22.480 --> 00:09:24.949
will really start to amp up dragon has a


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series of steps to complete before


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returning crew9 home first dragon will


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maneuver to the correct attitude and


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jettison its trunk which is the


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cylindrical unpressurized lower part of


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the spacecraft the trunk is currently


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connected to the AFT or bottom section


00:09:40.640 --> 00:09:42.670
of dragon where the heat shield is


00:09:42.680 --> 00:09:44.949
located but in order to expose that heat


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shield and get the vehicle ready for


00:09:47.000 --> 00:09:48.710
atmospheric re-entry we're going to


00:09:48.720 --> 00:09:50.910
jettison that trunk from there the


00:09:50.920 --> 00:09:52.870
spacecraft will use its forward


00:09:52.880 --> 00:09:55.710
thrusters to perform a deorbit burn


00:09:55.720 --> 00:09:57.870
which will put dragon on a trajectory to


00:09:57.880 --> 00:09:59.910
return to Earth this burn will last


00:09:59.920 --> 00:10:02.430
about 7 and 1/2 minutes once it starts


00:10:02.440 --> 00:10:04.990
the deorbit burn uses Draco thrusters on


00:10:05.000 --> 00:10:07.470
Dragon primarily the four located on the


00:10:07.480 --> 00:10:10.509
forward bulkhead and is executed at the


00:10:10.519 --> 00:10:12.910
apogee or the highest point of orbit


00:10:12.920 --> 00:10:14.990
around the Earth this deorbit burn will


00:10:15.000 --> 00:10:17.630
alter dragon's path to ultimately line


00:10:17.640 --> 00:10:19.829
it up to re-enter Earth's atmosphere and


00:10:19.839 --> 00:10:22.150
splash down off the coast of Florida the


00:10:22.160 --> 00:10:25.150
heat shield itself it is the Workhorse


00:10:25.160 --> 00:10:27.990
of the re-entry phase it will work to


00:10:28.000 --> 00:10:29.870
protect the dragon cap capsule and the


00:10:29.880 --> 00:10:32.030
crew members on board during the


00:10:32.040 --> 00:10:34.389
re-entry phase as the temperatures


00:10:34.399 --> 00:10:37.350
outside of the capsule build up to I


00:10:37.360 --> 00:10:39.990
believe about 3,000 de fahren in excess


00:10:40.000 --> 00:10:42.110
of and meanwhile the interior of dragon


00:10:42.120 --> 00:10:44.190
stays a very comfortable temperature


00:10:44.200 --> 00:10:45.509
that heat shield does a lot of the work


00:10:45.519 --> 00:10:47.190
and we'll see that plasma build up on


00:10:47.200 --> 00:10:49.590
the exterior of the capsule as a result


00:10:49.600 --> 00:10:51.590
of the plasma that builds up we will


00:10:51.600 --> 00:10:53.910
lose Communications with the crew this


00:10:53.920 --> 00:10:56.870
is known as loss of signal or Los this


00:10:56.880 --> 00:11:00.629
is roughly a 10minute period on average


00:11:00.639 --> 00:11:02.550
even less than I believe today probably


00:11:02.560 --> 00:11:04.670
about six or 7 minutes long it kind of


00:11:04.680 --> 00:11:06.870
depends on the mission nominal trunk


00:11:06.880 --> 00:11:10.230
jettison all right that trunk has been


00:11:10.240 --> 00:11:13.030
jettisoned from the Dragon capsule


00:11:13.040 --> 00:11:15.030
basically means that Telemetry is


00:11:15.040 --> 00:11:18.310
looking good and that the Nitro system


00:11:18.320 --> 00:11:20.949
is primed for cabin and soup Cooling and


00:11:20.959 --> 00:11:22.710
the heat shield like I said is now


00:11:22.720 --> 00:11:24.670
exposed and ready for atmospheric


00:11:24.680 --> 00:11:26.990
re-entry the trunk served its purpose by


00:11:27.000 --> 00:11:28.750
gathering energy from the Sun through


00:11:28.760 --> 00:11:31.310
its solar cells and converting that to


00:11:31.320 --> 00:11:33.750
battery power since we separated the


00:11:33.760 --> 00:11:35.829
trunk we can't generate any more new


00:11:35.839 --> 00:11:38.430
power but we really don't need to since


00:11:38.440 --> 00:11:41.069
we're coming home and dragon has enough


00:11:41.079 --> 00:11:43.829
battery power already stored now up next


00:11:43.839 --> 00:11:45.790
the final steps that Dragon will perform


00:11:45.800 --> 00:11:47.829
prior to re-entry the slew or the


00:11:47.839 --> 00:11:50.310
maneuver to deorbit burn attitude and


00:11:50.320 --> 00:11:52.310
then the deorbit burn itself this


00:11:52.320 --> 00:11:54.629
deorbit burn is the last time that the


00:11:54.639 --> 00:11:56.509
forward Draco which are the four


00:11:56.519 --> 00:11:58.509
thrusters located on top of the


00:11:58.519 --> 00:12:00.190
spacecraft under under the nose cone


00:12:00.200 --> 00:12:01.990
it's the last time that they will ignite


00:12:02.000 --> 00:12:04.069
the deorbit burn will place dragon on a


00:12:04.079 --> 00:12:06.069
precise trajectory to return to the


00:12:06.079 --> 00:12:07.990
splash down Zone off the coast of


00:12:08.000 --> 00:12:09.870
Florida and I did hear confirmation that


00:12:09.880 --> 00:12:12.629
that deorbit burn is underway the time


00:12:12.639 --> 00:12:14.990
from undock to landing at the primary


00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:17.790
site can vary from less than 6 hours to


00:12:17.800 --> 00:12:20.189
more than 39 getting home the quickest


00:12:20.199 --> 00:12:22.269
comes with some obvious benefits but we


00:12:22.279 --> 00:12:23.990
always have to make sure the crew is


00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:26.389
properly rested for dynamic operations


00:12:26.399 --> 00:12:28.110
the orbit burn complete performance


00:12:28.120 --> 00:12:30.670
nominal nose cone Clos


00:12:30.680 --> 00:12:32.590
initiated we heard the words we were


00:12:32.600 --> 00:12:35.550
looking for nominal burn so that means


00:12:35.560 --> 00:12:38.310
that deorbit burn was successful and


00:12:38.320 --> 00:12:40.870
nominal meaning as expected and we're


00:12:40.880 --> 00:12:43.710
now beginning to close the nose cone uh


00:12:43.720 --> 00:12:46.750
in preparation for atmospheric re-entry


00:12:46.760 --> 00:12:49.389
also the vehicle has initiated the Nitro


00:12:49.399 --> 00:12:51.750
suit Purge which will help keep Nick


00:12:51.760 --> 00:12:54.310
Sunny Butch and Alexander cool and


00:12:54.320 --> 00:12:56.269
comfortable during re-entry things are


00:12:56.279 --> 00:12:58.110
going to start moving quite quickly in


00:12:58.120 --> 00:13:00.750
fact if anything this will have seemed


00:13:00.760 --> 00:13:03.389
like the slower part of the re-entry


00:13:03.399 --> 00:13:05.509
phase um we're going to go through like


00:13:05.519 --> 00:13:08.150
I said that period of uh loss of signal


00:13:08.160 --> 00:13:10.590
or losos we'll go through that period


00:13:10.600 --> 00:13:13.750
approximately at about 18,000 ft when


00:13:13.760 --> 00:13:17.310
the capsule is traveling at 350 mph we


00:13:17.320 --> 00:13:19.790
will see our first uh views of


00:13:19.800 --> 00:13:21.430
parachutes for the day we'll see the


00:13:21.440 --> 00:13:23.509
drugs come out those drugs will help


00:13:23.519 --> 00:13:27.269
slow the vehicle down to about 119 mph


00:13:27.279 --> 00:13:29.110
and then that is when the main parachute


00:13:29.120 --> 00:13:31.509
shoots will will come out from the from


00:13:31.519 --> 00:13:32.949
the dragon spacecraft and then


00:13:32.959 --> 00:13:35.350
ultimately end in splash down Freedom


00:13:35.360 --> 00:13:38.269
SpaceX nose cone is secure for entry


00:13:38.279 --> 00:13:40.910
Freedom copies Freedom SpaceX for entry


00:13:40.920 --> 00:13:43.910
sequence report when ready to copy ready


00:13:43.920 --> 00:13:46.670
to copy all right I've got some updated


00:13:46.680 --> 00:13:49.030
times for you our Comm blackout start


00:13:49.040 --> 00:13:50.670
time is


00:13:50.680 --> 00:13:54.509
2144 our Comm blackout end time is


00:13:54.519 --> 00:13:57.629
2151 and our Splashdown time is the same


00:13:57.639 --> 00:14:00.749
per your displays


00:14:00.759 --> 00:14:04.990
2157 okay understand com blackout start


00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:09.110
2144 stop 2151 splash down per display


00:14:09.120 --> 00:14:12.629
that's a good readback and copy the


00:14:12.639 --> 00:14:15.269
capsule is making its way through the


00:14:15.279 --> 00:14:17.629
Earth's atmosphere using the atmosphere


00:14:17.639 --> 00:14:19.910
to slow the capsule down from its


00:14:19.920 --> 00:14:22.670
orbital speeds of


00:14:22.680 --> 00:14:26.310
17,500 our tablets are secure restraints


00:14:26.320 --> 00:14:28.590
are tighten visor down we are configured


00:14:28.600 --> 00:14:29.749
for


00:14:29.759 --> 00:14:32.389
freedom I copied tablets are secured


00:14:32.399 --> 00:14:34.550
restraints are tight and visor down


00:14:34.560 --> 00:14:36.310
predicted calm blackout we'll see you on


00:14:36.320 --> 00:14:38.069
the other side at


00:14:38.079 --> 00:14:42.189
2151 2151 talk to we right there have


00:14:42.199 --> 00:14:44.590
our first view of dragon Freedom coming


00:14:44.600 --> 00:14:46.749
home to Earth and that view is from the


00:14:46.759 --> 00:14:49.509
WB 57 which is one of NASA's high


00:14:49.519 --> 00:14:51.629
altitude planes that is tracking


00:14:51.639 --> 00:14:53.749
beginning to see that plasma Trail as


00:14:53.759 --> 00:14:55.710
Dragon re-enters the Earth's atmosphere


00:14:55.720 --> 00:14:59.310
Freedom SpaceX com check SpaceX freedom


00:14:59.320 --> 00:15:04.509
is with you 4.6 G enjoying the ride copy


00:15:04.519 --> 00:15:07.030
that freedom great news there from


00:15:07.040 --> 00:15:09.470
Commander Nick ha reporting back we see


00:15:09.480 --> 00:15:11.110
a healthy flight computer expect


00:15:11.120 --> 00:15:13.470
automated shoot deployment freeding


00:15:13.480 --> 00:15:18.069
copies Dragon Freedom makes its way home


00:15:18.079 --> 00:15:20.590
GPS has converged expect nominal


00:15:20.600 --> 00:15:22.910
altitude for drug shoot deployment now


00:15:22.920 --> 00:15:25.509
the heat shield is continuing to work to


00:15:25.519 --> 00:15:28.230
slow the vehicle down that entry period


00:15:28.240 --> 00:15:30.189
the dragon space craft went from orbital


00:15:30.199 --> 00:15:33.309
velocity about 17,500 mph down to about


00:15:33.319 --> 00:15:36.069
350 mph so it really gives you a sense


00:15:36.079 --> 00:15:38.069
of why that plasma builds up on the


00:15:38.079 --> 00:15:40.550
exterior of the capsule thanks to the


00:15:40.560 --> 00:15:42.430
heat shield and the work that it does


00:15:42.440 --> 00:15:44.189
those drug parachutes will slow it down


00:15:44.199 --> 00:15:49.309
from 350 to about 119 mph we can see 15


00:15:49.319 --> 00:15:52.829
km bra for drog window Dr deployment Dr


00:15:52.839 --> 00:15:56.790
descent rate the crowd here on


00:15:56.800 --> 00:15:59.629
two the crowd here very excit


00:15:59.639 --> 00:16:01.829
as Dragon Freedom continues to make its


00:16:01.839 --> 00:16:04.509
way back to planet Earth next step we


00:16:04.519 --> 00:16:07.150
stand by for the main deployment of the


00:16:07.160 --> 00:16:09.590
parachutes Freedom will be traveling 16


00:16:09.600 --> 00:16:12.550
mph when it splashes down we have visual


00:16:12.560 --> 00:16:15.829
on four healthy Ms copy we'll start to


00:16:15.839 --> 00:16:19.110
hear Commander Nick ha copy 1000 as we


00:16:19.120 --> 00:16:20.749
heard right there Commander Nick ha will


00:16:20.759 --> 00:16:23.230
be calling out the altitude of the


00:16:23.240 --> 00:16:25.309
Dragon capsule from here on out uh those


00:16:25.319 --> 00:16:27.790
parachutes continuing to slow the Dragon


00:16:27.800 --> 00:16:30.829
capsule down 00 M we do have four


00:16:30.839 --> 00:16:33.230
healthy Mains really doing the job there


00:16:33.240 --> 00:16:35.990
calm glasslike ocean off the coast of


00:16:36.000 --> 00:16:38.150
Tallahasse Florida crew nine just


00:16:38.160 --> 00:16:39.949
minutes away from splashing down that


00:16:39.959 --> 00:16:43.350
was 600 our recovery vessel Megan which


00:16:43.360 --> 00:16:46.030
is stationed a couple miles away from


00:16:46.040 --> 00:16:50.269
the splash down site 400 m this is a


00:16:50.279 --> 00:16:52.550
gorgeous Bluebird day here that we have


00:16:52.560 --> 00:16:57.629
for the splash down of crew 9 200 copy


00:16:57.639 --> 00:17:01.389
200 M brace for splash down standby for


00:17:01.399 --> 00:17:03.870
Splashdown located in the Gulf of


00:17:03.880 --> 00:17:06.390
America off the coast of Tallahassee


00:17:06.400 --> 00:17:09.110
Florida and splash down crew n back on


00:17:09.120 --> 00:17:10.750
Earth the splash down marked the end of


00:17:10.760 --> 00:17:13.029
a drama which began back on June the 5th


00:17:13.039 --> 00:17:15.150
last year when Starliner launched on its


00:17:15.160 --> 00:17:17.789
first man test flight aboard an atlas 5


00:17:17.799 --> 00:17:19.549
rocket from the cape canaval space force


00:17:19.559 --> 00:17:22.270
bace in Florida it followed two earlier


00:17:22.280 --> 00:17:24.990
unmanned Starliner test flights the


00:17:25.000 --> 00:17:27.669
first in December 2019 was plagued by


00:17:27.679 --> 00:17:29.669
computer programming issu


00:17:29.679 --> 00:17:32.190
that s Starliner Mission clock set 11


00:17:32.200 --> 00:17:34.190
hours early causing the spacecraft to


00:17:34.200 --> 00:17:36.270
enter orbit too early at too low an


00:17:36.280 --> 00:17:38.390
altitude therefore minia was unable to


00:17:38.400 --> 00:17:39.750
reach its intended target the


00:17:39.760 --> 00:17:42.029
International Space Station to make


00:17:42.039 --> 00:17:44.310
matters worse just prior to its de orbit


00:17:44.320 --> 00:17:46.270
and return to Earth Mission managers


00:17:46.280 --> 00:17:48.070
discovered additional computer issues


00:17:48.080 --> 00:17:50.789
aboard the Starliner and these were far


00:17:50.799 --> 00:17:53.110
more serious in fact they would have


00:17:53.120 --> 00:17:54.669
caused the capsule and its service


00:17:54.679 --> 00:17:56.710
module to collide during their plan


00:17:56.720 --> 00:17:59.549
separation prior to atmospheric re-entry


00:17:59.559 --> 00:18:01.149
and that would have been catastrophic


00:18:01.159 --> 00:18:03.750
destroying both vehicles later it was


00:18:03.760 --> 00:18:04.950
also discovered there were other


00:18:04.960 --> 00:18:06.230
problems which would have prevented


00:18:06.240 --> 00:18:07.870
styliner from docking with the space


00:18:07.880 --> 00:18:11.149
station anyway once back on the ground a


00:18:11.159 --> 00:18:13.310
complete re-evaluation of the Stylin of


00:18:13.320 --> 00:18:15.029
spacecraft and its systems were


00:18:15.039 --> 00:18:17.630
undertaken by a joint investigation team


00:18:17.640 --> 00:18:20.630
headed by Boe and NASA that resulted in


00:18:20.640 --> 00:18:24.669
more than 155 changes being ordered a


00:18:24.679 --> 00:18:26.549
second test flight sled for November


00:18:26.559 --> 00:18:28.789
2020 was cancelled due to more soft


00:18:28.799 --> 00:18:30.430
Square issues and the discovery of


00:18:30.440 --> 00:18:32.950
corrosion damage to 13 propulsion system


00:18:32.960 --> 00:18:34.470
valves resulting in the need to


00:18:34.480 --> 00:18:36.029
undertake a complete rebuild of the


00:18:36.039 --> 00:18:38.270
spacecraft with a new service module see


00:18:38.280 --> 00:18:39.830
the valves had been corroded by the


00:18:39.840 --> 00:18:41.750
intrusion of moisture which interacted


00:18:41.760 --> 00:18:43.549
with the propellant but the source of


00:18:43.559 --> 00:18:45.950
the moisture was not apparent a second


00:18:45.960 --> 00:18:47.909
orbital test flight finally launched in


00:18:47.919 --> 00:18:48.789
May


00:18:48.799 --> 00:18:51.830
2022 but it too had its problems two


00:18:51.840 --> 00:18:53.549
orbital maneuvering and attitude control


00:18:53.559 --> 00:18:55.230
system thrusters failed during the


00:18:55.240 --> 00:18:57.510
orbital insertion burn nevertheless the


00:18:57.520 --> 00:18:59.750
spacecraft was able to set using the


00:18:59.760 --> 00:19:01.070
remaining thrusters as well as the


00:19:01.080 --> 00:19:02.990
addition of the reaction control system


00:19:03.000 --> 00:19:05.549
thrusters and a couple of RCs thrusters


00:19:05.559 --> 00:19:07.590
used for maneuvering Starliner also


00:19:07.600 --> 00:19:09.430
failed due to low chamber pressure


00:19:09.440 --> 00:19:10.870
during the docking phase to the


00:19:10.880 --> 00:19:13.510
International Space Station some thermal


00:19:13.520 --> 00:19:15.430
systems used to cool the spacecraft also


00:19:15.440 --> 00:19:17.430
showed extra cold temperatures requiring


00:19:17.440 --> 00:19:19.070
Engineers to manage it during the


00:19:19.080 --> 00:19:21.390
darking the spacecraft eventually


00:19:21.400 --> 00:19:23.070
returned safely to worth landing at the


00:19:23.080 --> 00:19:25.669
Whit Sands Missile Range in New Mexico 6


00:19:25.679 --> 00:19:28.230
days after its launch without incident


00:19:28.240 --> 00:19:30.149
but once back on the ground other


00:19:30.159 --> 00:19:32.510
problems were detected these included


00:19:32.520 --> 00:19:34.190
issues with the harness straps on the


00:19:34.200 --> 00:19:35.830
parachute system they required


00:19:35.840 --> 00:19:38.310
additional strengthening but then a more


00:19:38.320 --> 00:19:40.110
serious problem was detected when it was


00:19:40.120 --> 00:19:41.830
realized that the glue used on the


00:19:41.840 --> 00:19:43.270
insulation of the spacecraft's


00:19:43.280 --> 00:19:45.870
electrical wiring system was flammable


00:19:45.880 --> 00:19:48.029
those issues pushed a potential man Test


00:19:48.039 --> 00:19:50.230
Flight launch back to June


00:19:50.240 --> 00:19:52.990
2024 but what was meant to be an ad day


00:19:53.000 --> 00:19:54.990
test flight for starina crew members


00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:57.190
Sunny Williams and Butch Wilmore turned


00:19:57.200 --> 00:19:59.549
into a 9mon stay


00:19:59.559 --> 00:20:00.990
as Starliner arrived at the


00:20:01.000 --> 00:20:03.230
International Space Station five of its


00:20:03.240 --> 00:20:05.430
eight reaction control system thrusters


00:20:05.440 --> 00:20:07.590
malfunctioned there were also persistent


00:20:07.600 --> 00:20:09.510
helium leaks which weren't a problem as


00:20:09.520 --> 00:20:11.310
the inerd gas is only used to keep the


00:20:11.320 --> 00:20:12.950
fuel systems pressurized and there was


00:20:12.960 --> 00:20:14.870
still plenty in reserve but it was


00:20:14.880 --> 00:20:17.430
evidence of underlying issues Mission


00:20:17.440 --> 00:20:19.549
managers eventually got four of the five


00:20:19.559 --> 00:20:21.590
problematic thrusters operational before


00:20:21.600 --> 00:20:23.669
clearing Starliner to approach and dock


00:20:23.679 --> 00:20:25.549
with the orbiting outpost on its second


00:20:25.559 --> 00:20:28.029
attempt once on board the space station


00:20:28.039 --> 00:20:29.350
Wilmore and Williams joined the


00:20:29.360 --> 00:20:32.070
Expedition 71 crew seven member team for


00:20:32.080 --> 00:20:34.750
what should have been a weekl long stay


00:20:34.760 --> 00:20:36.710
However after extensive troubleshooting


00:20:36.720 --> 00:20:38.470
and the discovery of additional issues


00:20:38.480 --> 00:20:41.029
NASA despite protests by Boeing decided


00:20:41.039 --> 00:20:43.870
starina was simply too unreliable to


00:20:43.880 --> 00:20:45.669
undertake the return Journey with a


00:20:45.679 --> 00:20:47.870
human crew on board the orbital


00:20:47.880 --> 00:20:49.750
maneuvering propulsion systems simply


00:20:49.760 --> 00:20:51.710
weren't safe enough for human space


00:20:51.720 --> 00:20:54.510
flight and so starer returned to Earth


00:20:54.520 --> 00:20:57.149
unmanned on September the 7th Landing


00:20:57.159 --> 00:21:00.750
safely as planned at White Sands NASA


00:21:00.760 --> 00:21:02.710
decided the starina crew would instead


00:21:02.720 --> 00:21:04.870
remain on station and return as part of


00:21:04.880 --> 00:21:07.190
spacex's crew 9 Mission which launched


00:21:07.200 --> 00:21:09.230
aboard their dragon capsu freedom on


00:21:09.240 --> 00:21:12.190
September the 28th for a 6-month stay


00:21:12.200 --> 00:21:13.909
the change in plan meant the original


00:21:13.919 --> 00:21:16.390
crew 9 was reduced from four to just two


00:21:16.400 --> 00:21:18.669
for the flight to orbit the mission


00:21:18.679 --> 00:21:20.470
proceeded nominally with Wilmore and


00:21:20.480 --> 00:21:22.149
Williams acting as replacement crew


00:21:22.159 --> 00:21:23.990
members taking part in normal space


00:21:24.000 --> 00:21:26.590
station research and activities and they


00:21:26.600 --> 00:21:28.269
remained on station until the arrival


00:21:28.279 --> 00:21:30.870
last week of NASA's next crew rotation


00:21:30.880 --> 00:21:34.269
SpaceX crew 10 that arrival paved the


00:21:34.279 --> 00:21:36.350
way for crew 9 including Wilmore and


00:21:36.360 --> 00:21:39.789
Williams to finally return to Earth this


00:21:39.799 --> 00:21:41.370
is


00:21:41.380 --> 00:21:55.590
[Music]


00:21:55.600 --> 00:21:57.710
spacetime and time now to take a brief


00:21:57.720 --> 00:21:59.149
look at some of the other stories making


00:21:59.159 --> 00:22:00.710
news and science this week with a


00:22:00.720 --> 00:22:03.430
science report the World Meteorological


00:22:03.440 --> 00:22:05.510
organization has released its state of


00:22:05.520 --> 00:22:07.710
the global climate report for


00:22:07.720 --> 00:22:10.750
2024 the report confirms that last year


00:22:10.760 --> 00:22:12.990
was indeed the first calendar year to be


00:22:13.000 --> 00:22:15.549
more than 1.5° Celsius above


00:22:15.559 --> 00:22:17.630
pre-industrial levels making it the


00:22:17.640 --> 00:22:20.990
warmest year in the 175e observational


00:22:21.000 --> 00:22:23.630
records the report also shows that the


00:22:23.640 --> 00:22:25.510
atmospheric concentrations of carbon


00:22:25.520 --> 00:22:27.390
dioxide are now at their highest levels


00:22:27.400 --> 00:22:30.590
for at least 800 th000 years and each of


00:22:30.600 --> 00:22:32.710
the past eight years has set new records


00:22:32.720 --> 00:22:34.710
for ocean heat content and the rate of


00:22:34.720 --> 00:22:36.630
sea level rise has doubled since


00:22:36.640 --> 00:22:38.990
satellite measurements began the World


00:22:39.000 --> 00:22:41.350
Meteorological organization says China


00:22:41.360 --> 00:22:42.870
Remains the world's biggest carbon


00:22:42.880 --> 00:22:45.510
dioxide polluter producing over a third


00:22:45.520 --> 00:22:47.510
of the world's total greenhouse gas


00:22:47.520 --> 00:22:49.909
output that amounts to more than 14


00:22:49.919 --> 00:22:52.470
million tons annually that's more than


00:22:52.480 --> 00:22:54.070
double that of the United States which


00:22:54.080 --> 00:22:56.390
is in second place and five times more


00:22:56.400 --> 00:22:59.909
than India which is in third place


00:22:59.919 --> 00:23:02.190
a new study warns that night ows could


00:23:02.200 --> 00:23:04.549
be at a higher risk of depression the


00:23:04.559 --> 00:23:06.549
findings reported in the journal plus


00:23:06.559 --> 00:23:09.710
one looked at data from a survey of 546


00:23:09.720 --> 00:23:11.830
University students which examined sleep


00:23:11.840 --> 00:23:13.990
patterns mindfulness tendency to


00:23:14.000 --> 00:23:16.269
overthink and dwell on things alcohol


00:23:16.279 --> 00:23:19.470
use and depression and anxiety levels on


00:23:19.480 --> 00:23:21.470
average night hours had poor Sleep


00:23:21.480 --> 00:23:23.590
Quality higher alcohol consumption and


00:23:23.600 --> 00:23:25.430
they acted with less mindfulness than


00:23:25.440 --> 00:23:28.669
early birds while this kind of study can


00:23:28.679 --> 00:23:30.750
show cause and effect the author say


00:23:30.760 --> 00:23:32.990
targeting mindfulness sleep and alcohol


00:23:33.000 --> 00:23:34.909
use could reduce depression risk in


00:23:34.919 --> 00:23:37.350
night hours especially young


00:23:37.360 --> 00:23:39.590
people scientists have discovered the


00:23:39.600 --> 00:23:41.789
fossilized remains of a new species of


00:23:41.799 --> 00:23:43.950
fish that lived in Australian freshwater


00:23:43.960 --> 00:23:47.310
lakes and rivers 15 million years ago a


00:23:47.320 --> 00:23:48.549
report in the journal verbate


00:23:48.559 --> 00:23:50.830
paleontology says several examples of


00:23:50.840 --> 00:23:53.350
the ancient fish fero apsis broxy were


00:23:53.360 --> 00:23:55.549
uncovered at the mcgr flat fossil site


00:23:55.559 --> 00:23:57.590
near ggong in the Central West of New


00:23:57.600 --> 00:23:58.990
South Wales


00:23:59.000 --> 00:24:00.789
the fossil is part of a diverse group of


00:24:00.799 --> 00:24:02.470
fish species within Australia that


00:24:02.480 --> 00:24:04.830
includes fish like the Australian gring


00:24:04.840 --> 00:24:07.390
and the Australian smelt the discovery


00:24:07.400 --> 00:24:09.269
offers scientists an unprecedented


00:24:09.279 --> 00:24:11.430
opportunity to understand Australia's


00:24:11.440 --> 00:24:13.630
ancient ecosystems and the evolution of


00:24:13.640 --> 00:24:16.029
its fish species the authors found the


00:24:16.039 --> 00:24:17.870
stomach contents of the fossilized fish


00:24:17.880 --> 00:24:19.630
was so well preserved they could tell


00:24:19.640 --> 00:24:21.310
its last meal included a range of


00:24:21.320 --> 00:24:24.789
invertebrates such as small Phantom m l


00:24:24.799 --> 00:24:26.430
in fact they could also tell the shading


00:24:26.440 --> 00:24:28.710
of the fish which was darker on its St


00:24:28.720 --> 00:24:30.909
surface lighter in color on its belly


00:24:30.919 --> 00:24:33.510
and had two lateral Stripes running


00:24:33.520 --> 00:24:34.950
along its


00:24:34.960 --> 00:24:37.549
side a bit of bad news now and it seems


00:24:37.559 --> 00:24:39.269
the pseudo scientific practice of


00:24:39.279 --> 00:24:41.070
physiognomy is making an unwelcome


00:24:41.080 --> 00:24:42.909
comeback thanks to artificial


00:24:42.919 --> 00:24:45.630
intelligence physiognomy is the junk


00:24:45.640 --> 00:24:47.789
science idea they can work at a person's


00:24:47.799 --> 00:24:50.110
true character simply by studying their


00:24:50.120 --> 00:24:52.149
face it was proven to lack any


00:24:52.159 --> 00:24:54.870
scientific legitimacy centuries ago but


00:24:54.880 --> 00:24:57.310
it's now seeing a Revival thanks to AI


00:24:57.320 --> 00:24:59.710
programs which claim can identify latent


00:24:59.720 --> 00:25:02.070
traits in people that human judgment can


00:25:02.080 --> 00:25:04.990
miss Tim mum from a strand skeptic says


00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:07.029
like all computer programming it's only


00:25:07.039 --> 00:25:09.669
as good as the data fed into it so


00:25:09.679 --> 00:25:12.310
another case of garbage in garbage out


00:25:12.320 --> 00:25:14.389
you wonder at times if the artificial


00:25:14.399 --> 00:25:16.590
intelligence follows the three rules of


00:25:16.600 --> 00:25:19.870
Robotics it doesn't it doesn't unfort no


00:25:19.880 --> 00:25:21.510
okay this thing about technology being


00:25:21.520 --> 00:25:24.950
used for a pseudo science is the science


00:25:24.960 --> 00:25:26.789
in quotes very much in quotes of


00:25:26.799 --> 00:25:28.909
physiognomy which is basically reading


00:25:28.919 --> 00:25:31.029
someone's face phology you probably know


00:25:31.039 --> 00:25:32.549
is reading the bumps on someone's head


00:25:32.559 --> 00:25:33.950
to know what sort of person they are


00:25:33.960 --> 00:25:35.590
their character Etc but this is reading


00:25:35.600 --> 00:25:38.070
someone's face and you can actually use


00:25:38.080 --> 00:25:39.990
that to decide very very detailed


00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:42.110
assessments of not just their character


00:25:42.120 --> 00:25:44.350
but the sort of activities they do


00:25:44.360 --> 00:25:47.190
criminality sexual orientation political


00:25:47.200 --> 00:25:49.590
leanings all these sort of things it's a


00:25:49.600 --> 00:25:51.110
pseudo science most of us will see


00:25:51.120 --> 00:25:52.350
someone they look angry you think they


00:25:52.360 --> 00:25:54.029
an angry person or they look happy they


00:25:54.039 --> 00:25:55.389
that's a pretty happy person and you


00:25:55.399 --> 00:25:56.510
don't go much deeper than that you


00:25:56.520 --> 00:25:57.990
certainly don't go I can look at you and


00:25:58.000 --> 00:26:00.190
I can say you're a brain surgeon just by


00:26:00.200 --> 00:26:02.029
looking at your your face so it is a


00:26:02.039 --> 00:26:03.669
Pudo side it's been around a long time


00:26:03.679 --> 00:26:05.549
people have tried it occasionally now


00:26:05.559 --> 00:26:07.710
thanks to AI they're using it to


00:26:07.720 --> 00:26:09.630
basically look at a lot of faces and to


00:26:09.640 --> 00:26:11.310
find common traits so far so good but


00:26:11.320 --> 00:26:12.830
the trouble is what those traits


00:26:12.840 --> 00:26:15.149
indicate have been put into the system


00:26:15.159 --> 00:26:16.830
obviously by people and they decided


00:26:16.840 --> 00:26:19.070
that that particular trait indicates


00:26:19.080 --> 00:26:21.230
that outcome so what it means is that as


00:26:21.240 --> 00:26:22.909
the stories went that especially


00:26:22.919 --> 00:26:24.950
European faces were always regarded as


00:26:24.960 --> 00:26:27.230
Superior faces or indicating Superior


00:26:27.240 --> 00:26:29.269
intelligence then other races and it is


00:26:29.279 --> 00:26:32.029
that it becomes a racist methodology


00:26:32.039 --> 00:26:33.990
because it's the input of data is saying


00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:36.149
this face is a good face this face is a


00:26:36.159 --> 00:26:38.070
conniving face you could say if someone


00:26:38.080 --> 00:26:40.149
has a monor brow single breath does that


00:26:40.159 --> 00:26:42.350
mean they tend to vote for a green party


00:26:42.360 --> 00:26:44.149
no someone has a crooked nose does that


00:26:44.159 --> 00:26:45.070
mean they're going to end up being


00:26:45.080 --> 00:26:47.230
criminal no someone's eyes are certain


00:26:47.240 --> 00:26:49.110
distance apart does that mean they're


00:26:49.120 --> 00:26:51.549
going to be have a certain sexuality no


00:26:51.559 --> 00:26:52.710
and that's what this relies on


00:26:52.720 --> 00:26:54.789
stereotyping based on total


00:26:54.799 --> 00:26:57.110
pseudoscience so even if the technique


00:26:57.120 --> 00:26:58.830
of saying this face is similar to that


00:26:58.840 --> 00:27:00.230
face is similar to that face has the


00:27:00.240 --> 00:27:01.909
characteristics and no two faces are


00:27:01.919 --> 00:27:03.870
exactly the same anyway the input the


00:27:03.880 --> 00:27:05.909
data what that means is false and it's


00:27:05.919 --> 00:27:07.389
what that means is often biased and


00:27:07.399 --> 00:27:09.389
therefore you're using a new technology


00:27:09.399 --> 00:27:11.870
based on very inaccurate data inputs


00:27:11.880 --> 00:27:14.310
underpinnings are wrong so despite you


00:27:14.320 --> 00:27:15.909
can use any technology you like but if


00:27:15.919 --> 00:27:17.789
your basis is wrong the answer is wrong


00:27:17.799 --> 00:27:18.870
and that's what you're finding with this


00:27:18.880 --> 00:27:20.750
thing it's the Pudo side the trouble is


00:27:20.760 --> 00:27:22.590
it's then used by a lot of people in


00:27:22.600 --> 00:27:24.230
assessments is now being used by


00:27:24.240 --> 00:27:25.870
recruitment people and could be used by


00:27:25.880 --> 00:27:27.389
a whole range of different people to


00:27:27.399 --> 00:27:29.909
judge someone that's Tim mum from


00:27:29.919 --> 00:27:32.990
Australian


00:27:33.000 --> 00:27:45.870
[Music]


00:27:45.880 --> 00:27:48.990
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